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1. Utility of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in Psychiatric Outpatients with Intellectual Disabilities

Author

Wieland, J., Wardenaar, K. J., Fontein, E., and Zitman, F. G.

Abstract

Background: Diagnostics and care for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) and psychiatric disorders need to be improved. This can be done by using assessment instruments to routinely measure the nature and severity of psychiatric symptoms. Up until now, in the Netherlands, assessment measures are seldom used in the psychiatric care for this population. The objective of the present paper is to evaluate the use of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a widely used standardised questionnaire in general psychiatry, in a well-defined sample of people with borderline intellectual functioning or mild ID diagnosed with one or more psychiatric disorders. Methods: A total of 224 psychiatric outpatients with either borderline intellectual functioning or mild ID participated in this study. All participants were new patients of Kristal, Centre for Psychiatry and Intellectual Disability in the Netherlands, in the period between 1 April 2008 and 1 October 2009. All participants were assessed by a multidisciplinary team, including a certified psychiatrist. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) criteria were applied. The mean total intelligence quotient was measured with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). The BSI was administered in an assisted fashion. Utility and psychometric properties of the BSI were investigated. Internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's alphas) were computed. Bivariate correlations between the sub-scales were computed to assess differentiation between the scales. Mean sub-scale scores were compared between different DSM-IV-TR subgroups to investigate the discriminant abilities of the scales. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Results: The results suggest that the BSI is practically useful. Internal consistencies ranged from 0.70 to 0.96 and thus are considered good to adequate. Sub-scale inter-correlations showed there is a degree of differentiation between the sub-scales. Discriminant validity was shown for the sub-scales "depression," "anxiety" and "phobic anxiety." Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the underlying structure of the BSI could be described by the same nine-factor model as reported in previous studies. Conclusions: As a result of the psychometric properties illustrated, this study supports the use of the BSI as a screener for psychopathology and a general outcome measure in people with ID. (Contains 3 tables and 4 figures.)

Published
2012
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4. Genome-wide association for major depressive disorder: a possible role for the presynaptic protein piccolo

Author

Sullivan, P F, de Geus, E J C, Willemsen, G, James, M R, Smit, J H, Zandbelt, T, Arolt, V, Baune, B T, Blackwood, D, Cichon, S, Coventry, W L, Domschke, K, Farmer, A, Fava, M, Gordon, S D, He, Q, Heath, A C, Heutink, P, Holsboer, F, Hoogendijk, W J, Hottenga, J J, Hu, Y, Kohli, M, Lin, D, Lucae, S, MacIntyre, D J, Maier, W, McGhee, K A, McGuffin, P, Montgomery, G W, Muir, W J, Nolen, W A, Nöthen, M M, Perlis, R H, Pirlo, K, Posthuma, D, Rietschel, M, Rizzu, P, Schosser, A, Smit, A B, Smoller, J W, Tzeng, J-Y, van Dyck, R, Verhage, M, Zitman, F G, Martin, N G, Wray, N R, Boomsma, D I, and Penninx, B W J H

Published
2009
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30. The association between lower educational attainment and depression owing to shared genetic effects? Results in ∼25 000 subjects: Results in ~25,000 subjects

