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Amino acid oxidation is fascinating because different oxidants produce diverse compounds. No research has examined how metal catalysts affect amino acid oxidation by diperiodatocuprate (III) (DPC) in micellar environments. This research is crucial to understanding amino acids in redox processes and identifying active species of Ru(III) and DPC. The study will evaluate how cationic surfactant affects Ru(III)‐facilitated L‐phenylalanine (L‐Pheala) oxidation utilizing DPC in an alkaline medium. The reaction's advancement has been assessed employing the pseudo‐first‐order condition as a gauge for [OH−], [DPC], ionic strength, [L‐Pheala], [Ru(III)], [IO4−], [Surfactant], and temperature. L‐Pheala and DPC interact stoichiometrically in a ratio of 1:4. Across the spectrum of concentrations examined, the reported reaction reflects less than unit order kinematics in relation to both [L‐Pheala] (0.61 in the aqueous medium and 0.58 in the CPC micellar medium) and [OH−] (0.47 in the aqueous medium and 0.51 in the CPC micellar medium), first‐order reliance on the [DPC] and [Ru(III)], and negative fractional‐order for [IO4−] (−0.54 in the aqueous medium and −0.56 in the CPC micellar medium). A zero salt effect is suggested by the observed constancy in oxidation rate with the inclusion of electrolytes. The oxidation rate is significantly enhanced by Ru(III) solution (as a catalyst) at ppm concentration. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) micellar media facilitate an additional enhancement (four times) in the rate of the reaction. CPC thus exhibits an excellent compatibility with Ru(III) for the L‐Pheala oxidation using (DPC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of surfactants and nanoparticles in emulsion formulations has attracted significant attention due to their potential synergistic effects, improving stability and enabling the development of stimuli-responsive materials. The objective of this study was to investigate the stability, bulk rheological, and magnetorheological properties of oil in water (o/w) emulsions, composed of Fe3O4 kerosene-based ferrofluids dispersed in surfactant solutions (hexadecylpyridinium chloride, and nonylphenol polyethoxylate—ethylene oxide = 40, known as Tergitol NP-40), as a function of concentration and nature of the emulsifying agents. The results demonstrated the formation of stable systems (>2 months), featuring an average droplet size below 4 μm, with the primary stabilization mechanism attributed to the reduction of interfacial tension by surfactant activity. The emulsions exhibited shear thinning and viscoelastic solid-like behavior, which were enhanced by increasing the concentrations of both emulsifiers. Emulsions stabilized with hexadecylpyridinium exhibited a higher structural rigidity, with dynamic moduli an order of magnitude higher than Tergitol formulations. In the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field, it was demonstrated that incorporating ferrofluid as a dispersed phase in an o/w emulsion potentiates the magnetoviscous effect, compared to that observed with neat ferrofluid at the same concentration. A maximum relative increase in viscosity of up to 17-fold was observed in emulsions stabilized with 2.5 w/v% of hexadecylpyridinium and 10 000 ppm of nanoparticles when exposed to a linearly increasing magnetic field up to 796.73 mT at 1 s−1. The observed magnetoviscous effect remained reproducible for up to one year after formulation, highlighting the potential of these systems for multiple applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: A range of NMR techniques, including diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) were used to characterise complex micelles formed by the anti-microbial cationic surfactant cetylpyridium chloride and to quantify the degree of interaction between cetylpyridium chloride and hydroxyethyl cellulose in a variety of commercially relevant formulations as a model for the disk retention assay. Methods: This NMR-derived binding information was then compared with the results of formulation analysis by traditional disk retention assay (DRA) and anti-microbial activity assays to assess the suitability of these NMR techniques for the rapid identification of formulation components that could augment or retard antimicrobial activity DRA. Results: NMR showed a strong ability to predict anti-microbial activity for a diverse range of formulations containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Conclusions: This demonstrates the value of this NMR-based approach as a rapid, relatively non-destructive method for screening commercial experimental anti-microbial formulations for efficacy and further helps to understand the interplay of excipients and active ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little has been written in the literature about the clinical comparison between the single use of chlorhexidine (CHX) and its combination with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical effectiveness of two at-home antiseptic regimens. Methods: Healthy subjects scheduled for dental surgery were enrolled. After the surgery, patients were randomly allocated to the first group (group A), which received a manual ultrasoft toothbrush (Mentadent Professional®), an antiseptic toothpaste with 0.12% CHX and Vitamin B3 (Mentadent Professional Azione Intensiva Gengive®), and an antiseptic mouthwash with 0.12% CHX and 0.07% CPC. The second group (group B) solely received an antiseptic mouthwash with 0.2% CHX in conjunction with an anti-discoloration system (Curasept ADS/DNA®) and were encouraged to use their usual toothbrush and toothpaste. Patients were instructed to use the products twice a day and to rinse for 30 s. On day 7, patients were examined for the early healing score (EHS), visual plaque index (VPI) of the sutures, numerical rating scale (NRS), and mouthwash taste. Results: Group A showed a statistically significant level of EHS and taste satisfaction. VPI and NRS were different but not significant among the studied groups. Conclusions: The regimen based on CHX used in conjunction with vitamin B3 in the toothpaste and CPC in the mouthwash resulted in superior clinical outcomes and satisfaction compared to CHX alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various ingredients are utilized to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria associated with cavities, gum disease, and bad breath. However, the precise mechanisms by which these ingredients affect the oral microbiome have not been fully understood at the molecular level. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms, a high-throughput bacterial transcriptomics study was conducted, and the gene expression profiles of six common oral bacteria, including two Gram-positive bacteria (Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus mutans) and four Gram-negative bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella pallens), were analyzed. The bacteria were exposed to nine common ingredients in toothpaste and mouthwash at different concentrations (stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, arginine bicarbonate, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium fluoride, potassium nitrate, zinc phosphate, and hydrogen peroxide). Across 78 ingredient–microorganism pairs with 360 treatment–control combinations, significant and reproducible ingredient-based transcriptional response profiles were observed, providing valuable insights into the effects of these ingredients on the oral microbiome at the molecular level. This research shows that oral care product ingredients applied at biologically relevant concentrations manifest differential effects on the transcriptomics of bacterial genes in a variety of oral periodontal pathogenic bacteria. Stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, and cetylpyridinium chloride showed the most robust efficacy in inhibiting the growth or gene expression of various bacteria and pathogenic pathways. Combining multiple ingredients targeting different mechanisms might be more efficient than single ingredients in complex oral microbiomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The evaluation of the efficacy of antibacterial treatments in complex oral ecosystems is limited by the inability to differentiate live from dead bacteria using omic techniques. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the ability of the combination of the 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing methodology and the action of propidium monoazide (PMA) to study viable bacterial profiles in oral biofilms after exposure to an antiseptic compound. Methods: Cariogenic supragingival biofilms were developed in an ex vivo model for 96 h, using saliva from healthy volunteers. The biofilms were treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) combined with 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), for 60 s, using phosphate buffered saline as a control. After exposure, each biofilm was treated or not with PMA to then extract the bacterial DNA, quantify it by Qubit, quantify the bacterial population using qPCR, and perform the metataxonomic study of the samples using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: A significantly lower DNA concentration in the PMA-treated biofilms (p < 0.05 compared with those not exposed to PMA) was observed. The viable bacterial count obtained by qPCR differed significantly from the total bacterial count in the biofilm samples exposed to the antiseptic (p < 0.05). The viable microbiome differed significantly from the total bacterial profile of the samples treated with CHX/CPC after exposure to PMA (p < 0.05 at the α- and β-diversity levels). Conclusions: The combination of Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing and PMA helps solve the inability to evaluate the efficacy of antibacterial treatments in the bacterial profile of complex ecosystems such as oral biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The abrupt outbreak of the pandemic COVID-19 started in late 2019 caused widespread problems and issues. The capability to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 under biologically important conditions has not been evaluated till now systematically. As a result, the contribution of the use of mouthrinse before any dental treatment in reducing salivary viral load in COVID-19 patients is still unclear. Aim The aim of the protocol is designed in PICO format as – patients taken are COVID-19 patients, intervention used is different mouthrinses, control taken as water, the studies included are clinical trials, and the outcome of the protocol is the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing viral load. Review Methods The registration of the protocol of the study was done under the number CRD42022325615 at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. The databases including Medline (through PubMed), Scopus, The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched from December 2019 to April 2022. The articles were analyzed using the RevMan 5.3 software. The inclusion criteria for selecting studies were based on cyclic threshold values and log copies/mL of salivary viral load. The quality assessment was performed based on the Cochrane risk of the bias assessment tool. Results Eleven articles were included for systematic review, and out of these, eight articles were considered for meta-analysis. The result of the meta-analysis showed through forest plot which indicated that hydrogen peroxide 1% had potent antiviral efficacy at 30 min and 1 h of its use, whereas chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine effects were the same at 5 min and 1 h of their use. Conclusion The preprocedural mouthrinse with hydrogen peroxide 1% reduces the salivary viral load in COVID-19 patients and prevents its transmission. This mouthrinse can be used 30 min before initiation of any dental treatment and even in between the procedure.

