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La colère est une émotion universelle dont l'expérience quotidienne varie en fréquence, en intensité et en durée chez les individus. De multiples termes peuvent caractériser et nuancer son vécu. Elle englobe ainsi un certain nombre de manifestations cognitives et comportementales (directement observables ou non), et des modifications internes telles que l'activation physiologique. Expérience subjective, son expression est multidimensionnelle et entraîne des tendances d'action qui peuvent aller jusqu'à des comportements agressifs. Plusieurs termes connexes sont utilisés pour caractériser ses différentes facettes. L'ensemble de ces construits se chevauchent, entraînant parfois une certaine confusion. À juste titre, ils sont souvent corrélés et s'entretiennent les uns les autres. Les affects agressifs qui regroupent le sentiment de colère, l'irritabilité et l'hostilité sont ainsi des construits fortement liés. Toutefois, ils renvoient soit à un état d'humeur soit à une attitude et se distinguent de la colère en tant qu'émotion, tout comme l'impulsivité qui est davantage considérée comme un trait de personnalité. L'agressivité est par ailleurs à distinguer des actes violents qui sont caractérisés par le risque de provoquer des dommages significatifs chez autrui. Les croyances, les évaluations des situations, ou encore les ruminations, qui provoquent la colère et qui en découlent, vont également jouer un rôle important dans sa régulation. Enfin, de nombreux aspects sociaux et culturels, comme le genre ou la société, vont influencer son expression. À notre connaissance, à ce jour aucune revue en langue française n'a présenté le concept de colère alors même que cette émotion peut avoir des conséquences néfastes sur la santé et la qualité de vie des individus. Certains auteurs parlent de la colère comme l'émotion « méconnue » qui mériterait davantage d'attention. Cette revue de portée a donc pour objectif de définir l'émotion de colère et d'explorer les concepts qui s'y rattachent. Les limites de cette revue seront détaillées. Anger is a universal emotion whose daily experience varies in frequency, intensity and duration among individuals. Multiple emotional terms such as "frustrated" or "furious" can characterize it and nuance its experience. It thus encompasses a number of cognitive and behavioral manifestations (directly observable or not), and internal modifications such as physiological activation. It is also associated with facial expressions. As a subjective experience, its expression is therefore multidimensional. It leads, for example, to action tendencies such as shouting or withdrawing from a situation. The latter can extend to aggressive behavior. Several related terms are used to characterize its different facets, such as hostility, irritability and aggressiveness. These aggressive affects are closely related and sometimes overlap, leading to confusion. Rightly so, they are often correlated and mutually supportive. However, they refer either to a state of mood or an attitude, and are distinct from anger as an emotion. Aggression is also to be distinguished from violent acts, which are characterized by the risk of causing significant harm to others. Impulsivity is also mentioned, but is seen more as a personality trait that seems to correlate with the experience of anger. What's more, it's considered by many to be an aversive emotion. Compared to other emotions such as sadness or fear, however, it is more likely to lead to an active approach. It is also triggered in a variety of situations, notably when the individual feels blocked or frustrated in achieving a goal. The question of injustice and the responsibility of others will also be central. In fact, beliefs and evaluations of situations will play a vital role, whether or not they are conscious. The ruminations that provoke and result from it can also play an important role in regulating it. Finally, many social and cultural aspects influence its expression. Anger is a universal human emotion, regardless of culture. However, certain display rules will influence the emotional response of anger to maintain a certain social framework. In other words, anger plays a part in regulating social behavior within groups. What's more, the literature is homogeneous on the effect of gender, but it is acknowledged that there are differences between men and women in the way anger is displayed. The social context and social desirability play a definite role in distinguishing certain reactions according to the gender of the individuals expressing anger. To our knowledge, to date, no French-language journal has presented the concept of anger, despite the fact that it is an emotion that can have harmful consequences on the quality of life of individuals and in the sphere of relationships. Some authors refer to anger as the "unrecognized" emotion that deserves more attention. The aim of this review is therefore to define the emotion of anger and explore related concepts. However, there are certain limitations to this review. Indeed, the literature highlights a strong link between anger and certain psychological disorders. Other elements, such as the consequences of dysfunctional anger or the assessment tools available, should be studied in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La présente étude se propose de démontrer les nouvelles motivations diplomatiques de la RDC face à certaines puissances émergentes de l’Extrême-Orient. Ces motivations sont en premier lieu d’ordre géostratégique, car elles sont liées à la vision diplomatique inhérente à la gouvernance qui, elles, sont aussi géopolitiques, géoéconomiques et culturelles dès lors qu’elles relèvent de l’espace territorial congolais, de ses ressources naturelles, de la culture congolaise. De telles motivations nécessitent qu’elles soient mises à la portée des partenaires africains et extra-africains qui prennent parti et cause pour la RD. Congo. Ce sont ces motivations qui seraient à la base et au centre de l’actuel déterminisme diplomatique congolais. Elles stimulent et doivent stimuler les autorités congolaises à opter pour un renforcement des liens diplomatiques préexistant avec ces Etats de l’Extrême-Orient dont beaucoup seraient en situation d’émergence.

Araştırmanın amacı, lise öğrencilerinde saldırganlık ve cesaret düzeylerini bazı değişkenlere göre incelemektedir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2019-2020 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı Trabzon ili Akçaabat ilçesi ortaöğretim kurumlarında öğrenim gören lise öğrencileri, örneklemi ise tesadüfi yöntemle ve çalışmaya gönüllü katılan 917 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu, Little, Jones, Brauner, Nock ve Hawley (2003)’in geliştirdiği Little Saldırganlık Ölçeği ve Konter ve Johan (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Sporda Cesaret Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler, SPSS-22 programı ile analiz yapılmış ve anlamlılık düzeyi p

