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Anaerobically digested sludge-derived biochar was produced through pyrolysis at 700 °C, called BC700. BC700 was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The factors influencing the adsorption process and the mechanism involved in adsorbing tricyclazole and 2,4-D in single and binary systems were revealed. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of BC700 for tricyclazole and 2,4-D in a single system were 11.86 mg/g and 7.89 mg/g, respectively. In the binary system, the theoretical saturated adsorptive capacities of tricyclazole and 2,4-D were 5.27 mg/g and 3.20 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of tricyclazole and 2,4-D by BC700, whether in single or binary systems, matched closely with the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order model. This study indicates that anaerobically digested sludge-derived biochar is potentially valuable for removing pesticide contamination in surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, the adsorption of acid black 1 (AB1), a hair dye, and methyl orange (MO) on anion exchange membrane BII (AEM-BII) in a binary system was studied experimentally. The effects study for contact time, adsorbent's and adsorbates' concentration, and temperature of aqueous media on the AB1 and MO removal, AEM-BII recovery, and reusability were also investigated. The highest removal was observed at optimum conditions, 150-min contact time and 5 g L−1 of adsorbent for AB1 (91.2%) and MO (83.4%). Adsorption kinetics was estimated by pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics. The experimental findings were fitted well by PSO kinetics with an adsorption capacity of 19.45 ± 0.93 and 19.34 ± 0.84 mg g−1 for ABI and MO, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm study confirmed that AB1 and MO adsorption by AEM-BII from the binary system was followed by Langmuir isotherms. Adsorption thermodynamics revealed that adsorption of both AB1 and MO by AEM-BII was endothermic and spontaneous. Moreover, the desorption phenomenon of ABI and MO from the loaded AEM-BII showed that dye removal from AEM-BII was found to be 74.95%, demonstrating AEM-BII can be considered as good adsorbent for acidic dyes from the binary system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sorption of Zr(IV) and Y(III) was examined using an iron-tin silicate (FeSnSi) composite prepared by the co-precipitation technique. The analytical tools that characterize prepared composite are FT-IR, SEM, EDX, XRD, and XRF. The effects of temperature, pH, ion concentrations, and shaking time are all considered in the sorption studies conducted on Zr(IV) and Y(III). The sorption of studied metal ions depends on pH, and the pseudo-2nd-order model governs the kinetics of reactions. Negative Gibbs energy values confirmed the excellent feasibility and spontaneity of the sorption process. Positive enthalpy values indicate that this process was endothermic. Positive entropy values demonstrated that the disorder between the solid and liquid phases was enhanced during adsorption. Freundlich and Langmuir models are used to study isotherms. The results of the binary system verify that Zr(IV) may be separated from the Zr-Y system at various pHs. According to the findings, the produced composite may effectively remove Zr(IV) and Y(III) from aqueous solutions. It may also be viable for purifying wastewater contaminated with these metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the phase equilibria of the binary Ag-In system were determined using electron probe microanalysis and differential scanning calorimetry on equilibrated alloys and diffusion couples. The compositions of the phase boundaries of solid phases that are highly scattered in the literature have been precisely determined. The temperatures of the invariant reaction ζ ⇄ γ + L and the polymorphic transformation ζ ⇄ γ are substantially lower than previously reported values. In addition, it was found that the In-rich ζ phase phase-separates after months of room-temperature aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the security of gene information and the accuracy of matching, this paper designs a homomorphic encryption algorithm for gene matching based on cloud computing environment. Firstly, the gene sequences of cloud files entered by users are collected, which are converted into binary code by binary function, so that the encrypted text is obviously different from the original text. After that, the binary code of genes in the database is compared with the generated code to complete gene matching. Experimental analysis indicates that when the number of fragments in a 1 GB gene file is 65, the minimum encryption time of the algorithm is 80.13 ms. Aside from that, the gene matching time and energy consumption of this algorithm are the least, which are 85.69 ms and 237.89 J, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review and comparative analysis of known literature approaches and methods for predicting the packing density of binary powder systems are carried out. A theoretical model is proposed for a binary mixture to provide the spline approximation of calculated and research data with an appropriate accuracy. The model parameters are physical values, whose comparison for different binary systems makes it possible to estimate both the effect of a method of their formation on the packing density and the degree of adequacy to real powder materials for the available theoretical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the widespread occurrence of directional crystallization in nature, laboratory experiments and industrial facilities, we consider how a two-phase (mushy) region filled simultaneously with liquid and solid material influences the process and changes the solute concentration in both the phases. A mushy layer arising as a result of constitutional supercooling in binary liquids drastically changes all process parameters in comparison with the frequently used approximation of a macroscopically planar phase interface. The heat and mass transfer problem with a moving mushy region is replaced by the equivalent model with a discontinuity interface that divides the liquid and solid phases and inherits the properties of a mushy layer. Analytical solutions that describe both crystallization modes with a planar phase interface and discontinuity interface (representing a mushy layer) are constructed for the steady-state and self-similar conditions. The switching time of the crystallization model with a planar phase interface to the model with a two-phase layer is determined. Our calculations, based on analytical solutions, show that the presence of a mushy layer can change the solute concentration in liquid and solid phases to a few tens of percent as compared to the planar interface model. This explains the importance of accounting for the two-phase region when describing the crystallization of supercooled binary liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity of studies reporting on single-metal sorption systems is increasing every day while the elimination of heavy metals in binary and multisolute systems is seldom reported. Therefore, the biosorption and desorption of arsenic from single and binary systems on hybrid granular activated carbon have been investigated using the batch technique. The hybrid granular activated carbon was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and the results showed that the biosorbent surface characteristics could facilitate arsenic removal from the non- and competitive biosorption media. The main biosorption mechanisms of arsenic on the biosorbent involved surface complexation, electrostatic attraction, and replacement of hydroxyl groups. Furthermore, the effective elimination of arsenic was discovered to be reliant on the sorbent's physicochemical properties as well as all the studied independent biosorption factors. The equilibrium sorption data of both the single and binary systems were best explained by the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, indicating the mechanism of arsenic biosorption was mainly chemisorption. The Langmuir maximum monolayer sorption capacities of the biosorbent were 205.76 and 153.09 mg/g for the single and binary systems, respectively. While the evaluated thermodynamic parameters suggest that the biosorption removal of arsenic from both sorption systems was spontaneous and endothermic with increasing randomness at the liquid–solid interface, the successive biosorption–desorption studies indicated that the exhausted biosorbent can be renewed without a substantial deterioration in its uptake capacity even after the seventh regeneration cycle. This indicates