Complex formation of vanadium(V) with 4-(2',3',4'-trihydroxyphenyl)-3-nitro-5-sulfoazobenzene (R) in the presence of cationic surfactants (CS), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPCl), cetylpyridinium bromide (CPBr), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMABr), is studied. Vanadium(V) and R form a colored complex at a component ratio of 1 : 2 and pH of 5.0–5.5. The absorbance maximum of the complex is at 449 nm, while the reagent under these conditions absorbs light at 395 nm. In the presence of cationic surfactants, mixed-ligand complexes with a component ratio of V(V) : R : CS = 1 : 2 : 2 are formed, which results in a bathochromic shift of the absorbance maximum. Additionally, the pH value for the maximum complex formation shifts to a more acidic medium compared to the homoligand V(V)–R complex. The absorbance of the V(V) : R : CPCl, V(V): R : CPBr, and V(V) : R : CTMABr complexes is maximal at 457, 461, and 466 nm, respectively. The yield of these complexes is the highest at pH of 3.5–4.0 for VV(V) : R : CPCl and V(V): R : CPBr, and at a pH of 2.5–3.0 for V(V) : R : CTMABr. The formation of both homoligand and mixed-ligand vanadium(V) complexes depends on the reaction time, temperature, and concentrations of the reacting components. The determined stability constants indicate the high stability of the resulting mixed-ligand complexes. The specific conductivity of the complexes under the optimal conditions of complex formation was determined using conductometric titration. Calibration curves for the determination of vanadium(V) as homoligand and mixed-ligand complexes are linear. The effect of foreign ions and masking agents on the determination of V(V) as homoligand and mixed-ligand complexes was analyzed; it was shown that the presence of cationic surfactants significantly increases the selectivity of the reaction. An analysis of water samples from Lake Khanbulan, Lankaran District, Azerbaijan Republic using the developed procedure showed the presence of small amounts of vanadium(V). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes employment of response surface methodology and Box-Behnken designs in developing a spectrophotometric procedure for estimating nitroxoline in a micellar matrix based on cetylpyridinium chloride using a binary dimethyl sulfoxide:water solvent. The intensity of the absorption band at 448 nm was used as the target function. Independent factors were the cetylpyridinium chloride concentration, the pH of the medium, and the dimethyl sulfoxide volume fraction. Amathematical model and pairwise response surfaces with predictive value were constructed. Use of a desirability function yielded the optimal matrix for determining nitroxoline contents: a cetylpyridinium chloride concentration of 4.1 × 10–3M pH 7.6 and a dimethyl sulfoxide volume fraction of 0.4. This composition gave a linear calibration relationship over the concentration range 0.070–2.550 mg/ml and could be used to assess nitroxoline contents in medicines. Employment of the response surface methodology for estimating nitroxoline in medicines allowed a sensitive and selective technique using a micellar medium based on cetylpyridinium chloride and a spectrophotometric method of analysis to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions for the smart colorimetric determination of cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate by reaction with Coomassie brilliant blue G (CBBG) have been proposed. The nature of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of aqueous solutions of CBBG as a function of acidity has been investigated. A variety of reagent forms and associations with ionic surfactants have been demonstrated. The composition of the associates formed in the CBBG–cationic surfactant system has been established. The increase in the analytical signal of the cationic surfactant and the stabilization of the colloid-chemical state of the system during reactions in the organized medium of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 has been demonstrated. These effects are realized through association in premicellar solutions and as a result of the solubilization of components in Triton X-100 micellar solutions. The addition of long-chain cationic surfactants to the reagent occurs with the replacement of the heteroatom proton. The absorption of CBBG–cationic surfactant associates solutions increases with the length of the cationic surfactant hydrocarbon chain. Ethanol additives decrease the aggregation of CBBG. The technique of cationic surfactant determination has been tested in the analysis of the pharmaceutical. The results show that the simplicity of analytical signal registration with satisfactory correctness and acceptably high sensitivity of determination is an advantage of the developed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research describes an easy, rapid, and inexpensive magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) approach employing Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles modified with cetylpyridinium chloride (Fe3O4@CPC/MNPs) for extracting amoxicillin (AMX) and doxycycline (DOX) after derivatization with 4-chloroaniline as a color reagent. The azo-coupling of AMX and DOX with the color reagent in the alkaline medium caused yellow and yellow-orange azo dyes with maximum absorption wavelengths of 435 and 438 nm, respectively. The UV–Vis spectroscopy was utilized to determine the target analyte after the extraction procedure. Good linearities (R2 > 0.99) in the concentration ranges of 0.03–4.50 and 0.05–6.00 µg/mL were obtained for AMX and DOX, respectively. The experimental detection limits of AMX and DOX were obtained as 0.01 and 0.02 µg/mL, respectively. The developed approach was effectively applied to pre-concentrate and quantify AMX and DOX in environmental water and urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a lack of obvious clinical features in the early stages and is likely to progress to advanced HCC. Advanced HCC is a highly malignant tumor. However, there are few treatment options for advanced HCC. Therefore, screening for new drugs that target HCC will provide a new approach to the treatment of HCC. The CCK8 assay was performed to screen compounds inhibiting HCC cell proliferation and to evaluate the IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of compounds on cell lines. Colony formation assay was used to determine HCC cell proliferation. The effect of compounds on HCC cell migration and invasion were analyzed using wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. Tumor growth and metastasis were assessed in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. Flow cytometry was carried out to measure apoptotic cells. Reverse transcription and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR) and Western blot were performed to examine the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)- and apoptosis-related genes. Through large-scale screening, we have discovered the anti-tumor activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) against HCC cells. CPC inhibited the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of HCC cells. Cancer cells are more sensitive to CPC than normal cells. CPC suppressed HCC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, CPC promoted apoptosis of HCC cells by affecting the expression of apoptosis-related genes, and inhibited HCC invasion and metastasis by suppressing EMT and expression of EMT markers. Our investigation showed that CPC significantly inhibited HCC cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in vivo and in vitro, by inducing the expression of apoptosis-related genes and inhibiting expression of EMT markers, suggesting that CPC is a potential agent for HCC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of drugs in aquatic environments has been considered a global challenge and several remediation technologies have been proposed, including adsorption. In this study, new diclofenac adsorbents were obtained from the reaction of sodium magadiite (Na-Mag) with surfactants dodecylpyridinium chloride hydrate (C12pyCl) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride monohydrate (C16pyCl)), 1-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16Br), and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C12Br). The synthesis was carried out in the microwave at 50 °C for 5 min using surfactant amounts of 100% and 200% in relation to the cation exchange capacity of Na-Mag. The elemental analysis indicated that surfactants with a longer organic chain were more incorporated into Na-Mag, whose values were 1.42 and 1.32 mmol g−1 for C16pyMag200% and C16Mag200%, respectively. X-ray diffraction results suggested formation of intercalated products with basal space in the range of 2.81–4.00 nm. Diclofenac was quickly adsorbed on all organophilic magadiites, at an equilibrium time of 1 min. Drug capacity adsorption was influenced by the arrangement and packing density of organic cations, the basal distance, and the organic contents of the samples at high drug concentrations. Alkylpyridinium magadiites exhibited maximum adsorption capacities higher than alkylammonium magadiites, of 96.4, 100.7, 131.7, and 166.1 mg g−1 for C12pyMag100%, C12pyMag200%, C16pyMag100%, and C16pyMag200%, respectively, at pH 6.0 and 30 °C. Diclofenac removal by samples was not affected by the presence of ibuprofen, which was also removed from binary system by organophilic magadiites reaching removal of 76.5% and 86.9% by C16pyMag100% and C16pyMag200%, respectively. Regeneration studies demonstrated