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Summary: Background: A major reason of the poor control of asthma is that patients fail to adhere to their treatment. The aim of the study was to identify factors affecting changes in asthma treatment adherence in an international cohort. Methods: A follow-up study was carried out by means of a structured clinical interview in 971 subjects with asthma from 12 countries who participated in both the European Community Respiratory Health Survey: ECRHS-I (1990–94) and ECRHS-II (1998–2002). Subjects were considered adherent if they reported they normally took all the prescribed drugs. A logistic model was used to study the adjusted effect of the determinants. Results: The net change in adherence to anti-asthmatic treatment per 10 years of follow-up was −2% (95% CI: −9.5, 5.5), 7.5% (−2.6, 17.6), 15.0% (6.6, 23.5) and 19.8% (4.1, 35.5), respectively, in Nordic, Mediterranean, Continental and extra-European areas. Among the 428 non-adherent subjects in ECRHS-I, having regular consultations with health care professionals was the strongest predictor of increased adherence (OR 3.32; 95% CI: 1.08–10.17). Among the 543 adherent subjects in ECRHS-I, using inhaled corticosteroids significantly predicted a persistence of adherence (OR 2.04; 95% CI: 1.11–3.75). No effect of gender, age, duration of the disease, smoking habit and educational level was observed. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the key role of doctors and nurses in educating and regularly reviewing the patients and support the efforts for an improvement of clinical communication. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations could represent an opportunity for pro-active COPD management rather than mere treatment if previously unknown disease is discovered; the extent of underdiagnosis and undertreatment of COPD in patients attending an emergency department (ED) with an exacerbation is not known. During 2002, we recalled 131 COPD patients in stable conditions, 4–8 weeks after they had attended the ED or been discharged from our University Hospital (North-West of Italy). Information on diagnosis and management prior to the ED attendance were collected; spirometry and arterial blood gas analyses were performed. One-third of patients had never been diagnosed and treated even though 83% of them had moderate-to-very-severe COPD and about 30% already had respiratory failure. Only 20% had received information on the nature of the disease and none had received a written action plan. Only 60% were receiving long-acting bronchodilators and 41% of patients with respiratory failure were receiving long-term oxygen. A substantial number of undiagnosed and untreated patients with moderate-to-very-severe COPD came to our attention through an exacerbation. This enforces the importance of exacerbations as the starting point of pro-active COPD management and of the ED as a valuable sentinel to identify this subset of patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: An unusual case of smoking-related centrilobular emphysema with normal spirometry. A 64-year-old man presented with severe dyspnoea and respiratory failure. Pulmonary function and mechanics were normal except for a marked reduction in diffusing capacity of the lung. High-resolution CT scan showed diffuse centrilobular emphysema also involving lower lobes. Pulmonary embolism, cardiac or pulmonary shunt and immunopathologically based vasculitis were excluded. Pulmonary pressure was at the upper limit of normality but within few months he developed a severe pulmonary hypertension. Although spirometry is the only physiologic measure recommended by the updated Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines for confirming the diagnosis it should be recognized that diffuse emphysema may occur with only abnormalities in gas exchange without airflow obstruction. The identification of different phenotypes within COPD is important for understanding disease heterogeneity and progression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]