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Aphanolaimus strilliae n. sp. and Makatinus africanus n. sp. are described from freshwater sources in the Telperion Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Aphanolaimus strilliae n. sp. is characterised by a body length of 1240–1613 μm, more than 800 body annules, lateral field originating between the first and second lateral body pore at the 34th–46th annule, first lateral body pore located at the 25th–35th annule, vagina V-shaped and bent anteriorly, 142–195 µm long uterus and 165–207 µm long tail with spinneret offset. This species is ovoviviparous and no males were found. Makatinus africanus n. sp. is characterised by a large, thick body (3228–4128 μm long, a = 30–39 wide), slightly set off lip region with amalgamated lips; 31–34 μm long odontostyle; long tongue-shaped cardia, and stout, short tail (30–43 μm long) with a small peg / digitate extension and male absent. Populations of three known species, Chronogaster africana, Eutobrilus annetteae and Neotobrilus ampiei, from fresh water at the Telperion Nature Reserve are described and scanning electron microscope graphs of these species published for the first time.

Two species of the nematode family Diplopeltidae are described from Skagerrak. The new genus Belgopeltula gen. nov. is proposed for Diplopeltula belgica Vincx & Gourbault, 1992 and is characterised by: amphidial fovea circular in female and double-loop-shaped in male; excretory pore located at the level of cephalic setae bases; oral opening on the dorsal side of the body; pharynx subdivided into strongly muscularised fusiform corpus and weakly muscularised narrow and long postcorpus; female didelphic with antidromously reflexed ovaries; supplements absent. Mudwigglus micramphidium sp. nov. is characterised by: a body of 0.6 mm long; cephalic sensilla 1.5 µm long; amphidial fovea loop-shaped, 8 µm long and 3.5 µm wide; gymnostom without cuticularised ring; tail elongate conoid, with subcylindrical distal part; terminal setae absent; spicules 15 µm long; gubernaculum present; two midventral precloacal setae. It is distinguished from M. macramphidium Leduc, 2013 in having shorter amphidial fovea, shorter spicules and presence of two precloacal setae. Redescription of Diplopeltis cylindricauda Allgen, 1932 is provided based on type material. Diplopeltula minuta Vitiello, 1972 is transferred to the genus Mudwigglus Leduc, 2013. Diplopeltis cylindricauda Allgen, 1932, Diplopeltula laminata Vitiello, 1972 and Diplopeltula cassidaignensis Vitiello, 1972 are transferred to the genus Pseudaraeolaimus Chitwood, 1951.

A preliminary study was conducted to record the diversity of nematode fauna in Goa during 2011-2012. For the present study 50 samples were collected from five talukas of South Goa District, covering 25 villages and 20 landscapes. Permanent slides were prepared after extraction of nematodes using Cobb’s decanting and sieving method and modified Baermann’s funnel method. The study resulted in recording 52 species of seven orders. Dorylaimida was the dominant order both in number of species and genera while the least was Araeolaimida.

The phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Plectoidea Örley, 1880 is revised on the basis of published and updated morphological data for 35 ingroup and 2 outgroup species. The following features are here considered to support the monophyletic origin of the superfamily: 1) stegostom developed and differentiated into two sections; 2) dorsal gland orifice opening into the second stegostom section; 3) pharynx cylindrical, with distinct subdivision into corpus and postcorpus by the orifices of the subventral pharyngeal glands and a discontinuity in the muscular pharyngeal tissue; 4) corpus cylindrical, with subdivision into procorpus and metacorpus homologues; 5) pharyngeal radii of the corpus with prominent pharyngeal tubes along the procorpus; 6) cuticular lumen of the basal part of postcorpus (within basal bulb if latter is present) is modified to form a valvular apparatus. In addition the inner labial sensilla open inside the cheilostom. New data on postembryonic development of Anaplectus grandepapillatus (Ditlevsen, 1928), Plectus parietinus Bastian, 1865, P. decens Andrássy, 1985 and P. communis Bütschli, 1873 are given and supplemented with a discussion of the phylogenetic significance of the ontogeny in Plectoidea. Following the proposal of a phylogeny, some key events in the evolution of Plectidae Örley, 1880 are discussed. It is suggested that the superfamily Plectoidea includes four families: Pakiridae Inglis, 1983, Chronogastridae Gagarin, 1975, Metateratocephalidae Eroshenko, 1973 and Plectidae. Plectolaimus supplementatus Keppner, 1988 is transferred to the genus Caribplectus Andrássy, 1973. The genus Keralanema Siddiqi, 2003 is considered a junior synonim of Chronogaster Cobb, 1913. The genus Chiloplectus Andrássy, 1984 is considered a junior synonim of Plectus Bastian, 1865. The family Anaplectidae Zell, 1993 is downgraded to the subfamily level