In this article, we examine the concept of borderline personality organization as it was conceptualized by Otto F. Kernberg. We highlight the diagnostic criteria so that it is possible to recognize a borderline organization, namely primitive defensive mechanisms associated with an examination of reality generally uncompromised. We point out that, for Kernberg, dysfunctional management of the primitive feelings of anger would prevent the psychic integration, in early childhood of the borderline subject, of the 'good' and 'bad' dyads in which Self and object are related. The patient, growing up, would then discover herself as dominated by tearing and opposing experiential and affective 'states'. Kernberg describes borderline personality organization as a pathological condition of internalized object relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé La République Démocratique du Congo continue de connaitre une insécurité que l'on croyait élaguée après les signatures des accords de paix de Pretoria et de Luanda qui ont conduit à l'organisation des élections démocratiques. Défait en 2013, le M23 renait de ses cendres avec des revendications dont le Rwanda semble être le porte-parole d'un mouvement qui se réclame congolais. Pourtant ces revendications ont trouvé solution dans les négociations entre le Gouvernement congolais, et les rébellions du CNDP et du M23 qui ont donné lieu à la signature de l'accord cadre d'Addis-Abeba et à la mise sur pied du mécanisme de suivi du dit accord. Abstract The democratic Republic of Congo continues to experience insecurity that was believed to have been prune after the signing of the Pretoria and Luanda peace agreements which led to the organization of democratic elections. The M23, defeated in 2013, is reborn from its ashes with demands for wich Rwanda seems to be the standard bearer in favor of a movement that calls for congolese.However? theseclaims had found a solution in the Negociations betwenn the congolese governement and the CNDP and M23 rebellion wich gave rise to the signing of the Addis ababa framework agreement and the establishment of a monitoring mechanism for the said agreement.

The aim of this article is to explore phenomenologically how the 'inside' (psychical) and 'outside' (the other and/or society) interweave since it appears that sometimes those of us who favour diversity may also inadvertently shut it down. Phenomenology appears to open more easily onto what we don't want to know about in our everyday lives, or a turning away which impedes diversity. If we cannot hear our own thoughts that come to us from the 'inside', then how can we move towards diversity on the 'outside'. The tensions between turning away and turning towards leads into a Freudian look at conscience and aggression, and Lacan's idea of the ego being the seat of identification and misrecognition. Freud's observation of an 'original' aggression towards the other appears especially important. It is argued that this aggression always fragments the movement towards diversity. Two factors appear to mediate this movement, namely a 'negative' exclusion, and a 'positive' ameliorative 'law'. Two fictional accounts are given from everyday life reflecting societal and psychical aggression, including its 'privacy' or sensual meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 20 years from its entry into force, the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), approved in Rome in July 1998, returned to the attention of the international community. The spirit of the ICC, i.e.an international judge, pre-established by the United Nations’ Law, able to prosecute and bring to justice the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole, is recalled when war scenarios return to be close and concrete. At the same time, the status of ratifications of the Rome Statute, of its implementation, and of cooperation with the Court is far from being fully effective. When establishing the ICC, the international community affirmed that genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression must not go unpunished and that their effective prosecution must be ensured by taking measures at the national level and by enhancing international cooperation, In EU Member States, including Italy, a comprehensive legislative framework is established with a view to cooperating with the ICC. However, current scenarios suggest checking its efficiency and to further strengthen cooperation with ICC

L'agressivité suscite un intérêt croissant en raison de sa fréquence et de sa gravité. Il a été suggéré qu'il existe un lien entre l'empathie et le comportement agressif. L'objectif de notre travail était de chercher le lien entre l'agressivité chez l'enfant d'âge scolaire et l'empathie cognitive et affective. Il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive transversale et rétrospective ayant concerné 200 enfants scolarisés de la quatrième à la sixième année dans trois écoles du gouvernorat de Manouba. L'évaluation de l'empathie a été réalisée par les échelles « Basic empathy scale children » et « Griffith Empathy Measure ». L'évaluation des comportements agressifs a été effectuée à l'aide du « Child Behavior Checklist ». Nous avons rajouté deux questions évaluant la position de l'enfant dans une bagarre. L'âge moyen était de 9,98 ± à 0,8 ans, avec sex-ratio de 1,04. Concernant la relation entre les comportements agressifs au Child Behavior Checklist et l'empathie, l'association négative était significative pour l'empathie affective et totale calculées par le Basic empathy scale children (p respectifs de 0,007 et 0,03). Selon les parents, la moyenne de l'empathie totale et de l'empathie cognitive étaient plus élevées chez les enfants défenseurs, suivis des enfants agressés, agresseurs et enfin neutres. Les différences étaient significatives (p respectivement de 0,03 et de 0,01). Les enfants ayant répondu être des défenseurs avaient la plus grande moyenne d'empathie totale et d'empathie cognitive. Les agresseurs avaient les moyennes les plus basses. La différence était significative pour l'empathie totale, cognitive et affective (p respectifs ≤ 10-3, de 0,004 et ≤ 10-3). Il ressort de notre travail que le manque d'empathie joue un rôle important dans la genèse de l'agressivité. Ainsi, il serait licite de mettre en place différentes actions préventives qui permettraient d'améliorer la capacité d'empathie des enfants, et lutter ainsi contre l'agressivité chez les enfants scolarisés. There is a growing interest in aggression in school age children because of both its frequency and its seriousness. It has been suggested that there is a link between empathy and aggressive behavior. The purpose of our study was to investigate the link between aggression in the school environment and cognitive and affective empathy. This was a descriptive transversal and retrospective study involving 200 children in grades four to six, at three governmental schools in Manouba. The assessment of empathy was carried out through the "Basic empathy scale children" and the "Griffith Empathy Measure". The assessment of aggressive behavior was carried out using the "Child Behavior Checklist". We added two questions assessing the child's position in a fight. The mean age was 9.98 ± at 0.8 years, with a sex ratio of 1.04. Regarding the relationship between aggressive behaviors revealed by the Child Behavior Checklist and empathy, the negative association was significant for emotional empathy and total empathy calculated by the Basic empathy scale children (P = 0,007 and 0,03). According to parents, total and cognitive empathy were higher among the defenders, followed by victims, aggressive and then neutral children. These differences were significant (respective P = 0.03 and P = 0.01). The children who responded to be defenders had the highest average of total empathy and cognitive empathy. Bullies had the lowest averages. The difference was significant for total, cognitive and affective empathy (respective P ≤ 10-3, 0.004 and ≤ 10-3). Our work shows that a lack of empathy plays an important role in the genesis of aggression. Thus, it would be licit to set up various preventive actions to improve the children's capacity for empathy, and thus to fight against aggression in school age children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous research has shown that peer victimization can be highly responsive to variables at the classroom level. Aggressive and prosocial norms may promote or reduce its status in classrooms. However, yet there is an apparent lack of success to explain which types of norms are more influential. This study examined the role of aggressive and prosocial descriptive and status norms in the peer victimization–status link. It also explores how the network density increases adherence to the prevailing norm in the classroom and its effect on the status of the victims. Method: Data on peer acceptance and rejection, victimization, prosocial behaviour, and aggression were collected with sociometric methods in a sample of 6,600 students (M = 13.1 years, SD = 0.6; 49.2% girls), from 269 classrooms in 81 secondary schools in Spain. Group norms for aggression and for prosocial behaviour were assessed in three ways, the behaviour of all peers (class‐norm), the behaviour of most‐liked peers (likeability‐norm), and the behaviour of most salient peers (visibility‐norm). Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that the negative impact of victimization on peer likeability was moderated by the classroom's norm for prosocial behaviour, by the status norm of most visible peers' norm for prosocial behaviour and for aggression, and by the group's network density. The behavioural status norms of most likeable peers had no significant effect. Conclusion: These results underscore the overall importance of group context as a moderating factor of the relation between victimization and peer status in adolescents, and add to the growing body of knowledge driven by the socio‐ecological approach to the study of peer relations in developmental psychology. As implications for education, these results affect the importance of considering socio‐emotional variables in the formation of class groups in order to reduce victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to compare hospitalization and discharge indicators, medication costs and patient behavior before and after the implementation of the smoking ban in a psychiatric hospital. Method: ecological, longitudinal and retrospective study carried out in a psychiatric hospital. Secondary data referring to 2142 hospitalizations were collected from medical records. The median test was used to compare the variables before and after the ban. Results: after the implementation of the ban, there was a reduction in bed occupancy rate in male units for mental disorders (from 88.8% to 48.4%) and substance dependence (from 94.4% to 42.8%). There was a reduction in the mean length of hospital stay in the male chemical dependency unit (from 13.5 to 12.6) compared to the female unit (from 14.7 to 19.5). There was a reduction in costs of psychotropic drugs and expectorants, episodes of verbal/physical aggressions and physical/ chemical restraints. Conclusion: the smoking ban changed hospital indicators, reduced costs and improved patient behavior, contradicting the myth that it results in hostility. It is hoped that this study will help nurses to review their beliefs related to smoking cessation, as there were positive results for interpersonal relationships and for the management of mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia Actual is the property of Asociacion de Historia Actual and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two commonly used constructs in sport psychology researches are aggression and sportsmanship. In the present research, we attempted to assess the correlations between these two phenomena among male water polo players. The main objective was to explore the differences in aggression in the sport-specific positions of water polo in different aspects - physique, age, etc. - considered. Furthermore, the research sought to demonstrate the inverse relationship between aggression and sportsmanship in a water polo sample. To access these constructs in our research besides the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Sportsmanship Attitude Scale a self-formulated water polo specific questionnaire was used, which intended to measure the aggression in the water during water polo matches. From the results, it can be seen that, according to our sample, both the trait aggression of the players and the role determined by their positions in the game play a decisive role when it comes to the aggression of an athlete. Moreover, the results obtained for water polo players also proved that sportsmanship and aggression are two contradictory constructs.