that the biosorbent has the economic potential to be used repeatedly in arsenic species sequestration from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution poses a significant ecological threat, contributing to the widespread degradation of aquatic ecosystems. Among the pollutants, heavy metals pose severe risks to both organisms and human health, emphasizing the urgent need for effective pollution control technologies. Biosorption presents a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution to mitigate heavy metal contamination. Biofilms, consisting of microbial communities, have emerged as potential biosorbents for heavy metals. Since heavy metals can exist as cations and anions concurrently in aquatic environments, understanding their behavior in binary systems is essential for biosorption strategies. This study focuses on the binary biosorption of Cu(II) and Cr(VI), representing cationic and anionic heavy metals. Specific adsorption sites are identified by analyzing adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and IR spectra of biofilms. The results indicate that biofilms, in a binary scenario, demonstrate nearly identical adsorption capacities for Cu(II) and Cr(VI). Moreover, the adsorption process follows the Langmuir adsorption model, emphasizing the potential of biofilms as effective biosorbents for the simultaneous removal of cationic and anionic heavy metals. This study advocates for a sustainable approach to heavy metal remediation through the utilization of biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the intricate phase transitions of 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane within a binary system, unveiling dynamic structural changes under varying conditions. Through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, specific molecular vibrations were identified, shedding light on the molecular composition and interactions. The study highlights the challenges in detecting subtle phase transitions and emphasises the individuality of molecular behaviours in closely related compounds. The findings underscore the complexity of phase transitions in binary systems and advocate for a nuanced approach to studying molecular structures and behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on evaluating the quality of competency transfer through various assessment methods and results, considering diverse stakeholder perspectives. The research aims to introduce an innovative approach for validating assessment outcomes, leveraging predicted sub-measurements, and transforming Boolean parameters' symbols into a binary coding system. This transformation simplifies the validation process by employing logical equations. The study's sample involves the adaptation of a competency transfer model, which combines internal parameters with the novel logical assessment method. The research findings indicate that the binary 2x system effectively simplifies quantitative and qualitative data representation within the validation process. This system facilitates the early detection of potentially ambiguous results, enabling the creation of validation procedures grounded in organizational cultural dimensions, outcomes, reports, and assessments. The proposed Quality Assessment Model (QAM) serves as a powerful tool for prediction, enhancing the quality of both quantitative and qualitative data outcomes. This approach generates distinct values, precise predictive measurements, and valuable result quality suitable for informed decision-making in various contexts. Ultimately, the study contributes to the advancement of assessment methodologies, enabling stakeholders to make more accurate and reliable judgments based on the quality of competency transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

κ Draconis is a binary system with a classical Be star as the primary component. Its emission-line spectrum consists of hydrogen lines, notably the H α line with peak intensity ratio (V/R) variations phase-locked with the orbital period P = 61.55 days. Among binaries demonstrating the Be phenomenon, κ Dra stands out as one of a few systems with a discernible mass of its secondary component. Based on more than 200 spectra obtained in 2014–2023, we verified the physical parameters and constructed the mass function. We used part of these data obtained in 2014–2021 to investigate regions in the circumstellar disk of the primary component that emit the H α line using the Doppler tomography method. The results show that the disk has a non-uniform density distribution with a prominent enhancement at V y ≈ 99 km s − 1 and V x ≈ − 6 km s − 1 that corresponds to a cloud-like source of the double-peaked H α line profile. We argue that this enhancement's motion is responsible for the periodic variations in the H α V/R ratio, which is synchronised in orbital phase with the radial velocity (RV) of absorption lines from the atmosphere of the primary component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, electrochemical synergistic activation of persulfate (PDS) degradation technology has demonstrated significant potential in wastewater treatment applications. Given the challenges posed by the complex water quality, high COD content, and recalcitrant degradation of dyeing wastewater, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of iron/aluminum dual-electrode electrochemical activation of PDS for degrading simulated dyeing wastewater. The results showed that under optimal conditions, utilizing both periodic reversal and direct current electrochemical activation of PDS achieved removal rates of 99.2% and 98.3% for Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Red X-3B (RRX-3B), respectively, demonstrating promising removal efficiency. Notably, the removal efficiency of RB5 surpassed that of RRX-3B, suggesting a dependence on initial concentration influencing reaction kinetics. Furthermore, full-spectrum scanning and quenching experiments revealed that RB5 and RRX-3B were primarily degraded through the potent oxidation action of SO4−· and ·OH, with a small number of intermediates present in the solution. Periodic reversal proved effective in mitigating electrode passivation and enhancing electrode longevity. This study provides a highly effective removal method of binary dyes from dyeing wastewater by periodic reversal Fe-Al dual-electrode electrochemical activation of PDS technology, offering valuable insights for sustainable treatment of dyeing wastewater with binary components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of multiple organic dyes contained in industrial wastewater poses a significant challenge, and the underlying mechanisms involved in their simultaneous removal are still not fully understood. In this work, Nickel–Iron layered double hydroxides nanosheets were successfully synthesized by coprecipitation method at constant pH and were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, and their effectiveness in removing anionic dyes Remazol Red 23, and Indigo Carmine was investigated by studying several parameters such as initial solution pH, adsorbent dose, dye concentration, and temperature effect. The as-prepared nanocomposite exhibited excellent removal efficiency for Remazol Red 23 and Indigo Carmine reaching the maximum adsorption capacities of 133.04 mg.g−1 and 115.59 mg.g−1, respectively. The simultaneous removal of binary anionic dye mixture was studied and proved the high performance of the synthesized material due to the electrostatic attraction. Also, a cationic dye Basic Yellow 28 was successfully removed when it was added to the binary anionic dyes' mixture, and this was explained by two proposed mechanisms: surface charge modification and the synergetic effect of dyes molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobically digested sludge-derived biochar was produced through pyrolysis at 700 °C, called BC700. BC700 was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The factors influencing the adsorption process and the mechanism involved in adsorbing tricyclazole and 2,4-D in single and binary systems were revealed. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of BC700 for tricyclazole and 2,4-D in a single system were 11.86 mg/g and 7.89 mg/g, respectively. In the binary system, the theoretical saturated adsorptive capacities of tricyclazole and 2,4-D were 5.27 mg/g and 3.20 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of tricyclazole and 2,4-D by BC700, whether in single or binary systems, matched closely with the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order model. This study indicates that anaerobically digested sludge-derived biochar is potentially valuable for removing pesticide contamination in surface water.