Author

Peyrot, W. J., Lee, S. H., Milaneschi, Y., Abdellaoui, A., Byrne, E. M., Esko, T., de Geus, E. J. C., Hemani, G., Hottenga, J. J., Kloiber, S., Levinson, D. F., Lucae, S., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Metspalu, A., Milani, L., Noethen, M. M., Potash, J. B., Rietschel, M., Rietveld, C. A., Ripke, S., Shi, J., Willemsen, G., Zhu, Z., Boomsma, D. I., Wray, N. R., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Lewis, C. M., Hamilton, S. P., Weissman, M. M., Breen, G., Blackwood, D. H., Cichon, S., Heath, A. C., Holsboer, F., Madden, Pamela A., McGuffin, P., Muglia, P., Pergadia, M. L., Lin, D., Müller-Myhsok, B., Steinberg, S., Grabe, H. J., Lichtenstein, P., Magnusson, P., Perlis, R. H., Preisig, M., Smoller, J. W., Stefansson, K., Uher, R., Kutalik, Z., Tansey, K. E., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Barnes, M. R., Bettecken, T., Binder, E. B., Breuer, R., Castro, V. M., Churchill, S. E., Coryell, W. H., Craddock, N., Craig, I. W., Czamara, D., Degenhardt, F., Farmer, A. E., Fava, M., Frank, J., Gainer, V. S., Gallagher, P. J., Gordon, S. D., Goryachev, S., Gross, M., Guipponi, M., Henders, A. K., Herms, S., Hickie, I. B., Hoefels, S., Hoogendijk, W., Iosifescu, D. V., Ising, M., Jones, I., Jones, L., Jung-Ying, T., Knowles, J. A., Kohane, I. S., Kohli, M. A., Korszun, A., Landen, M., Lawson, W. B., Lewis, G., Macintyre, D., Maier, W., Mattheisen, M., McGrath, P. J., McIntosh, A., McLean, A., Middeldorp, C. M., Middleton, L., Montgomery, G. M., Murphy, S. N., Nauck, M., Nolen, W. A., Nyholt, Dale R., O'Donovan, M., Oskarsson, H., Pedersen, N., Scheftner, W. A., Schulz, A., Schulze, T. G., Shyn, S. I., Sigurdsson, E., Slager, S. L., Smit, J. H., Stefansson, H., Steffens, M., Thorgeirsson, T., Tozzi, F., Treutlein, J., Uhr, M., van den Oord, E. J., van Grootheest, G., Völzke, H., Weilburg, J. B., Zitman, F. G., Neale, B., Daly, M., Sullivan, P. F., Agrawal, Arpana, Albrecht, Eva, Z Alizadeh, Behrooz, Allik, J. ri, Amin, Najaf, Attia, John R., Bandinelli, Stefania, Barnard, John, Bastardot, Franois, e Baumeister, Sebastian, Beauchamp, Jonathan, Benjamin, Daniel J., Benke, Kelly S., Bennett, David A., Berger, Klaus, Bielak, Lawrence F., Bierut, Laura J., Boatman, Jeffrey A., Boyle, Patricia A., Bültmann, Ute, Campbell, Harry, Cesarini, David, Chabris, Christopher F., Cherkas, Lynn, Chung, Mina K., Conley, Dalton, Cucca, Francesco, Davey-Smith, George, Davies, Gail, de Andrade, Mariza, de Jager, Philip L., de Leeuw, Christiaan, de Neve, Jan-Emmanuel, Deary, Ian J., Dedoussis, George V., Deloukas, Panos, Derringer, Jaime, Dimitriou, Maria, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Eklund, Niina, Elderson, Martin F., Eriksson, Johan G., Evans, Daniel S., Evans, David M., Faul, Jessica D., Fehrmann, Rudolf, Ferrucci, Luigi, Fischer, Krista, Franke, Lude, Garcia, Melissa E., Gieger, Christian, Gjessing, Hkon K., Groenen, Patrick J. F., Grönberg, Henrik, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Hägg, Sara, Hall, Per, Harris, Jennifer R., Harris, Juliette M., Harris, Tamara B., Hastie, Nicholas D., Hayward, Caroline, Hernandez, Dena G., Hoffmann, Wolgang, Hofman, Adriaan, Hofman, Albert, Holle, Rolf, Holliday, Elizabeth G., Holzapfel, Christina, Iacono, William G., Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A., Illig, Thomas, Ingelsson, Erik, Jacobsson, Bo, Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Jhun, Min A., Johannesson, Magnus, Joshi, Peter K., Jugessur, Astanand, Kaakinen, Marika, Kähönen, Mika, Kanoni, Stavroula, Kaprio, Jaakkko, Kardia, Sharon L. R., Karjalainen, Juha, Kirkpatrick, Robert M., Koellinger, Philipp D., Kolcic, Ivana, Kowgier, Matthew, Kristiansson, Kati, Krueger, Robert F., Kutalik, Z. ltan, Lahti, Jari, Laibson, David, Latvala, Antti, Launer, Lenore J., Lawlor, Debbie A., Lethimäki, Terho, Li, Jingmei, Lichtenstein, Paul, Lichtner, Peter K., Liewald, David C., Lin, Peng, Lind, Penelope A., Liu, Yongmei, Lohman, Kurt, Loitfelder, Marisa, Magnusson, Patrick K. E., Mäkinen, Tomi E., Vidal, Pedro Marques, Martin, Nicolas W., Masala, Marco, McGue, Matt, McMahon, George, Meirelles, Osorio, Meyer, Michelle N., Mielck, Andreas, Miller, Michael B., Montgomery, Grant W., Mukherjee, Sutapa, Myhre, Ronny, Nuotio, Marja-Liisa, J Oldmeadow, Christopher, Oostra, Ben A., Palmer, Lyle J., Palotie, Aarno, Perola, Markus, Petrovic, Katja E., Peyser, Patricia A., Polašek, Ozren, Posthuma, Danielle, Preisig, Martin, Quaye, Lydia, Räikkönen, Katri, Raitakari, Olli T., Realo, Anu, Reinmaa, Eva, Rice, John P., Ring, Susan M., Ripatti, Samuli, Rivadeneira, Fernando, Rizzi, Thais S., Rudan, Igor, Rustichini, Aldo, Salomaa, Veikko, Sarin, Antti-Pekka, Schlessinger, David, Schmidt, Helena, Schmidt, Reinhold, Scott, Rodney J., Shakhbazov, Konstantin, Smith, Albert V., Smith, Jennifer A., Snieder, Harold, St Pourcain, Beate, Starr, John M., Sul, Jae Hoon, Surakka, Ida, Svento, Rauli, Tanaka, Toshiko, Terracciano, Antonio, Teumer, Alexander, Thurik, A. Roy, Tiemeier, Henning, Timpson, Nicholas J., Uitterlinden, André G., van der Loos, Matthijs J. H. M., van Duijn, Cornelia M., van Rooij, Frank J. A., van Wagoner, David R., Vartiainen, Erkki, Viikari, Jorma, Visscher, Peter M., Vitart, Veronique, Vollenweider, Peter K., Völzke, Henry, Vonk, Judith M., Waeber, G. rard, Weir, David R., Wellmann, J. rgen, Westra, Harm-Jan, Wichmann, H. Erich, Widen, Elisabeth, Wilson, James F., Wright, Alan F., Yang, Jian, Yu, Lei, Zhao, Wei, and Academic Medical Center