Many things can harm children's well-being. Among them, exposure to parental violence makes children vulnerable and often leads to aggression and/or depression. However, not all children who have suffered parental violence show aggressive behavior or depressive mood. Social capital, defined as resources accruing from interpersonal relationships, was proposed to significantly mediate the relationships among adverse experiences and their negative impacts. In previous studies, social capital accrued from parents played a positive role for children in violent situations, but children exposed to parental violence need alternative sources of social capital. This study targeted fourth-grade Korean children and aimed to identify and test the role of various forms of social capital to help children overcome negative consequences from parental violence. Siblings, friends, teachers, neighbors, and online acquaintances were sources of social capital, and the results showed that social capital from siblings, teachers, neighbors, or online acquaintances mediated in the relationships between parental violence and aggressive behavior. In addition, social capital from siblings and online acquaintances mediated in the relationships between parental violence and depressive mood. The findings have implications in terms of intervention. It is suggested that multiple forms of social capital from children's immediate environments are helpful in their adaptation from exposure to parental violence, and thus, relationship-based interventions are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggressive encounters involving cetacean species are widely described in the literature. However, detailed pathological studies regarding lesions produced by these encounters are scarce. From January 2000 to December 2017, 540 cetaceans stranded and were necropsied in the Canary Islands, Spain. Of them, 24 cases of eight species presented social traumatic lesions produced by cetaceans of the same or different species. All the cases presented severe multifocal vascular changes, 50% (12/24) presented fractures affecting mainly the thoracic region, 41.7% (10/24) acute tooth-rake marks, 37.5% (9/24) undigested food in the stomach, 33.3% (8/24) tracheal edema, and 12.5% (3/24) pulmonary perforation. In 10 cases with tooth-rake marks, the distance between the teeth, allowed us to further identify the aggressor species: four cases were compatible with killer whales (Orcinus orca) affecting three species [pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), and short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)] and four cases compatible with common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) affecting two species [short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis)]. We also described two cases of intraspecific interaction in stripped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Microscopically, 70.8% (17/24) of the cases presented acute degenerative myonecrosis, 66.7% (14/21) presented vacuoles in the myocardiocytes, 36.8% (7/19) pigmentary tubulonephrosis, 31.6% (6/19) cytoplasmic eosinophilic globules within hepatocytes, 21.4% (3/14) hemorrhages in the adrenal gland, and 17.3% (4/23) bronchiolar sphincter contraction. The statistical analysis revealed that deep divers, in good body condition and nearby La Gomera and Tenerife were more prone to these fatal interactions. Additionally, in this period, three animals died due to an accident during predation: a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) died because of a fatal attempt of predation on a stingray, and two Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) died as a consequence of struggling while predating on large squids.