In this study, MgO-modified sludge biochar (1MBC) prepared from sewage sludge was successfully used as an efficient adsorbent to remove heavy metals from groundwater. The adsorption performance and mechanism of 1MBC on Cu2+ and Cd2+ were investigated in single and binary systems, and the contribution of different mechanisms was quantified. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms analysis revealed that the adsorption processes of Cu2+ and Cd2+ by 1MBC followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model in both systems, indicating that Cu2+ and Cd2+ were mainly controlled by chemisorption, and their theoretical maximum adsorption capacities were 240.36 and 219.06 mg·g−1, respectively. The results of the binary system showed that due to the competitive adsorption, the adsorption capacity of 1MBC for both heavy metals was lower than that of the single system, and the selective adsorption of Cu2+ was higher. The influencing variable experiments revealed that the adsorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+ by 1MBC had a wide pH adaption range and strong anti-interference ability to coexisting organics and ions. The adsorption mechanisms involved ion exchange (Cu: 47.39%, Cd: 53.17%), mineral precipitation (Cu: 35.31%, Cd: 24.18%), functional group complexation (Cu: 10.44%, Cd: 14.53%), and other possible mechanisms (Cu: 6.87%, Cd: 8.12%). Furthermore, 1MBC demonstrated excellent regeneration potential after five cycle times. Overall, the results have significant reference value for the practical application of removing heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promissory technic for reducing environmental contaminants is the production of biochar from waste reuse and its application for water treatment. This study developed biochar (CWb) and NH4Cl-modified biochar (MCWb) using cassava residues as precursors. CWb and MCWb were characterized and evaluated in removing dyes (Acid Blue 9 and Food Red 17) in a binary system. The adsorbent demonstrated high adsorption capacity at all pH levels studied, showing its versatility regarding this process parameter. The equilibrium of all adsorption experiments was reached in 30 min. The adsorption process conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetics and extended Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic adsorption experiments demonstrated that the adsorption process is physisorption, exhibiting exothermic and spontaneous characteristics. MCWb exhibited highly efficient and selective adsorption behavior towards the anionic dyes, indicating maximum adsorption capacity of 131 and 150 mg g−1 for Food Red 17 and Acid Blue 9, respectively. Besides, MCWb could be reused nine times, maintaining its original adsorption capacity. This study demonstrated an excellent adsorption capability of biochars in removing dyes. In addition, it indicated the recycling of wastes as a precursor of bio composts, a strategy for utilization in water treatment with binary systems. It showed the feasibility of the reuse capacity that indicated that the adsorbent may have many potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater contaminated with organic pollutants must be carefully treated before being discharged into the environment in order to reduce its negative effects on public health. Currently, much attention has been paid to the removal of dyes from industrial wastewater. The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of Acid Blue 113 (AB113) and Congo Red (CR) dyes by using Moroccan Prickly Pear Cactus Peel (MPPCP) from the binary system in a batch reactor. All the parameters influencing the adsorption of the dye in the binary system were studied namely the effect of mixture composition, contact time (20–210 min), initial dye concentration (20–300 mg/L), temperature (25–40 °C), and pH of the dye solution (2–12). The results showed that the uptake of both AB113 and CR dyes highly depends on initial dye concentration, solution composition dyes, and temperature. The kinetic study was performed by applying two kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order. The pseudo-second-order model better describes the adsorption of the dyes onto MPPCP adsorbent. The analysis of the obtained results shows that the correlation coefficients of the Freundlich model are higher which shows that the adsorption of AB113 and CR dyes in the binary mixture takes a multilayer form. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption of dyes in a binary system is spontaneous, physical, and exothermic. The obtained results in this work show that MPPCP can be considered a good material for the removal of anionic AB113 and CR dyes in the binary mixture and therefore used this material on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roflumilast, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, was approved by the European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use in 2010 for the treatment of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, low solubility of Roflumilast is a question mark to design a suitable dosage form to get therapeutic objectives. The aim of this work was to enhance solubility of the drug to develop fast release oral tablet. Drug-polymer binary system was developed at 1:1 w/w ratio followed by development of immediate release tablet by direct compression method. Drug-polymer compatibility studies were assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopic studies. Pre and Post- compression tests and in vitro dissolutions studies in acidic (pH 1.2) and PBS pH 6.8 were performed to evaluate in vitro performance of the developed formulations. In vitro kinetic models were applied and similarity and difference factors were computed in comparison with reference product (marketed brand). Drug content was found between 95.37 to 99.57 in the developed formulations. Drug-polymer compatibility results demonstrated good compatibility among drug, polymers and other excipients. The micromeretic parameters and post compression studies results were in acceptable limit for all the developed formulations. Fast drug release behavior was observed in acidic medium. The results suggested that similarity factor (f2) values of the developed formulations were within acceptable limit (50-100). The developed binary systems may apply to overcome solubility issues of biopharmaceutical classification system class II drugs. The developed formulations are easy to scale-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batch experiments were conducted to test orange waste (OW), an agricultural solid waste byproduct from the orange juice manufacturing industry, as adsorbent for binary solutions of Cd2+-Cr3+ and Zn2+-Cr3+. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the point of zero charge (pHpzc) were used to identify the functional groups on the OW surface involved in biosorption. The biosorption equilibrium data for both binary-metal solutions were obtained and fitted to various isotherm models. The extended Sips and the non-modified Redlich-Peterson isotherm models gave the best fit for the experimental data. According to the extended Sips model, the maximum biosorption capacity of OW was 0.573 mmol·g−1 for Cd2+, 0.453 mmol·g−1 for Zn2+, and 1.96 mmol·g−1 for Cr3+. The sorption capacity dropped to 0.061 mmol·g−1 for Cd2+ and to 0.101 mmol·g1 for Zn2+ in their binary systems with Cr3+ for the higher initial metal concentrations in the solution. However, the maximum sorption capacity of chromium was only slightly affected by the presence of Cd2+ or Zn2+. For both binary systems, the presence of a second metal ion in the solution always conduces to a reduction in the sorption of the other metal in the solution. The presence of Cr3+ decreased the sorption of Cd2+ and Zn2+ more than vice versa. Conclusively, effective removal of Cr3+ ions from an aqueous solution can still be achieved in the presence of Cd2+ or Zn2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated Watermelon seeds (AC-WmS) were successfully used as adsorbent for the competition removal of two antibiotics Sulphamethazine (SMT) and Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from aqueous media in single and binary systems. The effects of various parameters influencing the adsorptive competition of SMT and SMT, such as contact time, adorbent dose and pH on the adsorption extent were investigated and examined in a batch mode. The pH zero-pointcharge of AC-WmS-500 is pHZPC = 5.8. The adsorption capacities are 97.8 mg/g and 109.25 mg/g for SMT and SMX, respectively. Equilibrium data were well represented by the Freundlich model for SMT and SMX in binary system. The qmax of SMX in the single system was decreased from 97.8 to 35.16 mg/g. Theoretical study was made for the determination of the charge density on the sites of the reagents, the prediction of the electrophilic/nucleophilic character of the reagents, the prediction of the local reactivity of the reagents, the indices of local electrophily and of nucleophily, by the method of the density functional theory DFT/B3LYP, with the base 6–311 G (d, p) shows that the competitive adsorption between the two antibiotics were observed and it was noticed that SMT was favoured as well as being more electrophilic than SMX, and greater interaction with surface sites in the single and binary system with an removal efficiency forSMT and SMX of 94% and 85%, respectively. The theoretical results are in good accordance with the experimental data reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the use of base 2 in two historical contexts: ancient Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and 19th-century France. In ancient Egypt, base 2 was central to the “duplation” algorithm to multiply two numbers. In 19th-century France, it featured in mathematical recreations by Charles-Ange Laisant and Édouard Lucas. Duplation in ancient Egypt involved doubling a number successively, leveraging the binary nature of the numbering system for rapid calculations. In France, Laisant and Lucas contributed to mathematical recreations rooted in base 2, popularizing mathematics and engaging the public. The article aims to present these historical resources, highlighting their educational potential. It suggests integrating these examples into mandatory education from age 9 onwards, offering students a practical understanding of mathematics and its history. However, specific teaching methods are left to the reader’s discretion.

Motivated by the widespread occurrence of directional crystallization in nature, laboratory experiments and industrial facilities, we consider how a two-phase (mushy) region filled simultaneously with liquid and solid material influences the process and changes the solute concentration in both the phases. A mushy layer arising as a result of constitutional supercooling in binary liquids drastically changes all process parameters in comparison with the frequently used approximation of a macroscopically planar phase interface. The heat and mass transfer problem with a moving mushy region is replaced by the equivalent model with a discontinuity interface that divides the liquid and solid phases and inherits the properties of a mushy layer. Analytical solutions that describe both crystallization modes with a planar phase interface and discontinuity interface (representing a mushy layer) are constructed for the steady-state and self-similar conditions. The switching time of the crystallization model with a planar phase interface to the model with a two-phase layer is determined. Our calculations, based on analytical solutions, show that the presence of a mushy layer can change the solute concentration in liquid and solid phases to a few tens of percent as compared to the planar interface model. This explains the importance of accounting for the two-phase region when describing the crystallization of supercooled binary liquids.

The article delves into the intricate phase transitions of 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane within a binary system, unveiling dynamic structural changes under varying conditions. Through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, specific molecular vibrations were identified, shedding light on the molecular composition and interactions. The study highlights the challenges in detecting subtle phase transitions and emphasises the individuality of molecular behaviours in closely related compounds. The findings underscore the complexity of phase transitions in binary systems and advocate for a nuanced approach to studying molecular structures and behaviours.