Abstract Two known and one new species of Paraphanolaimus are described, viz. P. behningi from Germany, P. anisitsi from Paraguay and Germany and P. paraguayensis sp. n. from Paraguay. Paraphanolaimus paraguayensis sp. n. is characterised by 0.84-0.94 mm long body, presence of 37-44 lateral epidermal glands, strongly sclerotised and broad cylindrical stoma, swollen tail tip; female reproductive system with developed spermathecae, straight vagina; male without neck setae, 16-19 tubular supplements, two precloacal and nine to ten caudal setae, spicules 32-33 μm long, arcuate, with oval manubrium and fusiform shaft, platelike gubernaculum. Paraphanolaimus indicus and P.micoletzkyi are considered as species inquirendae. An emended diagnosis and a revised classification of Paraphanolaimus are proposed and a key to the species of the genus is provided. Aphanonchus bayensis (Keppner, 1988) comb. n. is proposed for Paraphanolaimus bayensis Keppner, 1988.

The genus Aegialoalaimus de Man, 1907 includes 12 nominal species, of which three species are considered valid, two species were transferred to other genera and seven species have uncertain taxonomic status. New species, Aegialoalaimus bratteni sp. n. was found in Skagerrak off the west coast of Sweden. It is particularly characterized by the 1.5-1.8 mm long body, short papilliform cephalic sensilla, excretory pore opening just posterior to nerve ring level, spicules that are straight in shape, supplements and gubernaculum absent, separating it from other valid species of the genus. It can be further differentiated from Aegialoalaimus elegans in having longer body (1.5-1.8 mm in A. bratteni sp. n. vs 0.8-1.3 mm in A. elegans), shape and size of spicules (straight and 22-29 µm long in A. bratteni sp. n. vs arcuate and 34 µm long in A. elegans), absence of precloacal supplements (vs seven-eight in A. elegans), absence of gubernaculum (vs present in A. elegans); from A. setosa in having shorter tail (c´=2.6-3.1 in A. bratteni sp. n. vs c´=4.2 in A. setosa), shorter cephalic sensilla (0.5-1.0 µm in A. bratteni sp. n. vs 9 µm in A. setosa), shape and size of spicules (straight and 22-29 µm long in A. bratteni sp. n. vs arcuate and 40-45 µm long in A. setosa), absence of precloacal supplements (vs eight in A. setosa), absence of gubernaculum (vs present in A. setosa); from A. leptosoma in having longer body (1.5-1.8 mm in A. bratteni sp. n. vs 0.5-0.7 mm in A. leptosoma) and other measurements, shape of spicules (straight in A. bratteni sp. n. vs arcuate in A. leptosoma), absence of precloacal supplements (vs three-five in A. leptosoma), absence of gubernaculum (vs present in A. leptosoma). Type specimens of Aegialoalaimus cylindricauda Allgén, 1933 and A. paratenuicaudatus Allgén, 1959 are redescribed and taxonomic status of these two species is re-evaluated. A taxonomic review, tabular compendium and identification key for species of the genus Aegialoalaimus are also given.

The genus Anonchus is revised. The genera Assia and Haconnus are considered to be synonymous with Anonchus on the basis of the morphological analysis. Additional descriptions of six species, viz. A. maculatus , A. mirabilis , A. millelacunatus , A. palaeotropicus , A. coomansi and A. pulcher are provided on the basis of type material or recently collected populations. The lectotype of A. monohystera is designated and described and the synonymy of this species with A. maculatus is confirmed. Two new species are described; A. winiszewskae sp. n. from Paraguay and A. venezolanus sp. n. from Venezuela. Several aspects of the morphology are described and the variability and diagnostic significance of the main morphological characters discussed. A study of intrageneric and suprageneric taxonomy of the genus Anonchus is presented. The subfamily Aphanolaiminae is reinstated for the genera Aphanolaimus, Aphanonchus and Paraphanolaimus and raised to family rank. The family Aphanolaimidae includes two subfamilies: Aphanolaiminae and Anonchinae. An emended diagnosis and a revised classification of Anonchus are proposed and a key to the species of the genus is provided.