The aim of this study is to examine the aggressiveness of the students who are studying at the Faculty of Education and the School of Physical Education and Sports. In this research, which adopted the quantitative research model, the relational search pattern was used. In this context, a total of 213 people, 104 female and 109 male, participated in the survey. The "Buss Perry Aggression Scale" was adapted by Can (5) to determine the level of aggression of participants in the study. SPSS 20 program was used in the analysis of the data. In the analysis of the data, T test was used to examine the difference between two independent variables and aggression attitudes. Pearson corelation was used to test the relationship between variables. According to the findings, it was determined that there is a significant relationship between the aggressiveness levels of the individuals and gender and type of sport that they made. It was seen that there was no meaningful relationship between age, the part of education, whether or not doing sports, the frequency of doing sports and the duration of sports. It has been determined that male individuals are higher in physical aggression subscale than female individuals. When the relationship between the department where they are educated and the aggressiveness is examined, it is determined that the students who are studying at the Physical Education and Sports are higher than the students who are educated at the 492 Faculty of Education in the physical aggression sub-dimension. It is determined that the students who play sports are higher than the students who play sports in all sub dimensions of sports students. As a result; the fact that aggression behaviors differ according to various variables, but the fact that there is not a statistically significant difference between participants who do sports and those who do not, is quite striking in contradiction with various theories in the field.

Generally speaking, the relations between different states of the world, but especially between the states that represent world powers or have a certain type of arsenal, are able to influence the stability and the state of calmness from a certain region of the world, but also the notion of peace at the globally level. The 2020 year began with such a situation, in the sense that United States of America and Iran, which have been for a long period in relations not among the most well, have arrived at a moment that could represent, to a very large extent, the starting point of a conflict that will enter in the world history. The elimination of a very important Iranian general by US troops in early January 2020, by a surprise attack amonk Iraqian teritory, markedly aggravated relations between the United States of America and Iran, but also between the great world power and Iraq or other major global players who have harshly criticized the US attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burn injury as a form of hetero or auto-aggression accounts for a significant amount of admissions to a Burn Care Unit, with epidemiologic and clinical specificities. To investigate the differences in risk factors, psychiatric comorbidities, injury severity and mortality among adult patients with accidental or intentional burns, we analyzed routinely collected data from a Central Hospital Burn Unit over a period of 6 years (January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2015). We identified 22 intentional burn patients (5%) among all the admissions to our Burn Unit. When compared to the accidental burns, the intentional burn patients are significantly younger (45.7±14.7 vs. 54.9±19.9), have a bigger percentage of body surface area burned (35% vs. 14%), have a higher incidence of inhalation burn (50% vs. 22.8%) and higher mortality (18.2% vs. 6.1%). Fifty-five percent of cases of intentional burns were self-inflicted. Self-inflicted burns have a worse prognosis than hetero-aggressions (inhospital mortality 25% vs. 10%). Psychiatric comorbidities were largely more prevalent in the intentional burn patients (59% vs. 6.6%), namely mood disorders. Compared to patients with accidental burns, intentional burn patients have worse clinical condition and prognosis. A multidisciplinary preventive approach, looking at the specificities of the violent nature of the lesions and identifying risk groups may reduce the incidence and severity of this type of burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suite à la mise en évidence d'effets néfastes d'un apport nutritionnel important à la phase aiguë de l'agression, le concept de « baby stomach » a été introduit pour illustrer la capacité réduite à utiliser les macro-nutriments et à freiner la production endogène de glucose. Les recommandations de pratique clinique publiées ont évolué parallèlement. Une « sous-nutrition permissive », soit des apports caloriques et azotés inférieurs aux dépenses et pertes lors de la phase initiale est actuellement recommandée par les sociétés savantes. Des apports caloriques progressifs atteignant un maximum de 70 % de la dépense énergétique au cours des 3 à 7 premiers jours qui suivent l'agression sont proposés. Les mécanismes physiopathologiques sous-jacents aux effets délétères d'apports nutritionnels excessifs sont partiellement élucidés et comportent la surnutrition, l'inhibition de l'autophagie et la présence d'une hypophosphatémie de rénutrition. Les données des études cliniques disponibles suscitent nombre de questions de recherche fondamentale et clinique, dont les réponses fourniront des éléments indispensables à l'amélioration de la prise en charge nutritionnelle du malade agressé. Following the findings of deleterious effects of excessive nutritional support during the acute phase of critical illness, the concept of "baby stomach" was introduced to characterize the restricted ability to use macro-nutrients and to inhibit the endogenous glucose production. The clinical practice guidelines evolved in parallel. "Permissive underfeeding", e.g. caloric and nitrogen intakes lower than energy expenditure and protein losses during the acute phase are now recommended by the scientific societies. Progressive caloric intakes reaching a maximum of 70 % of energy expenditure during the first 3–7 days after injury are proposed. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the deleterious effects of excessive nutritional intakes are partially elucidated and include overfeeding, the inhibition of autophagy and refeeding hypophosphatemia. The data from the available clinical studies trigger a number of basic and clinical research, whose answers are definitely needed to further improve the nutritional management of the critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Non-pharmacological interventions preferably precede pharmacological interventions in acute agitation. Reviews of pharmacological interventions remain descriptive or compare only one compound with several other compounds. The goal of this study is to compute a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect on restoring calmness after a pharmacological intervention, so a more precise recommendation is possible. Method A search in Pubmed and Embase was done to isolate RCT's considering pharmacological interventions in acute agitation. The outcome is reaching calmness within maximum of 2 h, assessed by the psychometric scales of PANSS-EC, CGI or ACES. Also the percentages of adverse effects was assessed. Results Fifty-three papers were included for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Most frequent studied drug is olanzapine. Changes on PANNS-EC and ACES at 2 h showed the strongest changes for haloperidol plus promethazine, risperidon, olanzapine, droperidol and aripiprazole. However, incomplete data showed that the effect of risperidon is overestimated. Adverse effects are most prominent for haloperidol and haloperidol plus lorazepam. Conclusion Olanzapine, haloperidol plus promethazine or droperidol are most effective and safe for use as rapid tranquilisation. Midazolam sedates most quickly. But due to increased saturation problems, midazolam is restricted to use within an emergency department of a general hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectif Évaluer l'agression du corps et de l'esprit autour de l'infertilité qu'elle soit médicale ou sociétale. Cette réflexion s'adosse sur la pratique de 30 ans d'expérience de prise en charge de couples inféconds au sein de l'unité d'assistance médicale à la procréation de l'hôpital Saint-Joseph à Marseille. Force est de constater le parcours difficile des couples dans la démarche diagnostique nécessitant des explorations complémentaires intrusives pour le corps et l'esprit. L'agression et l'espoir se succèdent, bousculant le ressenti des patients. Dans notre société en pleine mutation sur la famille, le personnel soignant se trouve confronté à l'expression du désir d'enfant, vécu comme un choix, une liberté, un droit. Sujet de controverses dans les débats de bioéthique (révision de la loi de bioéthique en cours). Discussion Agression du corps et l'esprit par les moyens diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, par l'échec, par l'impuissance devant l'âge qui avance avec la chute de la fertilité. L'agression en AMP se traduit par un taux d'abandon considérable et ce pour toute cause confondue : 35,6 % après une tentative, et augmente à chaque tentative supplémentaire, le taux cumulatif d'abandon est de 90 % après 3 cycles. Les stérilités idiopathiques stagnent de 25 % à 30 %, avec une stabilité déconcertant malgré les progrès diagnostiques. C'est une alerte pour les soignants et pour le politique. Conclusion L'agression autour de l'infertilité, met en jeu, deux thématiques, celui de la démarche diagnostique et thérapeutique et celui spécifique du désir d'enfant L'impossibilité d'accéder au désir d'enfant que ce soit naturellement ou après AMP constitue une agression du corps qui n'a plus vocation à porter un enfant, une agression de la psyché qui n'a plus vocation de transmission de l'histoire familiale. La famille a évolué, la place de l'enfant du désir est devenue centrale dans le lien affectif qui unit les parents. La société doit s'adapter aux désirs des patients. Summary Objective Assess the levels of aggression on the body and the mind of medical or societal infertility. Study based on 30 years' practice in helping infertile couples in a medically-assisted reproduction unit at St Joseph's Hospital in Marseille. It is clear that the journey is difficult for couples looking for diagnosis requiring additional tests that are intrusive for the body and the mind. In our society undergoing serious transformations to family life, the care staff are confronted with couples explaining their desire for a child, experienced as a right, a form of freedom, a choice. This has become a controversial and topical subject in today's bioethical debates (with a revision underway of the French law on bioethics). Discussion Perceived aggression of the body and the mind by the various diagnostic and therapeutic means, by failure, by feelings of powerlessness in the face of advancing age and falling fertility. The feelings of aggression through MAR are reflected in the high drop-out rates, regardless of the cause: 35.6% after the first attempt, increasing after each additional attempt up to 90% after 3 cycles of treatment. Cases of idiopathic sterility stagnate at 25% to 30%, with a worrying stability despite the progress made in diagnostic techniques, and this should be a warning for care staff and for the political world alike. Conclusion Aggression around sterility brings two themes into play; firstly, the issue of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach and secondly the specific desire for a child. The impossibility of having a child, either naturally or by means of MAR, becomes a form of physical aggression to a body which can no longer have the vocation of carrying a child, in addition to an aggression of the mind which can no longer have the vocation of passing down the family history. The family has changed, the place of the child born of desire becomes central in the emotional bond between the parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the influence of extralinguistic factors on the mass media. It also shows the impact of the mass media and their aggression on society’s behavior standards, opinion and speech. It describes the processes leading to the Mass media language changes, concerns the reasons and influence of these processes on the Mass media language forming. The article takes up the issues of journalistic style development, and formulate problems aimed at the style regulation. Hardening of journalistic rhetoric and language aggression increase strengthen the urgency of the subject and require thorough analysis of the situation to prevent colloquial and standard Russian from language aggression bad influence.