Non-local theories of gravity are considered extended theories of gravity, meaning that when the non-local terms are canceled out, the limit of General Relativity (GR) is obtained. Several reasons have led us to consider this theory with increasing interest, but primarily non-locality emerges in a natural way as a ‘side’ effect of the introduction of quantum corrections to GR, the purpose of which was to cure the singularity problem, both at astrophysical and cosmological level. In this paper we studied a peculiar case of the so called Deser-Woodard theory consisting in the addition of a non-local term of the form R□−1R to the Hilbert-Einstein lagrangian, where R is the Ricci scalar, and derived, for the first time, constraints on the dimensionaless non-local parameter A by exploiting the predicted gravitational wave emission in three binary pulsars, namely PSR J1012+5307, PSR J0348+0432 and PSR J1738+0333. We discovered that the instantaneous flux strongly depends on A and that the best constraints (0.12

A new selective polymeric composite capped with crown ether was successfully synthesized using N-isopropyl acrylamide copolymerized acrylic acid paired with Dibenzo-18-crown-6, P(NIPAm-Co-AA-DB 18C-6), by Gamma irradiation and ultrasonic homogenizer polymerization. Scanner electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering were used to characterize the selected polymeric composite's chemical and physical constitution. SEM shows a rough irregular surface, and FTIR spectra confirmed the function groups of P(NIPAm-Co-AA-DB 18C-6). Moreover, a systematic study of monomer and crown ether concentration was investigated to enhance the composite's performance. The behavior of the synthetic composite toward the selective separation of Co-60 from Cs-137 in a binary system was evaluated. Effects of pH, contact time, and initial ion concentration were investigated in a batch mode and the maximum capacity reached 108.0 mg/g for Co-60 and 82.0 mg/g for Cs-137. Four Kinetic models were investigated (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Intra-particle diffusion). Regarding the calculated parameters, pseudo-second-order and Elovich models are the most describing the sorption process, indicating the chemisorptions process. Six adsorption isotherms were examined, two-parameter models (Langmuir, and Freundlich) and three-parameter models (Redlich-Peterson, Khan, Sips, and Hills). The best-fitted isotherm was identified using three error methodological approaches: the correlation coefficient (R2), the chi-square test (χ2), and the root-mean-square error. Isotherm models fit the experimental values in the following sequence: Khan > Rdlish-Peterson > Hills > Sips. Finally, an application for column separation was conducted, and Co-60 was completely separated from Cs-137 by 0.1 M HNO3. These findings indicate promising applications in the successive separation of Co-60 from radioactive liquid waste containing Cs-137 from Egyptian reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is devoted to constructing a method for calculating the solubility curves for molybdenum and ruthenium in the solid state in the binary Mo–Ru system with consideration for nanoscale effects. The approach is based on the thermodynamics of phase equilibria, taking into account the surface phenomena within the framework of the Gibbs thermodynamic method of separating surfaces. The tension surface is chosen as such a separating surface. Calculations of the solubility were performed considering the size dependences of the individual characteristics of metals and the parameters of interparticle interaction in the phases. A good agreement of the obtained results with the available experimental data is observed for the macroscopic case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

κ Draconis is a binary system with a classical Be star as the primary component. Its emission-line spectrum consists of hydrogen lines, notably the Hα line with peak intensity ratio (V/R) variations phase-locked with the orbital period P = 61.55 days. Among binaries demonstrating the Be phenomenon, κ Dra stands out as one of a few systems with a discernible mass of its secondary component. Based on more than 200 spectra obtained in 2014–2023, we verified the physical parameters and constructed the mass function. We used part of these data obtained in 2014–2021 to investigate regions in the circumstellar disk of the primary component that emit the Hα line using the Doppler tomography method. The results show that the disk has a non-uniform density distribution with a prominent enhancement at Vy ≈ 99 km s−1 and Vx≈−6 km s−1 that corresponds to a cloud-like source of the double-peaked Hα line profile. We argue that this enhancement’s motion is responsible for the periodic variations in the Hα V/R ratio, which is synchronised in orbital phase with the radial velocity (RV) of absorption lines from the atmosphere of the primary component.

The chirality of the polyether ionophore monensic acid A can be successfully used to study its coordination ability in solution. A complementary approach to gain new insights into the complexation chemistry of the antibiotic (studied previously by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in the ultraviolet range (UV-CD)) is presented. (1) Methods: The CD spectroscopy in the visible (VIS-CD) and near-infrared (NIR-CD) range is applied to evaluate the affinity of deprotonated monensic acid A (monensinate A) towards Ni(II) or Co(II) cations in methanolic solution. Competition experiments between a variety of colorless divalent metal ions for binding the ligand anion were also performed. (2) Results: The stability constants of the species observed in binary Ni(II)/Co(II)-monensinate systems and their distribution were reevaluated with the VIS- and NIR-CD techniques. The data confirmed the formation of mono and bis complexes depending on the metal-to-ligand molar ratio. The studies on the systems containing two competing divalent metal cations exclude the formation of ternary complex species but provide an opportunity to also calculate the stability constants of Zn(II), Mg(II), and Ca(II) monensinates. (3) Conclusions: The advantages of CD spectroscopy in the VIS-NIR range ("invisible" ligand and metal salts, "visible" chiral complex species) simplify the experimental dataset evaluation and increase the reliability of computed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence that many Be stars are parts of binary systems. As the B-type primaries are very fast rotators and their spectral lines may be distorted by the circumstellar material, it is not easy to measure their radial velocity directly from the spectral lines. It has been shown that some Be binaries exhibit peak intensity variations consisting of double-peaked H α lines that are phase-locked with orbital periods. We searched for such variations in the spectra of 12 Be stars, including several known and suspected binaries. Our results include confirmation of the orbital periods in ν Geminorum, ϵ Capricorni, κ Draconis, 60 Cygni, and V2119 Cygni, its refinement in o Puppis, as well as suggesting hints for binarity in o Aquarii, BK Camelopardalis, and 10 Cassiopeae. Monitoring of the H α line profile variations in β Canis Minoris for over the last 10 years gives further support to the existence of a 182.5-day period found earlier in a smaller set of data. A similar but still preliminary period (179.6 days) was found in the H α line profile variations in ψ Persei. It is shown for the first time that ν Geminorum exhibits phase-locked variations in the H α emission peak intensity ratio and, therefore, is a part of the inner binary in this triple system. Our results show that the mentioned phase-locked peak intensity variations are observed in more Be binary systems than previously known and can be used to search for binarity of Be stars when application of other methods is inconclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The surface tension (σ) and density (ρ) of indium–tin melts are measured by various methods. The surface tension is measured by the sessile drop method and the method of the maximum pressure in a drop, and the density