Subjects
Adult, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Likelihood Functions, Genotype, Estonia/epidemiology, Netherlands/epidemiology, Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics, Cohort Studies, Odds Ratio, Educational Status, Humans, Regression Analysis, Female, Gene-Environment Interaction, Genetic Association Studies, Aged
Abstract

An association between lower educational attainment (EA) and an increased risk for depression has been confirmed in various western countries. This study examines whether pleiotropic genetic effects contribute to this association. Therefore, data were analyzed from a total of 9662 major depressive disorder (MDD) cases and 14 949 controls (with no lifetime MDD diagnosis) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium with additional Dutch and Estonian data. The association of EA and MDD was assessed with logistic regression in 15 138 individuals indicating a significantly negative association in our sample with an odds ratio for MDD 0.78 (0.75-0.82) per standard deviation increase in EA. With data of 884 105 autosomal common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three methods were applied to test for pleiotropy between MDD and EA: (i) genetic profile risk scores (GPRS) derived from training data for EA (independent meta-analysis on ∼120 000 subjects) and MDD (using a 10-fold leave-one-out procedure in the current sample), (ii) bivariate genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) and (iii) SNP effect concordance analysis (SECA). With these methods, we found (i) that the EA-GPRS did not predict MDD status, and MDD-GPRS did not predict EA, (ii) a weak negative genetic correlation with bivariate GREML analyses, but this correlation was not consistently significant, (iii) no evidence for concordance of MDD and EA SNP effects with SECA analysis. To conclude, our study confirms an association of lower EA and MDD risk, but this association was not because of measurable pleiotropic genetic effects, which suggests that environmental factors could be involved, for example, socioeconomic status.

Published
2015

32. The metabolic syndrome and related characteristics in major depression: inpatients and outpatients compared metabolic differences across treatment settings

Author

Luppino, F.S., Bouvy, P.F., Giltay, E.J., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Zitman, F. G., Psychiatry, EMGO - Mental health, and EMGO+ - Mental Health

Subjects
Inpatients, INSULIN-RESISTANCE, LATE-LIFE, Metabolic characteristics, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Major depressive disorder, ASSOCIATION, Metabolic syndrome, DISEASE RISK-FACTORS, BODY-MASS INDEX, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE, Outpatients, ANTIDEPRESSANT USE, ANXIETY, FOLLOW-UP
Abstract

