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Porosity, the measure of the open spaces within a fabric structure, is a decisive factor in the performance of textiles. It influences breathability, permeability to liquids or gases, and suitability for various industries such as apparel, medical, and technical textiles. This study compares classical porosity calculation methods with non-destructive image analysis for 24 woven fabric samples that differ in density and weave pattern. Factors such as fabric density, weave pattern, illumination conditions, magnification, and the influence of the Otsu and Yen threshold algorithms were considered. The multifactor ANOVA statistical analysis shows that fabric density and weave pattern significantly influence porosity, with illumination playing an important role, while the threshold algorithm has a minor influence. A strong correlation is found between the actual fabric porosity and the results of the image analysis, except for double-sided illumination (reflective and transmissive), where the correlation is weakest. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the reliability of different porosity assessment approaches, which is essential for applications in various textile industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to investigate the usability and legibility of 3D printed typeface characters in smaller sizes. In the experimental investigation two software programs for letter modelling, three typefaces, three type sizes, two weight options, and two printing materials were tested. The samples were analysed visually and with image analysis. The legibility tests were conducted in laboratory conditions and testing chamber. The participants were asked to read pangrams and answer close-ended questions. The reading speed and understanding of the text were measured and analysed. It was found that the success of printing parts of letters, as well as their recognition and visual evaluation, is most often influenced by two analysed factors, i.e. weight option and type size, in all three typefaces. We established that the type size is statistically significant, and that the typographic tonal density is influenced by the typeface and the material used. Practitioner summary: The research presents the investigation of usability and legibility of 3D printed typefaces at smaller sizes. Five variables were analysed visually and with image analysis. Typographic tonal density, reading speed, and text comprehension were evaluated. The findings demonstrated that weight option, type size, and material influence the reading speed and text comprehension. Five different parameters were investigated regarding usability of 3D printed typeface. Legibility of different typefaces, weight options, and type sizes were tested. Typographic tonal density was evaluated with image analysis. Print quality of different materials using an FDM technology printer was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comfort properties of fabrics are closely related to their structural parameters. Various material and construction changes affect thermal insulation, permeability properties, wetting and water vapour permeability, which are the most important properties related to the comfort of textiles. Thermal comfort evaluation plays a crucial role in the development of textiles and is mainly carried out in the three aspects of breathability, heat transfer and moisture transfer. The aim of the research is to investigate the comfort and flame retardant properties of knitted fabrics made of four different materials: three conventional (cotton, Tencel and Micromodal) and one flame retardant material (blend of Tencel, polyacrylate, Modacryl-Tayrilan) that can be used for firefighter underwear. All materials were knitted in three different constructions of double jersey. It was found that the blend of Tencel, polyacrylate and Modacryl-Tayrilan is a truly flame retardant material suitable for firefighter underwear and has good comfort properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the breaking elongation properties of woven fabrics with incorporated PBT yarns are presented. Different polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) yarns (multifilament PBT yarn, cotton core yarn and twisted viscose yarn, both with PBT in the core) were used. Textured PBT yarns have latent elastic properties, which become visible after the thermal treatment by the finishing process. The aim was to determine which of the constructional parameters is most important in analysing the shrinkage of fabrics after treatment, breaking elongation properties of all tested fabrics, and breaking elongation properties of woven fabrics before and after treatment. A multivariate statistical method ANOVA was used for the analysis. The results show that treatment was by far the most influential factor in the study of breaking elongation of all tested fabrics. When analysing the fabrics separately before and after treatment, the construction of the PBT yarn and the weave were found to be statistically significant parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing demand for more comfortable, healthier and environmentally friendly products, research and development has been increasingly focusing on new environmentally friendly materials and products. One of the environmentally friendly materials is the bamboo fibre with its numerous favourable performing properties. The use of bamboo fibres increases every year, which was the main reason for choosing yarn from the mixture of lyocell fibres and natural bamboo fibres with the ratio 80/20 for the research. With the research, the tensile behaviour of woven fabrics with cotton yarn in warp and lyocell/natural bamboo yarn in the weft direction in comparison with cotton woven fabrics was studied. Twelve fabrics which differed in their construction properties were designed and produced. Two different weaves were chosen, i.e. plain and twill weave, and three different densities in weft. The results of the research show that the presence of lyocell/natural bamboo yarn in the weft direction improves the mechanical properties such as breaking stress, stress in the yield point, elasticity modulus in the weft direction of analysed fabrics, while in the warp direction, the weave type and weave density express a greater influence on the mechanical properties of analysed fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air permeability is one of the fundamental textile properties influencing the design of comfortable clothes. In particular, it is very important in the field of technical textiles. Air permeability depends mainly on the fabric structure, which can be described by yarn linear density, type of yarn, warp/weft density and weave.The purpose of our study was to identify a small number of parameters that have the strongest influence on air permeability of cotton fabrics and enable its good prediction. Rather than focusing on the constructional parameters, we decided to include a composite parameter known from the theory of fluids, hydraulic diameter of pores, which treats rectangular-shaped pores as circular ones. In addition to the hydraulic diameter of pores, two other parameters were used for the prediction of air permeability: the number of macro pores and the total porosity of woven fabrics.36 woven fabric samples were produced using nine frequently implemented weave types together with two warp densities (29.3 and 22 ends/cm) and two weft densities (15 and 20 picks/cm), resulting in four different densities of woven fabrics. The yarns had the same linear density and material in warp and weft directions. Air permeability measurements were performed with the Air Permeability tester FX 3300 Labotester III (Textest Instruments) according to the ISO 9237:1995 (E) standard.Principal components analysis revealed that the four investigated plain weave specimens behave differently than the other samples, which might be explained by weave structure. This multivariate statistical method also confirmed the appropriateness of the three selected parameters for air permeability prediction which was done using multiple linear regression. The high adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.94 indicates that the model explains variability in the air permeability to a large extent. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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The paper deals with the analysis of physical and mechanical properties of fabrics woven in four-end twill and eight-end sateen weaves from the same materials and under the same weaving conditions. The purpose of the analysis was to give insight into these properties, which might help designers in the selection of appropriate weaves to achieve visual as well as physical and mechanical properties of end products required during the use. For the purposes of the research 12 samples of fabrics in seven weaves were designed and woven. The samples were classified into three groups in dependence of the weaving method and constructional parameters. The samples of the first and second group were made on industrial loom with the preset warp density 46 ends/cm and the linear density of the warp 17 × 2 tex. The samples of the first group were woven with the same yarn in the weft, only that the yarn was not sized, and with the weft density 26 picks/cm, whereas the samples of the second group had the linear density of the weft 25 × 2 tex and the weft density 18 picks/cm. The third group was woven on laboratory loom with the warp density 40 ends/cm and the weft density 26 picks/cm with the same yarn in the warp and weft 17 × 2 tex. In the first group, which comprised seven samples, four of them were woven in twill weave (weft-faced twill and double-faced twill, and its broken variants in the repeat) and three of them in eight-end sateen (weft-faced sateen and two versions of reinforced sateen). The fabrics of the second group were woven in twill and broken twill weaves, and the fabrics of the third group were woven in sateen weaves. The research included investigations of constructional, physical and mechanical properties of woven samples. It has been found that in the case of identical constructional parameters and weaving conditions the selection of weave considerably affects physical and mechanical properties of fabrics. Industrially manufactured fabrics in twill weave achieved for more than 100 N higher breaking forces in the warp direction than the fabrics woven in sateen weave. In the weft direction, industrially manufactured twill fabrics achieved only 45 N higher strength than the fabrics woven in sateen weave. The breaking elongation of fabrics woven in twill weave was two to two and a half times higher in the warp direction than in the weft direction. Breaking elongations of fabrics in sateen weave in the warp and weft direction only slightly differed; they were of the same order of magnitude. Weaving conditions as well as use of industrial or laboratory looms also affected physical and mechanical properties. Fabrics made under laboratory conditions achieved better mechanical properties than industrially manufactured fabrics, which can be attributed to lower stresses and consequently, smaller damages during the weaving process. The research can help designers to select appropriate weaves when designing structural patterns (shaft and jacquard fabrics) which will in addition to visual characteristics and effects impart also appropriate physical and mechanical properties to the manufactured fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the possibility of a fast and accurate assessment of the number, size, and distribution of pores in transparent woven fabrics based on light penetration. The procedure of analyzing the pore structure in the fabrics based on a digital image is presented in detail. Fabric pores are treated as image particles and analyzed with the Java-based image processing software ImageJ. The obtained data relate to the constructional parameters of the fabric that allow for further analysis, provide the possibility to compare structurally similar or different samples as well as double check the results generated by optical or other means. This paper describes work on plain and similar to plain weaves. The conducted analysis revealed several expected and some unexpected results. Among the former, we can list the range of pore sizes in the examined woven fabrics, the distribution of pores in regard to their similarity, and the effect of dents. Examples of the latter are the magnitude of the cumulative percentage of pores in regard to the weave and the degree to which they participate in the inter-yarn and inter-fiber pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]