is measured by an aerometer and the sessile drop method. High-purity metals, In-00 and OVCh tin, are used for this research. The maximum σ measurement error is 0.8% and that of ρ is 0.2%. The composition dependence of σ of In–Sn melts is characterized by an extreme (flat minimum) in the region of the equimolar composition. As the temperature increases, the depth of the minimum decreases and its position shifts toward pure indium. The molar volumes have small positive deviations from the additive values. The sessile drop method is used to measure the temperature dependences of σ and ρ of In–Sn solutions diluted with indium. Indium additives are shown to decrease the surface tension of tin. Since the surface tension of indium is higher than that of tin, this result indicates that the surface tension isotherms of the indium–tin system should pass through a minimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption is one of the most easy-to-operate, less costly, efficient and, most importantly, environmentally friendly methods of removing toxic metals from aqueous environments. We used spent Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured to recover mercury (Hg2+), lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) in binary and ternary systems from greywater. We undertook this study in binary and ternary systems at adsorbent dosages with a corresponding 100 mL varied initial metal concentrations of the greywater. The adsorption efficiency at varied concentrations and dosages in the binary systems by the spent tea waste ranged from 38.5% to 100% for lead, 11.50% to 100% for cadmium and was 100% for mercury. In the ternary system, the adsorption efficiency of toxic metals ranged from 28.91% to 72.85% for cadmium and was 100% for mercury and lead. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qe) for toxic metals in the binary system ranged from 38.46 to 81.97 mg/g for Pb2+ and 12.64 to 56.82 mg/g for Cd2+. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was the best fit for the adsorption of toxic metals by Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured. The pH under which the experiments were conducted showed very high removal efficiency for lead and mercury but lower removal efficiencies for cadmium. Spent Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured can be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent of toxic metals from greywater or wastewater. Based on our findings, further studies should be conducted to determine the effects of varying the contact time, temperature and elevated metal concentrations in the greywater or other wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dende and babassu coconuts are largely used in tropical countries, namely in Brazil, for the extraction of oils from kernels. The remaining biowastes are industrially processed to produce porous carbons (PCs). PCs derived from dende and babassu biowastes and produced at an industrial scale have been characterized by textural, chemical, and ecotoxicological parameters. A commercial activated carbon (CC) of mineral origin has been used as a benchmarking material. Although the CC sample presented a higher surface area (SBET = 1083 m2/g), the PCs derived from the biowastes were richer in micropores (Vmicro = 0.25–0.26 cm3/g), while the CC carbon presented wider pore size distribution with a higher mesopore volume (Vmeso = 0.41 cm3/g). All the adsorbents used in this work have shown a non-acute ecotoxic behavior for the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (EC50-30 min > 99% v/v). The adsorbents have been tested for paracetamol and Cu2+ adsorption in mono- and bicomponent solutions. The uptake capacities of paracetamol (qe, 98–123 mg g−1) and Cu2+ (qe, 15–18 mg g−1) from monocomponent solutions were similar to the ones obtained in the bicomponent solutions, indicating no competition or cooperative effects but a site-specific adsorption. This finding represents an advantage for the removal of these adsorbates when present in the same solution as they can be adsorbed under similar rates as in the single systems. Paracetamol adsorption was related to micropore filling, π-π interactions, and H-bonding, whereas Cu2+ removal was attributed to the cation exchange mechanism and complexation to the hydroxyl groups at the carbons' surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is infrequent to have a single metal in the wastewater. For this reason, the elimination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in one and two-component system was examined by xanthate-modified Phaseolus vulgaris in a batch mode. Through grafting, sulphur-bearing groupings with the help of magnesium xanthate were added onto P. vulgaris and xanthate-modified innovative P. vulgaris biosorbent has been produced for the removal of metal ions, that is, lead and cadmium. These innovative sulphur sites were attained successfully and confirmed with the help of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and change in surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The point of zero charges pHpzc of xanthate-modified P. vulgaris was observed to be 7.20 which makes it appropriate for the sorption of cations. The batch sorption implementation of xanthate-modified P. vulgaris includes sorbent amount, pH, linear and non-linear regression analysis, and kinetic curves. The xanthate-modified P. vulgaris adsorbed 95.65% cadmium (at pH 4.0) and 90.36% of lead (at pH 5.0) from a single aqueous system. The sorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by xanthate-modified P. vulgaris follow the linear regression of Langmuir isotherm with qmax of 160.97 and 150.50 mg/L, respectively which is substantially greater than that of many other reported ones. The xanthate-modified P. vulgaris demonstrated rapid uptake capacity of Pb2+ and Cd2+ following the high value of correlation coefficient with pseudo-second-order kinetics. This sorption process for Pb2+ and Cd2+ was found to be endothermic and spontaneous. The binding capacities however reduced in the binary system. This, therefore revealed that the xanthate-modified P. vulgaris can be an encouraging biosorbent for the remediation of Pb2+ and Cd2+ from contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption is one of the most easy-to-operate, less costly, efficient and, most importantly, environmentally friendly methods of removing toxic metals from aqueous environments. We used spent Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured to recover mercury (Hg2+), lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) in binary and ternary systems from greywater. We undertook this study in binary and ternary systems at adsorbent dosages with a corresponding 100 mL varied initial metal concentrations of the greywater. The adsorption efficiency at varied concentrations and dosages in the binary systems by the spent tea waste ranged from 38.5% to 100% for lead, 11.50% to 100% for cadmium and was 100% for mercury. In the ternary system, the adsorption efficiency of toxic metals ranged from 28.91% to 72.85% for cadmium and was 100% for mercury and lead. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qe) for toxic metals in the binary system ranged from 38.46 to 81.97 mg/g for Pb2+ and 12.64 to 56.82 mg/g for Cd2+. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was the best fit for the adsorption of toxic metals by Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured. The pH under which the experiments were conducted showed very high removal efficiency for lead and mercury but lower removal efficiencies for cadmium. Spent Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured can be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent of toxic metals from greywater or wastewater. Based on our findings, further studies should be conducted to determine the effects of varying the contact time, temperature and elevated metal concentrations in the greywater or other wastewater. Significance: • This study provides useful information on how spent Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured can be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent of toxic metals from greywater or wastewater.