Objective: We aimed to systematically compare patients with major depressive disorder from three different treatment settings (a primary care outpatient, a secondary care outpatient and one inpatient sample), with regard to metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) prevalences, individual MetSyn components and related metabolic variables. Method: The outpatient samples were drawn from the ongoing Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (302 primary care and 445 secondary care outpatients). The inpatient sample (n=80) was recruited from five Dutch mental health hospitals. The assessments of MetSyn and related variables [waist circumference (WC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), LDL and total cholesterol (TC)] were compared using analysis of (co)variance and regression analysis, whereas medication analyses examined the extent to which clinical differences (e. g., depression severity or medication use) mediated the observed metabolic differences across setting. Results: MetSyn prevalences (26% primary, 24% secondary care and 28% inpatients) did not significantly differ (P=.71). WC, BMI, LDL cholesterol, glucose and DBP were not significantly different across settings. However, WHR, TC and triglyceride levels were higher in inpatients than in both outpatients groups, while HDL cholesterol levels and SBP were lower. There was some mediating role for tricyclic and non-selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressant use, but overall, the mediating role of clinical differences was limited. Conclusions: Although overall MetSyn prevalences did not differ, patterns of individual MetSyn-related variables differed more markedly across depressed inpatients and outpatients. Inpatients showed more adverse WHR and serum lipid profiles, while SBP levels were lower. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Published
2014
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33. Clinical pharmacological meeting

Author

Lubsen, J., Tijssen, J. G. P., Sluiter, H. E., Huysmans, F. Th. H., Thien, Th. A., Koene, R. A. P., Vincent, H. H., Derkx, F. H. M., Veld, A. J. Man in 't, Boomsma, F., Schalekamp, H. A. D. H., Hoefnagels, W. H. L., Lenders, J. W. M., Thien, Th., Smits, P., van 't Laar, A., v. Wijk, L. M., Kingma, J. H., Dunselman, P. H. J. M., v. Gilst, W. H., Lie, K. I., Wesseling, H., Lohman, J. J. H. M., Hooymans, P. M., Koten, M. L. P., Verhey, M. T. J. M., Merkus, F. W. H. M., Koopmans, P., Gribnau, F., Demacker, P., Jonkman, J. H. G., Van der Boon, W. J. V., Schoenmaker, R., Holtkamp, A., Hempenius, J., Edelbroek, P. M., Linssen, A. C. G., Zitman, F. G., Rooymans, H. G. M., de Wolff, F. A., Speth, P. A. J., Linssen, P. L. M., Wessels, J. H. C., Haanen, C., Elferink, F., van der Vijgh, W. J. F., van der Poort, S. E. J. M., Vermorken, J. B., Pinedo, H. M., Sonneveld, P., Nooter, K., van den Engh, G. J., Schurgers, N., de Blaey, C. J., and Crommelin, D. J. A.

Published
1984
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34. Abstracts of papers

Author

Kleinbloesem, C. H., van Brummelen, P., van de Linde, J. A., Breimer, D. D., Kerremans, A. L. M., Cremers, H. J., Rodrigues de Miranda, J. F., van Ginneken, C. A. M., Gribnau, F. W. J., Schols, M., Mooy, J., van Hooff, M., van Baak, M. A., Rahn, K. H., Soeterboek, A. M., van Thiel, M., Westra, P., Vermeer, G. A., van Rooy, H. H., Pirovano, I. M., Soudijn, W., Lohman, J. J. H. M., Hooymans, P. M., Verhey, M. T. J. M., Pluym, B. F. M., Merkus, F. W. H. M., Thijssen, H. H. W., Baars, L. G., Reijnders, M. J., Wagenvoort, J. H. T., Fieren, M. W. J. A., Goessens, W. H. F., Michel, M. F., Edelbroek, P. M., Zitman, F. G., Schreuder, J. N., Rooymans, H. G. M., de Wolff, F. A., Hekster, Ch. A., Vree, T. B., van Baak, M. A., Jennen, W. H. J., Verstappen, F. T. J., Salemans, J., Lenders, J. W. M., Fennis, J., Thien, Th., Houben, H., Binkhorst, R. A., van 't Laar, A., Koopmans, P. P., van Hees, P. A. M., Hoefnagels, W. H. L., Huysmans, F. T. M., Woittiez, A. J. J., Wenting, G. J., Derkx, F. H. M., Schalekamp, M. A. D. H., Storms, G. E. M. G., Lutterman, J. A., de Nobel, E., van 't Laar, A., Sitsen, J. M. A., de Jong, W., Stuyt, P. M. J., Stalenhoef, A. F. H., Demacker, P. N. M., van 't Laar, A., Oosterhuis, B., Berge, R. J. M.ten, Sauerwein, N. P., Endert, E., Schellekens, P. Th. A., van Boxtel, C. J., Terpstra G. K., Raaijmakers, J. A. M., Wassink, G. A., Kreukniet, J., Bakker, J. C., de Vries-v. Rossen, A., Bleeker, W. K., Ufkes, J. G. R., van Rosevelt, R. F., van Mourik, J. A., Loos, J. A., Brummelhuis, H. G. J., Schalken, J. J., Lammers, J. W. J., Beld, A. J., and van Herwaarden, C. L. A.