a drug removal percentage of 83–92% for C16pyMag and C16Mag after three cycles of adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral bacteria cause tooth caries and periodontal disease. Much research is being conducted to prevent both major oral diseases by rendering dental materials' antimicrobial potential. However, such antimicrobial materials are regarded as 'combination' products and face high hurdles for regulatory approval. We loaded inorganic montmorillonite with the antimicrobial agent cetylpyridinium chloride, referred to below as 'CPC-Mont'. CPC-Mont particles in a 1, 3 and 5 wt% concentration were added to the considered gold-standard self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond 2 ('CSE2'; Kuraray Noritake) to render its antibacterial potential (CSE2 without CPC-Mont served as control). Besides measuring (immediate) bonding effectiveness and (aged) bond durability to dentin, the antibacterial activity against S. mutans and the polymerization-conversion rate was assessed. Immediate and aged bond strength was not affected by 1 and 3 wt% CPC-Mont addition, while 5 wt% CPC-Mont significantly lowered bond strength and bond durability. The higher the concentration of the antimicrobial material added, the stronger the antimicrobial activity. Polymerization conversion was not affected by the CPC-Mont addition in any of the three concentrations. Hence, adding 3 wt% CPC-Mont to the two-step self-etch adhesive rendered additional antimicrobial potential on top of its primary bonding function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the force decay of the power-chain elastics after exposure to anti-coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) antiseptic mouthwashes at different intervals. METHODS: A total of 300 power-chain pieces were used from American Orthodontics (AO) and Dentaurum (D) brands. Each piece composed of five loops that were selected to simulate canine retraction distally. The samples were randomly grouped according to immersion in the tested mouthwashes 0.2% povidone-iodine (PVP-I), 1% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The maximum tensile load failure testing (MTLT) was assessed at six time points (zero, one hour, 24 hours, 1, 2 and 4 weeks). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc tests were used to analyse the data, where P < 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences in MTLT of power-chain elastics used at different immersion intervals were observed. MTLT, in each tested group, decreased significantly as the immersion time increased with significant differences among the tested mouthwashes at each time point. H2O2 group displays a maximum force decay throughout the time intervals for both brands, in contrast to CPC group, which shows less degradation over time. CONCLUSION: Both brands are decade over time during exposure to the tested mouthwashes. CPC mouthwashes is a good option to be described for orthodontic patient during COVID-19 pandemic, whereas H2O2 mouthwashes should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the efficacy of Isomalt-containing toothpaste in preventing development of dental caries. Methods: Human dental enamel slabs were allocated to six groups (30/group) at random: De-ionized distilled water (DDW), and toothpaste containing 10% Isomalt, 1100 ppm fluoride, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC] (ICT); 10% Isomalt, 1100 ppm fluoride (IT); 10% Isomalt, 1100 ppm fluoride, 1.5% Sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS] (IST); 1100 ppm fluoride only (FT); 1100 ppm fluoride with SLS (FST). The enamel slabs were exposed to caries development via plaque growth in a Microbial Caries Model for 7 days. Toothpastes were applied as slurries (one toothpaste–three DDW) for 2 min twice daily. Demineralization was measured as the change in surface microhardness (ΔSMH) and amount of mineral lost (∆Z), and these metrics were assessed using Transverse Microradiography. Intra-group (SMH) and intergroup (%∆SMH and ∆Z) comparisons were paired t-test and Tukey's test (α = 0.05), respectively. Results: With SMH, demineralization was found to be significant (p < 0.001) in all groups compared to sound enamel baseline, except ICT group. With %ΔSMH, all other groups had significantly (p < 0.001) less demineralization compared to DDW. Significantly (p < 0.001) greater demineralization was observed in IT, FT and FST compared to ICT, and no significant difference was observed between IST and ICT or FT. With ∆Z, relative to the DDW group, the inhibition of demineralization was significant (p < 0.0001) in all groups at varying percentages. Conclusions: Toothpaste containing 10% Isomalt, 1100 ppm fluoride, and 0.05% CPC demonstrated greater efficacy in inhibiting caries development amid dental plaque compared to toothpaste containing only 1100 ppm fluoride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Nystatin, fluconazole, and miconazole are the most widely used antifungal drugs in dentistry, but in recent years, they have been shown to be less effective due to the increase in the resistance to antifungal drugs. The growing challenge of antifungal resistance emphasizes the importance of exploring not only alternative strategies in the fight against Candida spp. infections but also supportive treatment for pharmacological treatment for oral candidiasis. This review aims to evaluate and compare the in vitro reports on antifungal efficacy against Candida spp. exhibited by mouthwashes distributed on the European market. The research question was elaborated through the PEO framework recommended by PRISMA 2020. A bibliographic search strategy was developed for the scientific online databases Pubmed and ScienceDirect. According to the eligibility criteria, 21 papers were included in this study over a 27-year period. Mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine digluconate, cetylpyridinium chloride, hexetidine, and fluorine compounds among others, and natural antimicrobials, such as menthol, thymol, eucalyptol, and Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts, have demonstrated antifungal effectiveness. Nonetheless, the methodological variance introduces ambiguity concerning the comparative efficacy of distinct molecules or mouthwash formulations and complicates the evaluation and the comparison of results between studies. Some mouthwashes commercially available in Europe have the potential to be used in anti-Candida therapy and prevention since they have shown antifungal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are antineoplastic and antimicrobial in vitro. As a next pre-clinical step, a clinically viable dosage form for vaginal application was developed. Compendial pharmacopeial tests (mass uniformity, disintegration, and compressive mechanics) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy were conducted on in-house developed glycerinated gelatin (60:15 v/w) vaginal ovules containing BisBAL NP-CPC. The antimycotic activity of BisBAL NP-CPC vaginal ovules was analyzed using disk diffusion and cell viability XTT assays. The antitumor properties of BisBAL NP-CPC vaginal ovules were assessed by cell viability MTT tests. BisBAL NP-CPC and drug-free vaginal ovules deposited into ex vivo porcine vaginas disaggregated without signs of adverse cytotoxicity within the timespan of clinical efficacy. BisBAL NP-CPC vaginal ovules demonstrated antifungal efficacy comparable to miconazole: C. albicans growth inhibition haloes in diffusion tests were 23 ± 0.968 mm (n = 3) for BisBAL NP-CPC and 20.35 ± 0.899 mm (n = 3) for miconazole. Likewise, BisBAL NP-CPC vaginal ovules reduced HeLa cell growth by 81%, outperforming the clinical reference of 500 μM 5-fluouracil, which induced a 70% growth inhibition. BisBAL NP-CPC incorporated into glycerinated gelatin vaginal ovules constitute an innovative drug delivery system for topical antimycotic and anti-cervical carcinoma treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antiseptic mouthwashes are useful adjuncts to daily brushing and flossing for the control of dental plaque and gingivitis. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of three mouthwashes: chlorhexidine, essential oils and cetylpyridinium chloride on oral health‐related quality of life, gingival health, tongue coating and also to compare their potential side effects after 2‐week consumption. Methods: Sixty participants were enrolled in this study and were divided into four groups (three mouthwash groups plus no mouthwash group). At the beginning, scaling and cleaning were performed and the following parameters were recorded: oral health impact profile (OHIP‐5) questionnaire, tongue coating index, modified gingival index, calculus surface index, modified Lobene stain index and a questionnaire for side effects. Each group has followed up in 2 weeks. Data were analysed using paired t‐test, ANOVA, Fisher's exact test and Pearson chi‐square. Results: At the end of second week, all three mouthwashes significantly improved OHIP‐5 score and reduced modified gingival index whereas essential oils and cetylpyridinium chloride significantly reduced tongue coating index when compared to control group (p < 0.05). The differences between four groups were significant for calculus formation, dental staining and reported burning sensation and changes of taste sensation and perception (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of all three mouthwashes has been effective in controlling and reducing gingivitis and tongue coating; however, it appeared that essential oils has the minimum and Chlorhexidine has the maximum