Violence is a complex matter, and understandingly perhaps, it is the objective, behavioral aspects that are commonly focused on. Here, however, it is the subjective psychological and especially affective substrates of violence that are brought to the fore. Psychoanalytic perspectives provide a way of thinking about these that also sets them in a human‐developmental context. In this essay, psychoanalytic ideas about aggression and violence are considered, and what they have to say about the relationship between states of mind and behavior is critically reviewed. There also is an exploration of the ways that some recent findings in developmental science and neuroscience can refine and augment an understanding of these relationships, facilitating the construction of a psychobiological model, which may be placed in a social context. From this biopsychosocial perspective, aggression is seen as a heuristic concept that encapsulates numerous interacting elements that in ordinary development integrate and serve to promote optimal organism survival: By contrast, from this perspective, in humans violence may be understood as a pathological variant of aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the state of knowledge on the development of chronic physical aggression (CPA), with the aim of identifying the most effective prevention strategies. We specifically focus on the early development of physical aggression, on sex differences in the use of physical aggression, and on the transmission of behavior problems from one generation to the other. The body of research on the development of CPA from the past three decades that we review shows increasing evidence that its prevention requires a long‐term biopsychosocial developmental approach which also must include an intergenerational perspective. Recent genetic and epigenetic research has indicated that there are both important genetic and environmental effects on gene expression which start at conception. We conclude that one of the most effective strategies to break the intergenerational transmission of CPA involves giving long‐term support to pregnant women with a history of behavior problems, their spouse, and their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia present some of the most challenging aspects of dementia care in the long-term care setting. Music therapy was introduced in two long-term care facilities in Nova Scotia, Canada as a non-pharmacological intervention to treat the NPS of dementia. Using an observational, within-subject, control design, the impact of half-time music therapy on residents was evaluated in 16 residents with NPS of dementia as measured on the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) over a 12-month period, and resident quality of life was measured on the Cornell-Brown Scale for Quality of Life in Dementia (CB-QoLD). The 16 participants ranged from age 76 to 92, with moderate to severe dementia (average MMSE 9.53). Monthly CB-QoLD scores demonstrated significant improvement in 7 out of 12 months relative to a pre-intervention baseline, and low levels of agitation were seen in residents during active treatment. Staff perception of the impact of music therapy on the overall long-term care environment was assessed using a quality assurance survey, and showed a perceived improvement in both morale and resident behaviours. The results support the inclusion of music therapy in long-term care for dementia even at the level of one half-time position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the connection between bullying and the students' perception of the level that this negative habit is present in schools, and also the teachers' reaction to this phenomenon, whether they take certain steps to prevent it or they are indifferent to it. Currently 140 students in three primary schools (Naim Frashëri, Cyril and Methodius, Istikbal) in Tetovo were asked if they were bullies or victims using the Illinois Bully Scale as a questionnaire. Moreover, 46 teachers participated in the sample of our research. They responded on how they would react to bullying. For this, we used The Handling Bullying Questionnaire (HBQ). The data gathered from the surveys and interviews revealed that bullying is not in fact present in schools of this study. Furthermore, 80% of students said that they neither were bullied nor bullies. The 11% of the sample shows only once or two times of bullying experience, the other 3% three or four times, and just 2% five or six times, and 4% more than seven times of being bullied. The results from The Handling Bullying Questionnaire shows that 60% of teachers in our sample of study affirmed that they would definitely do something to prevent bullying in schools, 8% probably would attempt to do something, and 22% of them are unsure what they will or have to do. Just 5% probably would not do anything, and the other 5% perhaps will do nothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exposure to violence in the mental health sector both affects employees and has implications for the quality of care provided. OBJECTIVE: This phenomenological study aims to describe and understand the ways in which acts of aggression from a patient might affect workers in a psychiatric institute, their relationships with the patients and the services offered. METHODS: Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with each of the 15 participants from various professions within a psychiatric hospital. RESULTS: Our analysis reveals four themes: hypervigilance, caring, specific fear toward the aggressor and generalized fear of all patients. A state of hypervigilance is found among all participants. An emphasis on caring is present among the majority and unfolds as a continuum, ranging from being highly caring to showing little or no caring. A feeling of fear is expressed and is influenced by the participant's place on the caring continuum. Caring workers developed a specific fear of their aggressor, whereas those showing little or no caring developed a generalized fear of all patients. Following a violent event, caring participants maintained this outlook, whereas those demonstrating little to no caring were more inclined to disinvest from all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Hypervigilance and fear caused by experiences of violence impact the quality of care provided. Considerable interest should thus be paid to caring, which can influence fear and its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In psychiatric practice psychotic disorders, mania, substance and alcohol related disorders, antisocial and borderline personality disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, mental retardation, organic brain syndrome, delirium, stereotypical movement disorders, trichotillomania, eating disorders and other obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, major depressive disorder, mixt episodes are closely related with agression towards surrounding and other people and towards self. Although as in suicide agression and violence are not always related to prominent psychopatology, violence and agression are closely associated with crime. In some societies, especially ritualistic agressive behaviours towards self are perceived as culturally normative. Sex, temperamental and cognitive patterns, medical factors also neurobiological and neuropsychiatric causes like neurotransmitters and hormonal factors and their metabolism, glucocorticoid and cholesterol metabolism, genetic factors and also ecological, toxical, nutritional factors, psychosocial and psychodynamic factors can be related with development and severity of agression and violence towards surrounding, other people and towards self. Although it is accepted that there isn’t single explanation of the individual differences about the tendency to violence, there are contradicting points of view among researchers about the most significant risc factor. Probably development or alleveation of violent behavior is influenced by the reciprocal interaction between psychosocial, psychodynamic, temperamental, neuropsychiatric, enviromental, genetic factors, parenting styles, quality of nurturition and education and school mental health interventions. Positive psychosocial, familial, educational factors, psychiatric interventions, protective mental health quality and positive government political attitudes can restorate negative genetic, neurobiological individual tendencies to crime. In this review all these factors related with violence and agression above and possibly related psychological, genetic and neurobiological factors with suicide and agression towards self will be reviewed.