New distribution records are given for Hemicycliophora lahiata Colbran, 1960, Helicot\lenclms africanus (Micoletzky, 1916), Scutellonema hrachyurum (Steiner, 1938), Plectus cirratus Bastian, 1865 and Ironus i^navus Bastian 1865. A check list of all the nematode species recorded from rivers in the Kruger National Park is included.

Three known and two new species of Aphanolaimus are described, viz. A. louisae, A. seshadrii, A. brasiliensis, A. aberrans sp. n. and A. vietnamicus sp. n. New data on the morphology and distribution of A. louisae, A. seshadrii and A. brasiliensis are given. The male of A. brasiliensis is described for the first time: it is characterised by the presence of one pair of neck setae, four tubular supplements, two precloacal and six caudal setae, 13-18 μm long spicules with oval manubrium and gradually narrowing shaft, platelike gubernaculum. Aphanolaimus aberrans sp. n. is characterised by a 495-681 μm long body, longitudinally striated cuticle, presence of 24-34 lateral epidermal glands, weakly sclerotised stoma, amphid with central elevation, lateral field starting on the third to seventh annule, oval ventral gland cell; female reproductive system with developed spermathecae, straight vagina without sclerotisations; male with one pair of neck setae, with two or three small tubular supplements and three or four caudal setae, 13-18 μm long spicules with oval manubrium and gradually narrowing shaft, plate-like gubernaculum. Aphanolaimus vietnamicus sp. n. is characterised by a 544-569 μm long body, longitudinally striated cuticle, presence of 19 lateral epidermal glands, weakly sclerotised stoma, amphid with central elevation, lateral field starting on 14th-18th annule, oval ventral gland cell; female reproductive system with developed spermathecae, straight vagina without sclerotisations; male with one pair of neck setae, with two tubular supplements and four caudal setae, 12 μm long spicules with oval manubrium and gradually narrowing shaft.

The phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Plectoidea Örley, 1880 is revised on the basis of published and updated morphological data for 35 ingroup and 2 outgroup species. The following features are here considered to support the monophyletic origin of the superfamily: 1) stegostom developed and differentiated into two sections; 2) dorsal gland orifice opening into the second stegostom section; 3) pharynx cylindrical, with distinct subdivision into corpus and postcorpus by the orifices of the subventral pharyngeal glands and a discontinuity in the muscular pharyngeal tissue; 4) corpus cylindrical, with subdivision into procorpus and metacorpus homologues; 5) pharyngeal radii of the corpus with prominent pharyngeal tubes along the procorpus; 6) cuticular lumen of the basal part of postcorpus (within basal bulb if latter is present) is modified to form a valvular apparatus. In addition the inner labial sensilla open inside the cheilostom. New data on postembryonic development of Anaplectus grandepapillatus (Ditlevsen, 1928), Plectus parietinus Bastian, 1865, P. decens Andrássy, 1985 and P. communis Bütschli, 1873 are given and supplemented with a discussion of the phylogenetic significance of the ontogeny in Plectoidea. Following the proposal of a phylogeny, some key events in the evolution of Plectidae Örley, 1880 are discussed. It is suggested that the superfamily Plectoidea includes four families: Pakiridae Inglis, 1983, Chronogastridae Gagarin, 1975, Metateratocephalidae Eroshenko, 1973 and Plectidae. Plectolaimus supplementatus Keppner, 1988 is transferred to the genus Caribplectus Andrássy, 1973. The genus Keralanema Siddiqi, 2003 is considered a junior synonim of Chronogaster Cobb, 1913. The genus Chiloplectus Andrássy, 1984 is considered a junior synonim of Plectus Bastian, 1865. The family Anaplectidae Zell, 1993 is downgraded to the subfamily level

Additional information is given on the female genital system in some Tylenchida and Araeolaimida. A comparison between these results and results formerly published on the orders Rhabditida, Dorylaimida and Enoplida revealed the difficulty of homologizing the several gonoduct parts found in these groups. The most important systematic character seems to be the number of cell rows in the oviduct : the orders Dorylaimida and Enoplida have one row, the orders of the Secernentea (Rhabditida, Tylenchida, ...) two rows and at least some Araeolaimida and Chromadorida three rows. Th e ovarian cap cell has only been found in the Secernentea, not in the Dorylaimida and Enoplida. Information is given on the subdivisions of the ovary, the function of the sphincters, the presence of a spermatheca and other uterus differentiations. Cell-constancy is stressed and the usefulness of the female reproductive system for the systematics and for the evolution is discussed.