side effects. Moreover, the use of all three mouthwashes has been examined to improve the quality of life. Overall, essential oils mouthwash has the best performance among these three mouthwashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a quaternary ammonium antimicrobial used in numerous personal care products, human food, cosmetic products, and cleaning solutions. Yet, there is minimal published data on CPC effects on eukaryotes, immune signaling, and human health. Previously, it was shown that low-micromolar CPC inhibits rat mast cell function by inhibiting antigen (Ag)-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization, microtubule polymerization, and degranulation. In the current study, these findings are extended to human mast cells (LAD2); this paper presents data indicating that a mechanism of action for CPC might center on its positively-charged quaternary nitrogen in its pyridinium headgroup. The inhibitory effect of CPC was independent of signaling platform receptor architecture. Tyrosine phosphorylation events are a trigger of Ca2+ mobilization necessary for degranulation. CPC inhibits global tyrosine phosphorylation in Ag-stimulated mast cells. Specifically, CPC inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of specific key players Syk kinase and LAT, a substrate of Syk. In contrast, CPC did not affect Lyn kinase phosphorylation. Thus, a root mechanism for CPC effect might be electrostatic disruption of particular tyrosine phosphorylation events essential for signaling. This work presented here outlines biochemical mechanisms underlying the effects of CPC on immune signaling.

Salmonellae remain a prominent issue for poultry products regarding food safety. A predominant source of broiler carcass contamination at processing is from crop rupturing and subsequent contamination of the carcass during evisceration. Chlorhexidine (CHX) salts are commonly used in dental products for their antimicrobial capabilities. We evaluated CHX gluconate and CHX digluconate alongside cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a common disinfectant to test their antimicrobial properties and any possible synergistic effects between the two. These effects were evaluated using an in vitro assay simulating the crop contents of poultry. CHX digluconate, CHX gluconate, commercially available CHX gluconate and CPC were tested at 0.1 %, 0.2 %, 1 %, 1.8 %, and 2 %. Borosilicate tubes containing 2.5 g of chicken mash feed, pasteurized to remove unwanted bacteria, were used for assay. Pasteurized feed within tubes were suspended in CHX, CPC, CHX + CPC, or saline vehicle alone (control). Tubes were then inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) (except non-inoculated controls) and allowed to statically incubate for 2 h at 37°C. Tube contents were then serially diluted for CFU enumeration. CHX and CPC, when used individually, demonstrated meaningful and significant (p < 0.05) reduction in ST recovery, especially at higher concentrations (1–2 %). Combinations of CHX + CPC at lower concentrations (0.1–0.2 %) were shown to have major antimicrobial effects and either reduced (p < 0.05) or eliminated ST recovery in this assay. These lower concentrations might be used for antemortem disinfection of crop contents prior to live haul at processing in future studies. In vivo efficacy may be affected by limitations on voluntary ingestion of drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal and was not evaluated in these studies.

Currently, new functional materials are being created with a strong emphasis on their ecological aspect. Materials and devices based on DNA biopolymers, being environmentally friendly, are therefore very interesting from the point of view of applications. In this paper, we present the results of research on complexes in the powder form based on plasmid DNA (pDNA) and three surfactants with aliphatic chains containing 16 carbon atoms (cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride and hexadecylpyridinium chloride). The X-ray diffraction results indicate a local hexagonal packing of DNA helices in plasmid DNA complexes, resembling the packing for corresponding complexes based on linear DNA. Based on the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results, the DNA conformation in all three complexes was determined as predominantly of A-type. The two relaxation processes revealed by dielectric spectroscopy for all the studied complexes are connected with two different contributions to total conductivity (crystallite part and grain boundaries). The crystallite part (grain interior) was interpreted as an oscillation of the polar surfactant head groups and is dependent on the conformation of the surfactant chain. The influence of the DNA type on the properties of the complexes is discussed, taking into account our previous results for complexes based on linear DNA. We showed that the type of DNA has an impact on the properties of the complexes, which has not been demonstrated so far. It was also found that the layer of pDNA–surfactant complexes can be used as a layer with variable specific electric conductivity by selecting the frequency, which is interesting from an application point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral healthcare professionals play a crucial role in guiding patients toward evidence-based choices among the many available oral rinses. In this study, we explored how specific oral rinse formulations affect the viability and modulate critical virulence traits of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans.Materials and Methods: We assessed the effects of these oral rinses on the production of germ tube, production of phospholipase and hemolysin, as well as biofilm formation. Results: We found that oral rinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and chlorhexidine (CHX) showed the greatest fungicidal activity with the lowest minimum fungicidal concentrations (0.38% and 0.78%, respectively). Oral rinses based on zinc chloride and sodium fluoride with Miswak bark extract (MIS) or essential oils (EO) had much lower fungicidal activity (8–16 times lower) compared to CHX and CPC. However, they had a significantly greater impact on the virulence traits of C. albicans. They reduced germ tube production by 86–89% (vs. 42% for CHX and 29% for CPC), completely inhibited phospholipase and hemolysin production, and together with the CPC-based oral rinse, exerted the greatest reductions in biofilm formation across all tested concentrations. This was in contrast to both the controls and CHX, which had a minimal effect on biofilm formation. Conclusion: By inhibiting the virulence factors, the oral rinse can have a crippling effect on C. albicans, weakening this opportunistic pathogen and hindering its potential to cause infection. Highlights of the Study: Oral rinses with cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine showed the most potent fungicidal activity. Zinc chloride and sodium fluoride-based rinses with Miswak bark extract or essential oils significantly affected the virulence traits of C. albicans. Chlorhexidine-based oral rinse had only a minimal effect on biofilm formation, in contrast to the other formulations which exerted high anti-biofilm activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The abrupt outbreak of the pandemic COVID-19 started in late 2019 caused widespread problems and issues. The capability to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 under biologically important conditions has not been evaluated till now systematically. As a result, the contribution of the use of mouthrinse before any dental treatment in reducing salivary viral load in COVID-19 patients is still unclear. Aim: The aim of the protocol is designed in PICO format as – patients taken are COVID-19 patients, intervention used is different mouthrinses, control taken as water, the studies included are clinical trials, and the outcome of the protocol is the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing viral load. Review Methods: The registration of the protocol of the study was done under the number CRD42022325615 at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. The databases including Medline (through PubMed), Scopus, The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched from December 2019 to April 2022. The articles were analyzed using the RevMan 5.3 software. The inclusion criteria for selecting studies were based on cyclic threshold values and log copies/mL of salivary viral load. The quality assessment was performed based on the Cochrane risk of the bias assessment tool. Results: Eleven articles were included for systematic review, and out of these, eight articles were considered for meta-analysis. The result of the meta-analysis showed through forest plot which indicated that hydrogen peroxide 1% had potent antiviral efficacy at 30 min and 1 h of its use, whereas chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine effects were the same at 5 min and 1 h of their use. Conclusion: The preprocedural mouthrinse with hydrogen peroxide 1% reduces the salivary viral load in COVID-19 patients and prevents its transmission. This mouthrinse can be used 30 min before initiation of any dental treatment and even in between the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regular brushing is the most popular oral hygiene technique and using additional interdental cleaning tools like dental floss and oral rinse (OR) is advised. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of ORs containing 0.045% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on oral health-related parameters in a 4-week-long double-blinded and randomized clinical trial. Methods: Seventy-four subjects were assigned to four groups: two control groups that used non-CPC-containing ORs (C1 [n = 20], C2 [n = 19]) and two groups that used CPC-containing ORs (immediate-use CPC [IUC] [n = 16], concentrated-use CPC [CUC] [n = 19]). The subjects were instructed to gargle with 20 mL of the ORs for 30 s after brushing their teeth thrice a day for 4 weeks. There was a substantial decrease in the levels of volatile sulfur compounds after the use of the ORs. Results: The Turesky modification of the Quigley–Hein Plaque Index and Löe and Silness Gingival Index showed a decreasing trend after the intervention, but not at a significant level. The Tongue Coating Index also showed a decrease in the intervention groups, but not in the control groups. Surprisingly, in both formulations, the inclusion of CPC in OR dramatically decreased the growth of aerobic bacteria in the mouth by expressed CFU/mL in both treatment groups. Conclusion: CPC-containing ORs can be recommended as an adjunct to the standard home care routine in promoting oral health. Clinical trial registration: NCT05644236. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It was evidenced that cetylpyridinium‐chloride (CPC) mouthwash could inhibit SARS‐COV‐2 activity and reduce salivary viral load, thus reducing SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission. However, due to insufficient residence time in the oral cavity, CPC‐containing mouthwashes have no prolonged antiviral effect. The duration of action of the CPC buccal tablet is expected to be longer than that of the mouthwash. However, there are currently no reports on the salivary drug concentration of CPC buccal tablets. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the salivary drug concentration of CPC buccal tablets and the antiviral effect of CPC on SARS‐CoV‐2 in vitro. Trial design: This is a single‐dose, single‐arm clinical trial, involving 10 Chinese healthy subjects who received 2‐mg CPC buccal tablet to collect saliva samples and to detect saliva concentration at different timepoints within 2 h (Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT05802628, Registration Date: April 6, 2023). Materials and methods: CPC concentration in saliva was detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on the non‐compartmental model. With an in vitro antiviral experiment, the activity of CPC buccal tablets against SARS‐CoV‐2 and its cellular toxicity was tested. Results: Drug concentrations in saliva at 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, and 2 h after administration were 8008.33 (1042.25, 41081.11), 2093.34 (373.15, 5759.83), 1016.58 (378.66, 3480.68), 891.77 (375.66, 6322.07), and 717.43 (197.87, 2152.71) ng/mL. PK parameters of saliva concentration: Cmax = 8008.33 (1042.25, 41081.11) ng/mL, AUC0‐t = 4172.37 (904.42, 13912.61) ng/mL * h, AUC0‐∞ = 6712.85 (1856.77, 19971.12) ng/mL * h, T1/2 = 1.22 (0.59, 2.83) h, Tmax = 0.25 (0.25, 0.25) h. As determined in in vitro experiment, CPC was active on SARS‐CoV‐2 with cytotoxic and inhibitory activity of CC50 = 35.75 μM (≈12155 ng/mL) and EC50 = 7.39 μM (≈2512.6 ng/mL). Conclusions: The comparison between the salivary CPC concentration and EC50/CC50 values from in vitro antiviral experiments suggests that CPC buccal tablets may inhibit SARS‐CoV‐2 activity, and the inhibition may last for approximately 30 min without cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is a global health problem that requires better prevention measures. One of the goals is to reduce the prevalence of the cariogenic Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus mutans. We have recently shown that naturally occurring arachidonic acid (AA) has both anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities against this bacterium. An important question is how these activities are affected by other anti-bacterial compounds commonly used in mouthwashes. Here, we studied the combined treatment of AA with chlorhexidine (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), triclosan, and fluoride. Checkerboard microtiter assays were performed to determine the effects on bacterial growth and viability. Biofilms were quantified using the MTT metabolic assay, crystal violet (CV) staining, and live/dead staining with SYTO 9/propidium iodide (PI) visualized by spinning disk confocal microscopy (SDCM). The bacterial morphology and the topography of the biofilms were visualized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). The effect of selected drug combinations on cell viability and membrane potential was investigated by flow cytometry using SYTO 9/PI staining and the potentiometric dye DiOC2(3), respectively. We found that CHX and CPC had an antagonistic effect on AA at certain concentrations, while an additive effect was observed with triclosan and fluoride. This prompted us to investigate the triple treatment of AA, triclosan, and fluoride, which was more effective than either compound alone or the double treatment. We observed an increase in the percentage of PI-positive bacteria, indicating increased bacterial cell death. Only AA caused significant membrane hyperpolarization, which was not significantly enhanced by either triclosan or fluoride. In conclusion, our data suggest that AA can be used together with triclosan and fluoride to improve the efficacy of oral health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic surfactant (CS) is one of the alarming emerging contaminants often found in municipal and industrial wastewater. Various research articles have already reported about the toxicity of CS. In the current research work, sustainable and green alginate (Ag) and alginate composite beads with xanthan gum (AgX) are explored for the adsorptive elimination of model CS, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), from wastewater. The composite (AgX) beads showed relatively better performance than Ag beads in terms of mechanical strength and equilibrium time. Studies on FTIR spectra, SEM analysis, size distribution, pHzpc measurement, and elemental analyses were conducted in order to characterize the adsorbent and to get an insight into the adsorption phenomenon. At the end of 8 days' equilibrium time, the maximum adsorptive retention capacity of the AgX beads was obtained as ~ 310 mg/g with an initial CPC concentration of 600 mg/L, using an adsorbent dose of 1.5 g/L. A layered isotherm with varying slopes was obtained, indicating different stages of CPC adsorption. CPC uptake by hydrogel beads was associated with significant shrinkage of the beads. Removal of CPC from real wastewater was possible with good efficiency. The effect of pH and interfering ions on CPC removal was examined. The results showed that the pH range of 5.5–6 was the optimum, and there was no interference from Co(II), Ni(II), and Mg(II) ions. The results showed good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) < ± 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Antiseptics are widely used in oral healthcare to prevent or treat oral diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis. However, the incidence of bacteria being tolerant to standard antiseptics has sharply increased over the last few years. This stresses the urgency for surveillance against tolerant organisms, as well as the discovery of novel antimicrobials. Traditionally, susceptibility to antimicrobials is assessed by broth micro-dilution or disk diffusion assays, both of which are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and provide limited information on the mode of action of the antimicrobials. The abovementioned limitations highlight the need for the development of new methods to monitor and further understand antimicrobial susceptibility. In this study, we used real-time flow cytometry, combined with membrane permeability staining, as a quick and sensitive technology to study the quantitative and qualitative responses of two oral pathobionts to different concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or triclosan. Apart from the real-time monitoring of cell damage, we further applied a phenotypic fingerprinting method to differentiate between the bacterial subpopulations that arose due to treatment. We quantified the pathobiont damage rate of different antiseptics at different concentrations within 15 minutes of exposure and identified the conditions under which the bacteria were most susceptible. Moreover, we detected species-specific and treatment-specific phenotypic subpopulations. This proves that real-time flow cytometry can provide information on the susceptibility of different microorganisms in a short time frame while differentiating between antiseptics and thus could be a valuable tool in the discovery of novel antimicrobial compound, while at the same time deciphering their mode of action.IMPORTANCEWith increasing evidence that microorganisms are becoming more tolerant to standard antimicrobials, faster and more accessible antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods are needed. However, traditional susceptibility assays are laborious and time-consuming. To overcome the abovementioned limitations, we introduce a novel approach to define antimicrobial susceptibility in a much shorter time frame with the use of real-time flow cytometry. Furthermore, phenotypic fingerprinting analysis can be applied on the data to study the way antiseptics affect the bacterial cell morphology over time and, thus, gain information on the mode of action of a certain compound.