Published
1983
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35. Abstract of papers

Author

Konings, A. W. T., Joenje, H., Bast, A., Julicher, R., Van Iersel, A. A. J., Blaauboer, B. J., Balfoort, H. W., Ronbout, P. J. A., Borm, P. J. A., Engelen, J. J. M., Wouters, E. F. M., Swaen, C. M. H., de Boorder, Tj., Bos, R. P., Prinsen, W. J. C., Jongeneelen, F. J., Theuws, J. L. G., Henderson, P. Th., Cervantes, A., Schuurhuis, G. J., Pinedo, H. M., Lankelma, J., Commandeur, J. N. M., Oostendorp, R. A. J., Schoofs, P. R., Xu, B., Vermeulen, N. P. E., Coosen, R., van Leeuwen, F. X. R., Vos, J. G., Thijssen, J. H. H., Loeber, J. G., de Mol, N. J., Becht, A. B. C., Koenen, J., Lodder, G., de Wolff, F. A., van Ginkel, M. F., van der Voet, G. B., Dogterom, P., Nagelkerke, J. F., Mulder, G. J., Edelbroek, P. M., Zitman, F. G., Evelo, C. T. A., Niessen, H. J. J. M., Roelofs, H. M. J., Falke, H. E., De Groot, A. P., Willems, M. I., Franken, M. A. M., Kapteijn, R., Krajnc, E. I., Haenen, G. R. M. M., Plug, J. P. M., Timmerman, H., Hageman, G. J., Verhagen, H., Kleinjans, J. C. S., Herweijer, M. A., Bootsman, T. C., Scholte, B. J., Planta, R. J., Kroese, E. D., Tijdens, R. B., Meerman, J. H. N., Lusthof, K. J., Decuyper, J. G. A., Groothuis-Pielage, I. L., de Mol, N. J., Rietjens, I. M. C. M., Vos, R. M. E., Alink, G. M., van Bladeren, P. J., Rietveld, E. C., Ketels, H. H. T. M., Wetzer, A. M. A. C., Seutter-Berlage, F., Rombout, P., Dormans, J., van Bree, L., Marra, M., Til, H. P., Woutersen, R. A., Feron, V. J., Clary, J. J., Brandsma, A. E., de Wofff, F. A., van de Straat, R., de Vries, J., Boere, A. J. F., Rombout, P. J. A., Rietjens, I., Alink, G., van Erp, Yvette H. M., Heirbaut, Petra R. C. M., Koopmans, Marion J. E., Weterings, Peter J. J. M., van Loveren, H., de Klerk, A., Hakkert, B., Vertagen, H., Thijssen, H. H. W., Wester, P. W., Canton, J. H., Weterings, Peter J. J. M., and van Erp, Yvette H. M.

Published
1987
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39. A Comparison of Migraine Symptomatology in MDD Patients and Controls

Author

Lannie Ligthart, Penninx, B. W. J. H., Dr, Nyholt, Distel, M. A., Ejc, Geus, Gonneke Willemsen, Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., Boomsma, Dorret I., Psychiatry, EMGO - Mental health, EMGO+ - Mental Health, Biological Psychology, and Sociology and Social Gerontology

Subjects
Netherlands Twin Register (NTR)
Published
2008

41. The validity of the diagnosis of depression in general practice: is using criteria for diagnosis as a routine the answer?

Author

van Weel-Baumgarten, E M, van den Bosch, W J, van den Hoogen, H J, and Zitman, F G

Subjects
Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Female, Registries, Middle Aged, Family Practice, Sensitivity and Specificity, Research Article, Aged, Netherlands
Abstract