Binary polymer systems provide significant advantages in the preparation of materials used in biomedical applications. To highlight the importance and need of binary polymer systems in biomedical applications; utilisations of nano-carrier and fibre are discussed in detail in terms of their use as biomaterial, and their potential for further development with focus on dual and sequential drug delivery applications. On the other hand, in fibre technology, creation of binary polymer systems have been investigated using spinning processes such as electrospinning and even more recently innovated pressurised gyration. How these methods can be used to promote the mass production of binary polymer systems with various morphologies and characteristics are elucidated. The effects of different polymer materials, including solvents, mechanical properties, and the rate of degradation of polymers, are discussed. Current polymer blending systems and manufacturing processes are analysed, and technologies for biomaterials are carefully considered with up to date details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We obtained spectra of several bright binary systems (ζ 02 UMa, 2 Lac, and ϕ Aql), which were mostly observed with photographic plates and whose orbits were not determined very accurately. Each system was monitored for a few years with the 81-cm telescope equipped with an échelle spectrograph at the Three College Observatory in North Carolina. The spectra were taken in a wavelength range between 4000 and 7900 Å with a spectral resolution of R ∼ 12,000. Radial velocity measurements were done using cross-correlation in selected spectral regions or by measuring positions of individual spectral lines. Refined orbits and stellar parameters are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes recent studies of the FS CMa-type objects, a group of stars showing the B[e] phenomenon defined in 2007. The objects exhibit strong emission-line spectra with both permitted and forbidden lines suggesting the presence of a B-type star as well as strong IR excesses due to radiation of circumstellar dust. These properties are hard to explain in the framework of the evolution of single stars with luminosities between ~300 and ~30,000 L⊙ typical of most B-type stars. We explore the hypothesis that the gaseous-and-dusty envelopes of FS CMa objects are due to either earlier or ongoing mass transfer between the binary system components. It is hard to detect the secondary components in these systems because of veiling and distortions by the circumstellar matter because of the relative faintness of the companions. Nevertheless, we detected regular radial velocity variations of the spectral lines in MWC 728, 3 Pup, and AS 386 and we found absorption lines typical of cool stars in the spectra of MWC 645, AS 174, and several other objects. The diversity of the secondary components in FS CMa objects is discussed in the context of non-conservative binary evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical properties of binary systems are of great importance for the application of the latter. We report on the investigation of an ammonium sulfamate–urea binary system with different component ratios using a combination of experimental (FTIR, XRD, TGA/DSC, and melting point) and theoretical (DFT, QTAIM, ELF, RDG, ADMP, etc.) techniques. It is shown that, at a temperature of 100 °C, the system under study remains thermally and chemically stable for up to 30 min. It was established using X-ray diffraction analysis that the heating time barely affects the X-ray characteristics of the system. Data on the aggregate states in specified temperature ranges were obtained with thermal analysis and determination of the melting point. The structures of the ammonium sulfamate–urea system with different component ratios were optimized within the density functional theory. The atom-centered density matrix propagation calculation of the ammonium sulfamate–urea system with different component ratios was performed at temperatures of 100, 300, and 500 K. Regardless of the component ratio, a regular increase in the potential energy variation (curve amplitude) with an increase in temperature from 100 to 500 K was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a data-centric deep learning (DL) approach using neural networks (NNs) to predict the thermodynamics of ternary solid solutions. We explore how NNs can be trained with a dataset of Gibbs free energies computed from a CALPHAD database to predict ternary systems as a function of composition and temperature. We have chosen the energetics of the FCC solid solution phase in 226 binaries consisting of 23 elements at 11 different temperatures to demonstrate the feasibility. The number of binary data points included in the present study is 102,000. We select six ternaries to augment the binary dataset to investigate their influence on the NN prediction accuracy. We examine the sensitivity of data sampling on the prediction accuracy of NNs over selected ternary systems. It is anticipated that the current DL workflow can be further elevated by integrating advanced descriptors beyond the elemental composition and more curated training datasets to improve prediction accuracy and applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, LDH hydrotalcite was synthesised via co-precipitation method. The LDO form was obtained by calcination of the LDH material at 500°C during 3 h. The as-prepared materials were characterised by TGA, XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, SEM, FT-IR, and pH PZC techniques. Both solids were used as adsorbents of Indigo carmine (IC) and Congo red (CR) from simple and binary dyesolutions. The experimental results showed that the sorption equilibrium of each dye was reached within 100 min in the single and binary systems for both materials. The dynamical data were well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Based on the thermodynamic results,all the explored temperatures showed that the adsorption processes are endothermic and spontaneous. Based on the AICc and Wi values, it is evident that the adsorption isotherm data of IC onto LDH and LDO in a single solution were well fittedwith Freundlich isotherm and in the binary system were fitted more favorablywiththe Extended Freundlichmodel.For CR adsorption onto LDH and LDO in single solution,Sips model was the best.In the binary solution, the Extended Sips model was found as the best-fitting modelfor CR adsorption onto LDH. While for CR uptake onto LDO, the