A matched group design by age and grade level compared the results of two previous single experimentsdone in two different countries, Colombia and Costa Rica, on the phenomenon of bullying. The purpose was to identify theaggresor’s behavior to make and compare their profile and the explore the variable of gender in this issue. The study consistedof 824 male and female participants, ages of 12 to 16, grades 6th to 8th,, anonimously answered the Paredes, Lega, VernonQuestionary for Bullying Detection. The results of a two-way MANOVA showed that there were main effects in genderand country, and a significant gender and country interaction.

In the past decade there has been a profusion of studies highlighting covariation between individual differences in stress physiology and behavioural profiles, here called personalities. Such individual differences in ways of coping with stress are relevant both in biomedicine, since different personalities may experience a different stress and disease vulnerability, and in behavioural ecology, since their adaptive value and evolutionary maintenance are the subject of debate. However, the precise way in which individual stress differences and personalities are linked is unclear. Here we provide an updated overview of this covariation across different species and taxa, consider its functional significance and present working hypotheses for how behavioural and physiological responses to stress might be causally linked, affecting life-history traits such as dispersal and life-span [Current Zoology 56 (6): 728–740, 2010].

Introduction According to existing knowledge water turbidity can affect fish behaviour. In many species turbidity decreases anti-predator behaviour and changes foraging methods or activity (Thetmeyer & Kils, 1995; Meager & Batty, 2007). In presented study we examined influence of water turbidity on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Materials and Methods 84 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were evenly distributed into 12 tanks. Half of the animals were kept in clear water conditions (300NTU) for 3 weeks. During this period overall activity, aggression and shoaling density in the tank was observed (using video cameras, one suspended above the tank, second in front of the tank, this allowed for full three dimensional tracking of fish movement in the aquarium). Recordings were analysed with Noldus Observer XT using a 10 minutes recording from each day of experiment. Results Zebrafish kept in water of higher turbidity exhibited lower activity level (13,5 vs 26,10 zones changed in one minute), lover aggression (1,88 vs 3,25 aggression incidents in 10 minutes) and higher shoaling tendency (3,5 vs 2,6 fish per shoal). Fish kept in clear water exhibited higher aggression and overall activity. They also spend more time at the bottom third of the tank compared to the turbid water group. Conclusions and Discussion This rather simple research shows that fish behaviour can be affected by water clarity changes. This is especially important in zebrafish as it is a fish that is widely used in different laboratory tests. Water conditions in these tests (while for sure not as extreme as in presented research) can affect the outcome of the test and this should be taken into consideration.

