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One of the possible causes of transformer failures is high moisture in the winding insulation system. In an extreme case, when the critical temperature is exceeded, a sudden release of water vapor from the transformer insulation, called the bubble effect, can occur. This article analyzes the initiation temperature of the bubble phenomenon in various solid insulation materials (Kraft cellulose paper and aramid-based high-temperature papers such as Nomex® 910 and Nomex® 926) immersed in two electro-insulating liquids (mineral oil and Midel 7131 synthetic ester). The initiation temperature of the bubble effect depends mainly on the moisture content of the solid insulation, but it was found to be slightly lower for high-temperature materials than for cellulose. However, after taking into account the differences related to uneven water absorption of the tested materials, the differences in the initiation temperature of individual solid materials are very small. Synthetic ester, compared to mineral oil, slightly increases the bubble initiation temperature, regardless of the solid material used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the possible causes of transformer failures is high moisture in the winding insulation system. In an extreme case, when the critical temperature is exceeded, a sudden release of water vapor from the transformer insulation, called the bubble effect, can occur. This article analyzes the initiation temperature of the bubble phenomenon in various solid insulation materials (Kraft cellulose paper and aramid-based high-temperature papers such as Nomex® 910 and Nomex® 926) immersed in two electro-insulating liquids (mineral oil and Midel 7131 synthetic ester). The initiation temperature of the bubble effect depends mainly on the moisture content of the solid insulation, but it was found to be slightly lower for high-temperature materials than for cellulose. However, after taking into account the differences related to uneven water absorption of the tested materials, the differences in the initiation temperature of individual solid materials are very small. Synthetic ester, compared to mineral oil, slightly increases the bubble initiation temperature, regardless of the solid material used.

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It is generally recognized that dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is a powerful tool in the diagnosis of insulating liquid filled power equipment. There exist numerous evaluating schemes for the mineral oil filled equipment, nevertheless, the experiences show that a fine tuning and revision of the schemes is required for equipment filled with synthetic esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of comparative investigations of partial discharges in two insulation systems; aramid-enhanced cellulose paper-mineral oil, and pure cellulose paper-mineral oil. Partial discharges were investigated in a diagonal electric field with vertical and horizontal components. This field is treated as the most dangerous for insulation. The research was carried out on Nomex® 910 paper and cellulose paper samples, each paper being 0.25 mm thick. Samples of the two materials were tested at four levels of moisture. The inception voltage of partial discharges of all samples tested decreased as their moisture content increases. It was also proved that Nomex® 910 has a significantly higher partial discharge inception voltage than the cellulose paper, although this difference decreased with increasing moisture content.

The article presents the results of comparative investigations of partial discharges in two insulation systems; aramid-enhanced cellulose paper-mineral oil, and pure cellulose paper-mineral oil. Partial discharges were investigated in a diagonal electric field with vertical and horizontal components. This field is treated as the most dangerous for insulation. The research was carried out on Nomex® 910 paper and cellulose paper samples, each paper being 0.25 mm thick. Samples of the two materials were tested at four levels of moisture. The inception voltage of partial discharges of all samples tested decreased as their moisture content increases. It was also proved that Nomex® 910 has a significantly higher partial discharge inception voltage than the cellulose paper, although this difference decreased with increasing moisture content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]