adsorption isothermdata werewell fittedwith the Extended Freundlichmore likely than another model.The competitive adsorption of IC and CR on LDH and LDO showed that LDO exhibited a greater affinity towards IC (168 mg/g) than that for the CR (80.94 mg/g). The adsorption mechanism was mainly monitored by electrostatic interactions between the positively charged LDH layer and the anionic dyes. However, for LDO the dyes molecules were effectively intercalated in the interfoliar space owing to the reconstruction of calcined LDH by the structural memory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new method is established and verified to measure the Soret coefficient. • The thermal diffusion behavior of C5-C7 mixture under different conditions was studied. • The Soret coefficients in both bulk phase and porous media conditions are given. • Theoretical derivation for coefficients correction is provided. The Soret effect is a significant factor in various scenarios, with thermodiffusion in binary systems serving as a common method for the study. Most research focuses rarely on the distribution characteristics of components in diffusion systems; and Soret coefficients in the porous media could not be obtained by typical methods based on the thermodiffusion column, which are particularly important in the field of oil and gas development. Moreover, experiments on ground conditions have struggled to determine the Soret coefficient accurately due to the convective effect caused by gravity differentiation. The thermodiffusion behavior of n-pentane (C5) and n-heptane (C7) binary mixtures in both bulk and porous media conditions have been investigated, aiming to provide corrected coefficients that mitigate the influence of gravity using theoretical derivation. A new method was proposed to calculate the Soret coefficients in this work by establishing a model based on gas chromatography technology. Dynamic variation of component concentration along the path was studied, and the corresponding Soret coefficients were calculated and analyzed in parallel. The results indicate that the concentration and temperature exhibit a logarithmic relationship with the distance from the heat source. The Soret coefficient values obtained from measurements in porous media are closer to the theoretically corrected values, which do not account for gravity effects. Additionally, as the permeability decreases, the counteracting effect of porous media on convection becomes more pronounced. Therefore, it presents a novel method for accurately measuring the Soret coefficient that ignores convection to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) were synthesized based on xanthan gum (XG)-cl-2-(N-morpholinoethyl methacrylate) (MEMA)/titanium dioxide (TiO 2) in the presence of N, N' methylene bisacrylamide (MBAAm), as the cross-linking agent. After that, the semi-IPN hydrogel was used to adsorb Methylene Blue (MB+) and Crystal Violet (CV+) from single and two-component adsorption systems. The optimal pH for efficient dye adsorption in aqueous solutions has been determined to be 8 for CV+ and 11 for MB+, respectively. The presence of polar oxygen-containing functional groups such as OH, C O, C-O-C, COOH, and others has been noticed to be the primary driving force in dye adsorption. Equilibrium data from a single process fitted very well to the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich models (R2 = 0.997 and 0.99) for MB+ and CV+, respectively. In a binary system, CV+ removed more than MB+, and both dyes demonstrated synergism during the adsorption of CV+/MB+ solutions. The dye removal efficiency of the adsorbent was found to be quite good even after the fourth adsorption-desorption cycle. In the treatment of multi-component contaminated water, XG-cl-poly (MEMA)/TiO 2 might be a beneficial and reusable adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we synthesized new and versatile magnetite-doped chitosan−ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe 3 O 4 @CS−EDTA) composite for simultaneous capturing of multiple heavy metal ions: Hg2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+, and methyl orange (MO) dye from complex wastewater through adsorption process. We believe that EDTA in the synthesized adsorbent works as a cross-linker as well as a chelating agent for the capturing of heavy metal ions, while the protonated amino groups of CS capture MO through electrostatic interaction. In the monocomponent system, the adsorption followed to Langmuir model and gave the maximum adsorption capacities of 232.70 ± 14.30, 121.40 ± 7.0, 56.50 ± 2.20, and 732.10 ± 72.40 mg g−1 for Hg2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and MO, respectively. Kinetics data well fitted to the pseudo-second order (PSO) models, confirmed the chemisorption process. Interestingly, in the case of the binary component system containing both metals and MO, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for the dye was not affected by metal presence, while the adsorption of metal ions was enhanced with increasing MO concentration. The adsorption mechanism was confirmed by elemental mapping, XPS and FTIR. Moreover, no significant loss in the adsorption efficiency even after the six continuous adsorption-desorption cycles confirms the great stability and potential of the adsorbent in treating the complex wastewater. • Magnetically Fe 3 O 4 @CS−EDTA composite was synthesized for wastewater treatment. • Kinetics data followed to PSO model while isotherm data followed to Langmuir model. • MO was adsorbed by electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions. • Metal ions was adsorbed by complexation and synergetic effect. • Easy separation and excellent reusability with real complex wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improved procedures and methodology for obtaining berry matrices represent an issue that is part of the existing national and international concerns of enriching the range of nutraceutical products with a high content of antioxidants, in this case resveratrol, through scale production wide range of alternatives designed to both help allopathic medication and prevent the occurrence of diseases. Our study aims to test different solutions for extraction of polyphenols from studied berries from the Cluj County in order to emphasize the best extraction solvent/solvents. The highest values of total polyphenols were obtained with the ethanol/water binary extraction system (80: 20, v/v). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]