L'objectif était d'évaluer les aspects épidémiologiques des violences conjugales, identifier les facteurs de risques et les différents types de violences conjugales, évaluer les conséquences des violences conjugales sur la santé des victimes, afin d'améliorer la prise en charge des victimes et la prévention du phénomène. Il s'est agit d'une étude transversale effectuée de décembre 2012 à janvier 2013 à Dakar. Les données ont été recueillies, après consentement, sur fiche d'enquête anonyme soumise à toute personne volontaire vivant en couple et résidant à Dakar. L'analyse statistique a été effectuée avec le logiciel SPSS 13.0. Le nombre de personnes victimes de violences conjugales était de 60 soit 37,30 % dont 31 femmes (51,70 %) et 29 hommes (48,30 %). Le sex-ratio était de 0,93. Parmi les victimes, 53 étaient scolarisées soit 88,30 %. Le régime matrimonial était de type monogame dans 39 cas (65 %) et polygame dans 21 cas (35 %). La vie en couple durait depuis moins de 11 ans dans 60 % des cas et durait de 11 ans à 20 ans au plus dans 26,6 % des cas. L'étude des types de violences montrait la fréquence des agressions physiques. Les armes utilisées étaient surtout les armes naturelles. Les principaux facteurs de risque de violence conjugale sont les facteurs sociodémographiques, culturels et économiques comme le jeune âge, l'inégalité du genre, les jeunes couples, la précarité, le niveau d'instruction élevé. La prise en charge des victimes et la prévention du phénomène restent insuffisantes dans nos pays.

Previous research has shown that exposure to violent video games increases aggression, whereas exposure to prosocial video games can reduce aggressive behavior. However, little is known about the neural correlates of these behavioral effects. This work is the first to investigate the electrophysiological features of the relationship between playing a prosocial video game and inhibition of aggressive behavior. Forty-nine subjects played either a prosocial or a neutral video game for 20 minutes, then participated in an event-related potential (ERP) experiment based on an oddball paradigm and designed to test electrophysiological responses to prosocial and violent words. Finally, subjects completed a competitive reaction time task (CRTT), which is based on Taylor’s Aggression Paradigm and measures both reaction time and noise intensity preference as indices of aggressive behavior. The results show that the prosocial video game group (compared to the neutral video game group) displayed smaller P300 amplitudes, were more accurate in distinguishing violent words, and were less aggressive as evaluated by the CRTT (noise intensity preference). A mediation analysis shows that the P300 amplitude evoked by violent words partially mediates the relationship between type of video game and subsequent aggressive behavior. The results support theories based on the General Learning Model. We provide converging behavioral and neural evidence that exposure to prosocial media may reduce aggression.

ABSTRACT The expression of physical aggression is normative in early child development; it peaks in the second year of life, with steep declines for most children by the third and fourth years as children learn alternatives to aggression. Some children, however, fail to demonstrate declines in aggressive acts, and many of these are boys. The current review uses a dynamic systems (DS) approach to identify early individual and contextual factors that may dynamically influence trajectories of aggression as a characteristic way of engaging within communities and relationships. Within the DS framework, we focus on the parent-infant relationship as central to the development of adaptive emotion-regulation capacities of the infant and young child. Biological sex differences that may influence this early relationship are highlighted, as is the influence of contextual processes such as family violence. Clinical implications suggested by both the empirical and theoretical literatures are then described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Early detection is crucial to avoid threats from predators and competitors. Factors that affect threat detection have rarely been investigated in the context of food competition. I examined the ability to detect threats of displacement from feeding areas by competitors in flocks of staging Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla (L., 1766)). I predicted that targeted birds would be more likely to detect competitors attacking from the side or from the front rather than from behind because a blind area behind the head interferes with detection. Preening or sleeping birds in feeding areas might be less likely to detect attacks if such activities interfere with vigilance. If targeted birds maintain vigilance against attackers, attacks launched from farther away should be detected more frequently since more time is available for detection. As predicted, attacks were detected less often when launched from behind and more often when launched from farther away. The longest attacks were detected less often perhaps because birds relaxed their vigilance when neighbours were farther away. The ability to detect threats did not vary with targeted bird activity. Several factors influence the ability to detect threats from food competitors providing us with a novel context in which to investigate threat detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violência sexual contra a mulher é uma das expressões da violência baseada no gênero, que tem como origem o desequilíbrio de poder existente entre homens e mulheres, com maior ou menor intensidade, em todos os países do mundo. Atualmente é reconhecida como um problema de direitos humanos pela ONU, incluindo a violência emocional, física e sexual. A prevalência de violência sexual é muito difícil de determinar, mas provavelmente afeta pelo menos um terço das mulheres alguma vez na vida. Tem variadas conseqüências sobre a saúde física, mental e ginecológica da mulher, as que dependem em grande parte do atendimento recebido logo após a violência. Infelizmente, a maior parte dos serviços de emergência não estão preparados para prestar atendimento adequado. O atendimento deve ser multidisciplinar e incluir anamnese e exame clínico cuidadosos utilizando exames laboratoriais, tratamento das lesões físicas e da crise emocional, prevenção da gravidez e de doenças de transmissão sexual, incluídos HIV/AIDS e com seguimento de pelo menos seis meses.Gender-based violence is related to the power imbalance between men and women that is present, to a greater or lesser degree, in all societies. It was recognized as a human rights problem by the UN relatively recently. It includes emotional, physical and sexual violence. Sexual violence is the extreme form of gender violence, usually accompanied by the other types of violence. Its prevalence is difficult to determine, but it most probably affects at least one third of women some time in their life. It has multiple consequences to women's physical and gynecological health, which depends in great part on the quality of the care the woman received immediately after the assault. Unfortunately, most emergency health services, including those in women's hospitals, are rarely prepared to provide the correct care for these women. Care should be multidisciplinary and involves crisis treatment, meticulous clinical examination with complementary auxiliary methods, treatment of physical lesions, prevention of pregnancy and of sexually transmitted infections and AIDS, and follow-up for at least six months after the aggression.