Abstract Background Recent randomized clinical trials suggest that the effect of using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwashes on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load in COVID-19 patients has been inconsistent. Additionally, no clinical study has investigated the effectiveness of on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash against COVID-19. Methods We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label clinical trial to assess for any effects of using mouthwash on the salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load among asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adult COVID-19-positive patients. Patients were randomized to receive either 20 mL of 0.05% CPC, 10 mL of 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide, or 20 mL of placebo mouthwash (purified water) in a 1:1:1 ratio. The primary endpoint was the cycle threshold (Ct) values employed for SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load estimation. We used linear mixed-effects models to assess for any effect of the mouthwashes on SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load. Results Of a total of 96 eligible participants enrolled from November 7, 2022, to January 19, 2023, 90 were accepted for the primary analysis. The use of 0.05% CPC mouthwash was not shown to be superior to placebo in change from baseline salivary Ct value at 30 min (difference vs. placebo, 0.640; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.425 to 2.706; P = 0.543); 2 h (difference vs. placebo, 1.158; 95% CI, -0.797 to 3.112; P = 0.246); 4 h (difference vs. placebo, 1.283; 95% CI, -0.719 to 3.285; P = 0.209); 10 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.304; 95% CI, -1.777 to 2.385; P = 0.775); or 24 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.782; 95% CI, -1.195 to 2.759; P = 0.438). The use of 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash was also not shown to be superior to placebo in change from baseline salivary Ct value at 30 min (difference vs. placebo, 0.905; 95% CI, -1.079 to 2.888; P = 0.371); 2 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.709; 95% CI, -1.275 to 2.693; P = 0.483); 4 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.220; 95% CI, -1.787 to 2.226; P = 0.830); 10 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.198; 95% CI, -1.901 to 2.296; P = 0.854); or 24 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.784; 95% CI, -1.236 to 2.804; P = 0.447). Conclusions In asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adults with COVID-19, compared to placebo, the use of 0.05% CPC and 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash did not lead to a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load. Future studies of the efficacy of CPC and on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash on the viral viability of SARS-CoV-2 should be conducted using different specimen types and in multiple populations and settings.

Background: Although the role of chlorhexidine and other mouthwashes in periodontal therapy has been elucidated, little information is available on their use as routine preoperative mouth rinses before surgery, especially in periodontal procedures such as dental implant surgery. Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of preoperative chlorhexidine, essential oil, and cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes in reducing bacterial contamination at the time of implant placement. Materials and Methods: Eligible patients who underwent dental implant surgery were randomly divided into four groups based on the mouthwash used: (1) 0.12 % chlorhexidine, (2) essential oil, (3) cetylpyridinium chloride, and (4) saline (served as the control group). All the patients of each group rinsed preoperatively with 15 mL of the respective mouthwash for 60 s. Saliva samples before (pre) and immediately after rinsing with the mouthwash (post) and after suturing the flap (end) were collected on the day of the implant placement. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to analyze the samples and quantify the targeted periodontal pathogens using a propidium monoazide (PMA) dye. Results: Forty patients were included in the study. Real-time qPCR demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of pathogens in the saliva samples of the mouthwash groups compared to that of the control group. A statistically significant difference was observed between the groups for the pre–post and pre–end samples (p

Background: Little has been written in the literature about the clinical comparison between the single use of chlorhexidine (CHX) and its combination with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical effectiveness of two at-home antiseptic regimens. Methods: Healthy subjects scheduled for dental surgery were enrolled. After the surgery, patients were randomly allocated to the first group (group A), which received a manual ultrasoft toothbrush (Mentadent Professional®), an antiseptic toothpaste with 0.12% CHX and Vitamin B3 (Mentadent Professional Azione Intensiva Gengive®), and an antiseptic mouthwash with 0.12% CHX and 0.07% CPC. The second group (group B) solely received an antiseptic mouthwash with 0.2% CHX in conjunction with an anti-discoloration system (Curasept ADS/DNA®) and were encouraged to use their usual toothbrush and toothpaste. Patients were instructed to use the products twice a day and to rinse for 30 s. On day 7, patients were examined for the early healing score (EHS), visual plaque index (VPI) of the sutures, numerical rating scale (NRS), and mouthwash taste. Results: Group A showed a statistically significant level of EHS and taste satisfaction. VPI and NRS were different but not significant among the studied groups. Conclusions: The regimen based on CHX used in conjunction with vitamin B3 in the toothpaste and CPC in the mouthwash resulted in superior clinical outcomes and satisfaction compared to CHX alone.