BACKGROUND: In general practice, making a diagnosis does not follow the same lines as in secondary care because every new diagnosis is made against 'foreknowledge' and could be coloured by it. This could explain low accordance and differences in diagnoses between primary and secondary care, in particular when mental illness such as depression is concerned. When criteria are used for diagnosis there should be no differences. AIM: To establish the accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria of major depressive disorder when the diagnosis of depression has been made by general practitioners (GPs) for whom coding and using criteria for diagnosis is a daily routine (ICHPPC-2 criteria). METHOD: Ninety-nine general practice patients from four general practices belonging to the Continuous Morbidity Registry (CMR) of the University of Nijmegen in The Netherlands were interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (auto) 12-month version (DSM-IV criteria). Thirty-three patients had a code for depression; 33 patients a code for chronic nervous functional complaints (CNFC); and 33 had no code for mental illness (the depression and CNFC codes were given in the 12 months prior to the interview). Specificity and accordance with the DSM-IV criteria of major depressive disorder (MDD) were calculated with the results from the interviews. RESULTS: Of the 33 general practice depression cases (all matching ICHPPC-2 criteria), 28 matched DSM-IV criteria: 26 for MDD and 2 for dysthymia. No cases of DSM-IV MDD were found in the control group without a code for a mental disorder, and seven out of 33 were found in the control group with the code for CNFC. CONCLUSION: The specificity of diagnosis of depression made by GPs in a continuous morbidity registry and the accordance with DSM-IV criteria are high. Using criteria for diagnosis, which is a trend, could be one of the solutions towards a better diagnosis. As far as the sensitivity is concerned, GPs should not be distracted from using criteria for the diagnosis of depression when a large variety of complaints is presented.

Published
2000

42. Ten year follow-up of depression after diagnosis in general practice

Author

van Weel-Baumgarten, E, van den Bosch, W, van den Hoogen, H, and Zitman, F G

Subjects
Research Article
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Depression is a serious illness with a high recurrence rate, mortality, and suicide rate, and a substantial loss of quality of life. Long-term course of depression, in particular of patients not referred to specialist care, is not completely clear. We performed a study in which the course of depression in general practice was studied for 10 years after the first diagnosis. AIM: To learn more about long-term course and outcome of patients with depressive illness for a full 10 years after diagnosis. METHOD: A historic cohort study with 386 patients classified as depressive before January 1984, recruited from four general practices belonging to the Continuous Morbidity Registry of the University of Nijmegen in The Netherlands. This cohort was followed up for 10 years. Mortality was compared with a control group matched for age, sex, social class, and practice. Of 222 patients out of this cohort who could be followed up for a full 10 years after diagnosis, the case records were studied in detail. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found in mortality between the 386 patients and the control group. Recurrence of depressive episodes did not occur in about 60% of the 222 patients (confidence interval 54% to 67%). Of the depressive patients, 15% were referred to secondary care and 9% were admitted to hospital. CONCLUSION: Mortality, suicide, and recurrence rate were lower than expected, taking into account what is known from depression studies in psychiatry. These results stress the importance of long-term prospective follow-up studies of all patients with depression because of the emphasis on case-finding and treatment without exact knowledge of long-term course and outcome of patients who were not referred.

Published
1998

43. De rol van de eerste lijn bij patiënten met een persoonlijkheidsstoornis.

Author

Keeman, J. N., Mazel, J. A., and Zitman, F. G.

Abstract

Copyright of Jaarboek Huisartsgeneeskunde 2010 is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2009
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44. De halfwaardetijd van waarheid.

Author

Keeman, J. N., Mazel, J. A., and Zitman, F. G.

Abstract

Copyright of Jaarboek Huisartsgeneeskunde 2010 is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2009
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45. Partydrugs en problematisch alcoholgebruik.

Author

Keeman, J. N., Mazel, J. A., and Zitman, F. G.

Abstract

Copyright of Jaarboek Huisartsgeneeskunde 2010 is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2009
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46. Totale heupvervanging door hip resurfacing en/of minimaal invasieve chirurgie: waar is de evidence?

Author

Keeman, J. N., Mazel, J. A., and Zitman, F. G.

Abstract

Copyright of Jaarboek Huisartsgeneeskunde 2010 is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2009
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47. Medische zorg voor illegalen.

Author

Keeman, J. N., Mazel, J. A., and Zitman, F. G.

Abstract

Copyright of Jaarboek Huisartsgeneeskunde 2010 is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2009
Full Text
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48. Medische beroepsuitoefening: laveren tussen vrijheid en regulering.

Author

Keeman, J. N., Mazel, J. A., and Zitman, F. G.

Abstract

Copyright of Jaarboek Huisartsgeneeskunde 2010 is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2009
Full Text
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49. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES).

Author

Keeman, J. N., Mazel, J. A., and Zitman, F. G.

Abstract

Copyright of Jaarboek Huisartsgeneeskunde 2010 is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2009
Full Text
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50. Stemmingsstoornissen.

Author

van der Does, A. J. W. and Zitman, F. G.

Abstract

Copyright of Handboek Psychopathologie Deel 1 is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2008
Full Text
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