Chez les primates, au sein des groupes multimâles, les mâles généralement copulent avec, et monopolisent préférentiellement, les femelles à fort potentiel reproducteur (i.e. femelles de rangs supérieurs) ou celles avec lesquelles ils partagent de forts liens sociaux. Les contraintes qui pèsent sur ces décisions et peuvent in-fine limiter la capacité des males à monopoliser les femelles (e.g. les coûts de cette monopolisation), ainsi que l’influence de la qualité des femelles sur la minutie avec laquelle les mâles les monopolisent, restent néanmoins très peu connues. L’objectif de cette étude était donc d’analyser l’effet de la position hiérarchique des femelles, de la parité reproductive et du lien social entre mâle et femelle sur le coût de la monopolisation pour le mâle et sur son investissement dans ce comportement. Pour cette étude, trois groupes de macaques crabiers (Macaca fascicularis) sauvages ont été suivis pendant deux saisons de reproduction en Indonésie. Nous avons combiné des observations comportementales sur l’activité des mâles avec des mesures hormonales non-invasives de glucocorticoïdes fécaux (fGC). Les mâles consacraient moins de temps à s’alimenter lorsqu’ils monopolisaient des femelles nullipares et leurs niveaux de fGC étaient plus élevés lorsqu’ils monopolisaient des femelles nullipares et de rangs inférieurs. L’évolution devrait donc favoriser les décisions reproductrices des mâles vers la monopolisation de femelles pares et de rangs supérieurs puisque de telles décisions apportent un double bénéfice au niveau proximal (réduction des coûts de la monopolisation) et ultime (meilleure valeur reproductive des femelles). Notre étude met également en évidence que la minutie avec laquelle le mâle monopolise différentes femelles peut-être flexible et dépend de la valeur sociale et reproductive de la femelle. Les mâles étaient plus vigilants et plus agressifs envers les autres mâles lorsqu’ils monopolisaient des femelles de rangs élevés ou celles avec qui ils partageaient de forts liens sociaux. Nos résultats offrent une nouvelle dimension à l’étude des décisions reproductives en montrant que les mâles non seulement préfèrent copuler avec des femelles de qualité supérieure mais tendent également à accroitre leurs chances d’assurer leur paternité avec ces femelles par le biais d’une monopolisation optimale.

Many people in Amazonian communities have reported bat bites in the last decade. Bites by vampire bats can potentially transmit rabies to humans. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with bat biting in one of these communities. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a village of gold miners in the Amazonian region of Brazil (160 inhabitants). Bats were captured near people's houses and sent to a lab. Of 129 people interviewed, 41% had been attacked by a bat at least once, with 92% of the bites located on the lower limbs. A logistic regression found that adults were bitten around four times more often than children (OR = 3.75, CI 95%: 1.46-9.62, p = 0.036). Males were bitten more frequently than females (OR = 2.08, CI 95%: 0.90-4.76, p = 0.067). Nine Desmodus rotundus and three frugivorous bats were captured and tested negative for rabies. The study suggests that, in an area of gold miners, common vampire bats are more likely to attack adults and males. The control strategy for human rabies developed in this region should therefore place special emphasis on adult males. There should also be more research on how the search for gold in the Amazonian region places people and the environment at risk.Agressões de morcegos a pessoas vêm sendo notificadas em várias comunidades amazônicas nesta última década. Isto constitui um risco potencial para a raiva humana transmitida por morcegos. O objetivo deste estudo foi de analisar fatores associados a estas agressões em uma destas comunidades. Foi realizado um estudo transversal em um povoado de garimpeiros na Região Amazônica brasileira (160 habitantes). Foi realizada a captura de morcegos junto às casas e foram enviadas amostras para o laboratório. Das 129 pessoas entrevistas, 41% foram agredidas por morcegos pelo menos uma vez, com 92% das mordidas localizadas nos dedos dos pés. Por meio de regressão logística, encontrou-se que adultos eram agredidos ao redor de quatro vezes mais do que crianças (OR = 3,75, IC: 1,46-9,62, p = 0,036). Homens foram agredidos com maior freqüência do que mulheres (OR = 2,08, IC: 0,90-4,76, p = 0,067). Nove Desmodus rotundus e três morcegos frugívoros foram capturados e resultaram negativos para a raiva. O estudo sugere que, em áreas de garimpo, adultos do sexo masculino têm maior probabilidade de serem agredidos por morcegos. As ações de controle para a raiva humana a serem desenvolvidas nestes lugares devem dar ênfase especial a adultos homens. Recomendam-se mais investigações sobre o modo como o garimpo na Região Amazônica está colocando em risco as pessoas e o ambiente.

Many people in Amazonian communities have reported bat bites in the last decade. Bites by vampire bats can potentially transmit rabies to humans. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with bat biting in one of these communities. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a village of gold miners in the Amazonian region of Brazil (160 inhabitants). Bats were captured near people's houses and sent to a lab. Of 129 people interviewed, 41% had been attacked by a bat at least once, with 92% of the bites located on the lower limbs. A logistic regression found that adults were bitten around four times more often than children (OR = 3.75, CI 95%: 1.46-9.62, p = 0.036). Males were bitten more frequently than females (OR = 2.08, CI 95%: 0.90-4.76, p = 0.067). Nine Desmodus rotundus and three frugivorous bats were captured and tested negative for rabies. The study suggests that, in an area of gold miners, common vampire bats are more likely to attack adults and males. The control strategy for human rabies developed in this region should therefore place special emphasis on adult males. There should also be more research on how the search for gold in the Amazonian region places people and the environment at risk.

Copyright of Reanimation is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite logistical challenges that limit direct observations of behavior for some species, physical scars can provide indirect evidence of aggression. Dusky dolphins ( Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray, 1828)) off Kaikoura, New Zealand, derive most of the notches and scars on their dorsal fins from conspecifics. However, aggressive encounters have rarely been observed in this sexually monomorphic species. If injurious interactions are associated with intrasexual competition among males but not females, we predicted males would have more conspecific-acquired markings than females. High-quality dorsal fin photographs of dolphins of known sex ( n = 79) were collected during boat-based surveys off Kaikoura. We measured three quantitative variables (notch height ratio, notch depth ratio, and dorsal fin rake direction) and one qualitative variable that scored the overall prevalence of markings (notches and scars). All four measures yielded consistent results. Males had significantly more conspecific-acquired markings than females. We reject the hypothesis that there is no difference between the sexes in marking prevalence. We propose that brief events of direct competition are missed by observers but recorded in accumulated patterns of conspecific-acquired markings that differ between the sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]