Background/Objectives: A range of NMR techniques, including diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) were used to characterise complex micelles formed by the anti-microbial cationic surfactant cetylpyridium chloride and to quantify the degree of interaction between cetylpyridium chloride and hydroxyethyl cellulose in a variety of commercially relevant formulations as a model for the disk retention assay. Methods: This NMR-derived binding information was then compared with the results of formulation analysis by traditional disk retention assay (DRA) and anti-microbial activity assays to assess the suitability of these NMR techniques for the rapid identification of formulation components that could augment or retard antimicrobial activity DRA. Results: NMR showed a strong ability to predict anti-microbial activity for a diverse range of formulations containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Conclusions: This demonstrates the value of this NMR-based approach as a rapid, relatively non-destructive method for screening commercial experimental anti-microbial formulations for efficacy and further helps to understand the interplay of excipients and active ingredients.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of COVID-19 preventive mouthwashes on the surface hardness, surface roughness (Ra), and color change (ΔE) of three different polymer-based composite CAD/CAM materials (Vita Enamic (ENA), Grandio Block (GB), Lava Ultimate (LU)). Methods: A total of 100 rectangular-shaped specimens with dimensions of 2 mm × 7 mm × 12 mm were obtained by sectioning three different CAD/CAM blocks and randomly divided into five subgroups according to the 30 days of mouthwash immersion protocol as follows: Control: artificial saliva, PVP-I: 1% povidone-iodine, HP: 1.5% hydrogen peroxide, CPC: mouthwash containing 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride, EO: mouthwash containing essential oils. Microhardness, Ra, and ΔE values were measured at baseline and after 30 days of immersion protocols. Data were analyzed using the Wald Chi-square, two-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey tests. Results: The independent factors (materials and solutions) significantly influenced the microhardness and color (p < 0.001). Ra of the materials was not affected by any of the mouthwashes (p > 0.05). The microhardness and color of each material varied significantly after immersion in PvP-I and HP (p < 0.05). The highest percentage change in microhardness, Ra, and ΔE was found in LU immersed in PvP-I and HP mouthwashes, while the lowest change was found in ENA groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it was found that the surface hardness and color of tested polymer-based composite CAD/CAM materials are susceptible to degradation and change after 30 days of immersion in 1% PvP-I and 1.5% HP mouthwashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new surfactant sensors were developed by synthesizing Pt-doped acid-activated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Pt@MWCNTs). Two different ionophores using Pt@MWCNTs, a new plasticizer, and (a) cationic surfactant 1,3-dihexadecyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium-DHBI (Pt@MWCNT-DHBI ionophore) and (b) anionic surfactant dodecylbenzenesulfonate-DBS (Pt@MWCNT-DBS ionophore) composites were successfully synthesized and characterized. Both surfactant sensors showed a response to anionic surfactants (dodecylsulfate (SDS) and DBS) and cationic surfactants (cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)). The Pt@MWCNT-DBS sensor showed lower sensitivity than expected with the sub-Nernstian response of ≈23 mV/decade of activity for CPC and CTAB and ≈33 mV/decade of activity for SDS and DBS. The Pt@MWCNT-DHBI surfactant sensor had superior response properties, including a Nernstian response to SDS (59.1 mV/decade) and a near-Nernstian response to DBS (57.5 mV/decade), with linear response regions for both anionic surfactants down to ≈2 × 10−6 M. The Pt@MWCNT-DHBI was also useful in critical micellar concentration (CMC) detection. Common anions showed very low interferences with the sensor. The sensor was successfully employed for the potentiometric titration of a technical grade cationic surfactant with good recoveries. The content of cationic surfactants was measured in six samples of complex commercial detergents. The Pt@MWCNT-DHBI surfactant sensor showed good agreement with the ISE surfactant sensor and classical two-phase titration and could be used as an analytical tool in quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary treatment method for eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection involves the use of antibiotic-based therapies. Due to the growing antibiotic resistance of H. pylori, there has been a surge of interest in exploring alternative therapies. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a water-soluble and nonvolatile quaternary ammonium compound with exceptional broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. To date, there is no documented or described specific antibacterial action of CPC against H. pylori. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the in vitro activity of CPC against H. pylori and its potential antibacterial mechanism. CPC exhibited significant in vitro activity against H. pylori, with MICs ranging from 0.16 to 0.62 μg/mL and MBCs ranging from 0.31 to 1.24 μg/mL. CPC could result in morphological and physiological modifications in H. pylori, leading to the suppression of virulence and adherence genes expression, including flaA, flaB, babB, alpA, alpB, ureE, and ureF, and inhibition of urease activity. CPC has demonstrated in vitro activity against H. pylori by inhibiting its growth, inducing damage to the bacterial structure, reducing virulence and adherence factors expression, and inhibiting urease activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Endodontic irrigants are essential for disinfecting the root canal system. None of the currently available irrigants perfume sufficiently. However, most products contain surfactants, which enhance the antimicrobial properties of the irrigants. Objectives. To evaluate the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) surfactant on the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine and compare it with that of chlorhexidine (CHX) and Biopure MTAD against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods. In this in vitro study, three microorganisms were used (E. faecalis, S. aureus, and C. albicans), and each organism was treated with three different irrigants: 2% CHX, 2% CHX + 0.2% CPC, and 100% Biopure MTAD. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by direct contact assay for 5 min of contact time. The colony-forming unit per mL was calculated after antimicrobial treatment and 24 hr of incubation at 37°C. The data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22. The Kruskal–Wallis and the multiple Wilcoxon sum rank tests were used. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results. The result showed a nonsignificant difference between the different irrigants against E. faecalis. Among S. aureus subgroups, 2% CHX was statistically significant and more efficient than MTAD. Among C. albicans subgroups, 2% CHX and combined irrigant (2% CHX + 0.2% CPC) were statistically more efficient than MTAD. The 2% CHX and combined irrigants were equally effective against all the tested microorganisms. Conclusions. All the used irrigants have comparable effects against E. faecalis after 5 min. CHX have a comparable effects to that of the combined irrigant and more efficient against S. aureus than MTAD. CHX and the combined irrigant have potent antimicrobial activity against C. albicans superior to MTAD. CPC surfactant can be used with CHX to overcome its clinical drawbacks or limitations without altering or reducing its antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Glass ionomer cements (GICs), the most frequently used restorative materials in pediatric dentistry, may be used as medium for slow release of other active anti-microbial components apart from fluoride. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine the level of released chloride ions and anti-microbial compounds by incorporating 2% anti-microbial agents into conventional and experimental GICs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out using a conventional glass ionomer cements ChemFlex and Fuji IX as well as experimental glass ionomer cement MP4 and anti-microbial compounds, such as cetylpyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride. A total of 36 specimens (4 mm x 6 mm) were prepared, including 6 specimens of each GIC integrated with 2% of anti-microbial agents, and other six samples of the same cement without any anti-microbial agents used as a control group. Amounts of released Cl-- ions were determined with the use of an ion-selective electrode, and amounts of anti-microbial agents were determined by UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Measurements were performed at 9 successive time intervals starting from fifteenth minute and finishing after seven days. RESULTS: The results obtained show a continual release of both chloride ions and anti-microbial compounds from analyzed GICs that increased over time. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with conventional GICs, MP4 GIC produces a significantly higher release both of chloride ions and anti-microbial compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the antitumor and antimicrobial properties of an alginate-based membrane (ABM) loaded with bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on clinically isolated bacteria and a pancreatic cancer cell line. Material and methods: The BisBAL NP-CPC ABM was characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial potential was measured using the disk-diffusion assay, and antibiofilm activity was determined through the live/dead assay and fluorescence microscopy. The antitumor activity was analyzed on the pancreatic cell line (Panc 03.27) using the MTT assay and live/dead assay with fluorescence microscopy. Results: After a 24-h exposure (37°C, aerobic conditions), 5 µM BisBAL NP reduced the growth of K. pneumoniae by 77.9%, while 2.5 µM BisBAL NP inhibited the growth of Salmonella, E. faecalis and E. faecium by 82.9%, 82.6%, and 78%, respectively (p < 0.0001). The BisBAL NPs-CPC ABM (at a ratio of 10:1; 500 and 50 µM, respectively) inhibited the growth of all isolated bacteria, producing inhibition halos of 9.5, 11.2, 7, and 10.3 mm for K. pneumoniae, Salmonella, E. faecalis, and E. faecium, respectively, in contrast to the 6.5, 9.5, 8.5, and 9.8 mm obtained with 100 µM ceftriaxone (p < 0.0001). The BisBAL NPs-CPC ABM also reduced bacterial biofilms, with 81.4%, 74.5%, 97.1%, and 79.5% inhibition for K. pneumoniae, E. faecium, E. faecalis, and Salmonella, respectively. Furthermore, the BisBAL NPs-CPC ABM decreased Panc 03.27 cell growth by 76%, compared to 18% for drug-free ABM. GEM-ABM reduced tumoral growth by 73%. The live/dead assay confirmed that BisBAL NPs-CPC-ABM and GEM-ABM were cytotoxic for the turmoral Panc 03.27 cells. Conclusion: An alginate-based membrane loaded with BisBAL NP and CPC exhibits dual antimicrobial and antitumoral efficacy. Therefore, it could be applied in cancer treatment and to diminish the occurrence of surgical site infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) addition on the antibacterial and surface hardness characteristics of two commercial resin-based dental composites (RBDCs). A total of two hundred and seventy (n = 270) specimens from Filtek Z250 Universal and Filtek Z350 XT flowable RBDCs were fabricated with the addition of CPC at 2 %wt and 4 %wt concentrations to assess their antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion test and direct contact inhibition test, and their surface hardness using the Vickers microhardness test after 1 day, 30 days, and 90 days of aging. A surface morphology analysis of the specimens was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The RBDCs that contained 2 %wt and 4 %wt CPC demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans up to 90 days, with the highest activity observed for the 4 %wt concentration. Nevertheless, there was a reduction in antibacterial effectiveness over time. Moreover, compared to the control (0 %wt) and 2 %wt CPC groups, the universal RBDCs containing 4 %wt CPC exhibited a notable decrease in surface hardness, while all groups showed a decline in hardness over time. In conclusion, the satisfactory combination of the antibacterial effect and surface hardness property of RBDCs was revealed with the addition of a 2 %wt CPC concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the role of chlorhexidine and other mouthwashes in periodontal therapy has been elucidated, little information is available on their use as routine preoperative mouth rinses before surgery, especially in periodontal procedures such as dental implant surgery. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of preoperative chlorhexidine, essential oil, and cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes in reducing bacterial contamination at the time of implant placement. Eligible patients who underwent dental implant surgery were randomly divided into four groups based on the mouthwash used: (1) 0.12 % chlorhexidine, (2) essential oil, (3) cetylpyridinium chloride, and (4) saline (served as the control group). All the patients of each group rinsed preoperatively with 15 mL of the respective mouthwash for 60 s. Saliva samples before (pre) and immediately after rinsing with the mouthwash (post) and after suturing the flap (end) were collected on the day of the implant placement. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to analyze the samples and quantify the targeted periodontal pathogens using a propidium monoazide (PMA) dye. Forty patients were included in the study. Real-time qPCR demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of pathogens in the saliva samples of the mouthwash groups compared to that of the control group. A statistically significant difference was observed between the groups for the pre–post and pre–end samples (p < 0.001) but not for the post–end samples (p = 0.203). A statistically significant difference was observed between the chlorhexidine, essential oil, and cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash groups and the saline group (P < 0.001). The bacterial counts significantly differed with and without the use of the PMA dye. Preoperative chlorhexidine, essential oil, and cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes can reduce the bacterial load at the time of implant placement, thereby reducing the incidence of implant-related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are environmentally persistent, bioaccumulating, and toxic compounds that have attracted global attention. It is challenging to reduce the residual concentrations of these compounds to safe discharge limits. In this study, batch experiments were performed to evaluate natural clinoptilolite and clinoptilolites modified (MC) with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC-MC), didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB-MC), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-MC), and tetramethylammonium chloride (TMA-MC) as cost-effective aqueous PFAS adsorbents. The removal capacities of the adsorbents for the majority of the PFASs decreased in the following order: DDAB-MC > CPC-MC ≫ modified natural clinoptilolite with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA-MC) ≫ modified natural clinoptilolite with tetramethylammonium chloride (TMA-MC) ≈ natural clinoptilolite modified with NaCl (NC). In particular, CPC-MC and DDAB-MC reduced PFASs concentration in 50 μg/L by up to 98% for perfluorooctane sulphonate. Within 30 min, CPC-MC (30.5 μg/L) and DDAB-MC (32.1 μg/L) met the PFOS water quality criterion of 36 μg/L in inland surface waters. Both adsorbents met this criterion at the highest solution volume (40 mL) and 0.125 g/L (solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:8). PFASs with short hydrocarbon chains competed more for adsorption. PFASs with sulphonate functional groups were also adsorbed more than carboxyl groups in single- and multi-PFAS solutions. The modified surfaces of clinoptilolites controlled PFAS adsorption through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. PFAS removal with surfactant-modified clinoptilolites is cost-effective and protects aquatic environments by using surplus natural materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The oral cavity is the site of entry and replication for many respiratory viruses. Furthermore, it is the source of droplets and aerosols that facilitate viral transmission. It is thought that appropriate oral hygiene that alters viral infectivity might reduce the spread of respiratory viruses and contribute to infection control. Materials and methods: Here, we analyzed the antiviral activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), chlorhexidine (CHX), and three commercial CPC and CHX-containing mouthwash preparations against the Influenza A virus and the Respiratory syncytial virus. To do so the aforementioned compounds and preparations were incubated with the Influenza A virus or with the Respiratory syncytial virus. Next, we analyzed the viability of the treated viral particles. Results: Our results indicate that CPC and CHX decrease the infectivity of both the Influenza A virus and the Respiratory Syncytial virus in vitro between 90 and 99.9% depending on the concentration. Likewise, CPC and CHX-containing mouthwash preparations were up to 99.99% effective in decreasing the viral viability of both the Influenza A virus and the Respiratory syncytial virus in vitro. Conclusion: The use of a mouthwash containing CPC or CHX alone or in combination might represent a cost-effective measure to limit infection and spread of enveloped respiratory viruses infecting the oral cavity, aiding in reducing viral transmission. Our findings may stimulate future clinical studies to evaluate the effects of CPC and CHX in reducing viral respiratory transmissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of bis-quaternary ammonium compounds based on a polyhydric alcohol, 2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)butane-1,4-diol, and pyridine was accomplished. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of the products against ESKAPE pathogens and Candida albicans yeast-like fungus both in planktonic and biofilm forms was studied. The activity of the bis-pyridinium salts was compared with the activities of known antiseptic agents, octenidine dihydrochloride and cetylpyridinium chloride. It was found that the compound containing ten carbon atoms in the alkyl group is effective against various strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans is the most critical fungus causing oral mycosis. Many mouthwashes contain antimicrobial substances, including antifungal agents. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of 15 commercial mouthwashes against 12 strains of C. albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs), and anti-biofilm activity were studied. MICs were determined by the micro-dilution method using 96-well plates, and MFCs were determined by culturing MIC suspensions on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Anti-biofilm activity was evaluated using the crystal violet method. The mouthwashes containing octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT; mean MICs 0.09–0.1%), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX; MIC 0.12%), and CHX with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC; MIC 0.13%) exhibited the best activity against C. albicans. The active compound antifungal concentrations were 0.5–0.9 µg/mL for OCT products and 1.1–2.4 µg/mL for CHX rinses. For mouthwashes with CHX + CPC, concentrations were 1.56 µg/mL and 0.65 µg/mL, respectively. Products with polyaminopropyl biguanide (polyhexanide, PHMB; MIC 1.89%) or benzalkonium chloride (BAC; MIC 6.38%) also showed good anti-Candida action. In biofilm reduction studies, mouthwashes with OCT demonstrated the most substantial effect (47–51.1%). Products with CHX (32.1–41.7%), PHMB (38.6%), BAC (35.7%), Scutellaria extract (35.6%), and fluorides + essential oils (33.2%) exhibited moderate antibiofilm activity. The paper also provides an overview of the side effects of CHX, CPC, and OCT. Considering the in vitro activity against Candida albicans, it can be inferred that, clinically, mouthwashes containing OCT are likely to offer the highest effectiveness. Meanwhile, products containing CHX, PHMB, or BAC can be considered as promising alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]