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Paleozoic igneous rocks exposed in the northern Yili Block are thought to have resulted from the subduction of the North Tianshan oceanic crust. However, the exact timing of the transition of the northern margin of the Yili Block from a passive to an active continental margin remains unknown. In this paper, the petrological and geochemical features, zircon U-Pb chronology, Lu-Hf isotopes, and Sr-Nd isotopes of volcanic rocks in the Nailenggeledaban area on the northern margin of the Yili Block were studied. Zircon U-Pb dating results show that the crystallization ages of the volcanic rocks in the Nailenggeledaban area on the northern margin of the Yili Block are 491 ± 2 Ma and 500 ± 2 Ma, suggesting they were formed during the Late Cambrian. Geochemical features show that the volcanic rocks are alkaline basalts with rare earth and trace element distribution patterns similar to OIB, although they exhibit some degree of Zr and Hf depletion. The εHf(t) values of alkaline basalts in the Nailenggeledaban area at the northern Yili Block range from −3.48 to −1.00, with a TDM1 age of 1152 to 1263 Ma. The εNd(t) values range from −3.53 to −0.96, with a TDM1 age of 1471 to 2162 Ma. Combined with geochemical data, the alkaline basalt magma in the Nailenggeledaban area on the northern margin of the Yili Block may be derived from the Mesoproterozoic enriched lithospheric mantle. The composition of the mantle source area is potentially garnet lherzolite, and the magma appears to have been either unaffected or only minimally contaminated by crustal materials during the ascending process. On the basis of the research results of the Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution in the northern margin of the Yili Block, this paper proposes that the volcanic rocks in the Nailenggeledaban area, located on the northern margin of the Yili Block, were formed in a back-arc extensional environment resulting from the subduction of the North Tianshan Ocean (or Junggar Ocean) beneath the northern margin of the Yili Block during the Late Cambrian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With public health emergencies (PHE) worldwide increasing, the perceived risk of PHE has been one of the critical factors influencing college students' psychological distress. However, the mechanisms by which the perceived risk of PHE affects college students' psychological distress are not clear. The study's purpose was to investigate the mediation roles of deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP) and negative coping styles between the perceived risk of PHE and psychological distress. Methods: A convenience sampling method was used to survey 1054 Chinese college students with self-reporting. Data was collected using the Public Risk Perception Scale (PRPS), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), the PHE Anxiety Scale, and the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). The associations between the perceived risk of PHE, DBTP, negative coping styles, and psychological distress were clarified using the correlation analysis. Additionally, the mediating roles of DBTP and negative coping styles between the perceived risk of PHE and psychological distress were investigated using a structural equation model. Results: The findings revealed low to moderate correlations between the variables studied. Students' perceived risk of PHE was a positive predictor of their psychological distress (β = 0.219, p < 0.01). DBTP and negative coping styles played chain mediation roles between them with the effect being 0.009 and a 95% Boot CI of [0.003, 0.023]. This chain mediation model had an excellent fit index (χ 2 /df = 4.732, CFI = 0.973, TLI = 0.930, RMSEA = 0.048, SRMR = 0.047). Conclusion: These findings showed how the perceived risk of PHE affected college students' psychological distress. Specifically, these results suggested that improving students' mental ability to switch effectively among different time perspectives depending on task features and situational considerations and reducing their negative coping styles might be effective ways to promote their mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust is a major source of atmospheric aerosols. Its chemical composition is often assumed to be similar to the parent soil. However, this assumption has not been rigorously verified. Here, we generated dust aerosols from soils to determine if there is particle-size-dependent selectivity of heavy metals in the dust generation. Mn, Cd, Pb and other heavy metals were found to be highly enriched in fine-dust (PM 2.5) aerosols, which can be up to ∼ 6.5-fold. To calculate the contributions of dust to atmospheric heavy metals, regional air quality models usually use the dust chemical profiles from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) SPECIATE database, which does not capture the correct size-dependent selectivity of heavy metals in dust aerosols. Our air quality modeling for China demonstrates that the calculated contribution of fine-dust aerosols to atmospheric heavy metals, as well as their cancer risks, could have significant errors without using proper dust profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is confronting severe ozone (O3) pollution although particulate matter reduced significantly, causing damages to public health and ecological systems. Here we utilized the comprehensive methods of ground‐level observations, satellite data, and source‐oriented chemical transport model to interpret O3 variations throughout China from 2016 to 2019. A remarkably worsened trend of O3 levels has been found both by observation and simulation in these years. Our results showed that the remarkable O3 elevation was found in the North China Plain (NCP) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) (maximum daily 8 hr average O3 ∼60 ppb) with an annual increasing rate of 10%. In addition, O3 formation regimes also changed in the NCP, where 4.9% grids shifted from VOC‐limited to transition regimes and 9.6% grids shifted from transition to NOx‐limited regimes. The elevation of MDA8 O3 was mainly attributed to the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) in above regions. Particularly, the increasing rates of OH and HO2 radicals (major oxidants) in NCP and YRD reached ∼15% and ∼5%, respectively. The comprehensive study of long‐term O3 changes, formation regimes, and AOC based on a multimethod approach should be considered when designing O3 control policies. Plain Language Summary: Tropospheric Ozone (O3) is a key secondary pollutant in the atmosphere, which is harmful to human health and the ecosystem. Although strict air pollution control policies have been implemented in China recently, the O3 pollution remains serious nevertheless the reduced precursor such as HCHO and NO2. While field measurements and model simulations have been used to investigate O3 variations, the roles of formation regimes, atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), and source apportionment of O3 are still unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we utilized a multi‐method approach, including satellite and ground‐level observations as well as improved source‐oriented simulations, to investigate the variations of O3 and its associated precursors. Our findings revealed that from 2016 to 2019, the annual increasing ratio of O3 was up to 10% in the North China Plain (NCP). The elevation of O3 levels was caused by shifts in O3 formation regimes and increases in AOC, which were associated with meteorological variations and anthropogenic emission reductions. Key Points: O3 formation regime shifted from VOC‐limited to transition or NOx‐limited regimes in North China Plain (NCP) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD)Enhanced atmospheric oxidant capacity mainly contributed to O3 elevation in NCP and YRD from 2016 to 2019O3 control policies should be considered from the comprehensive insights including O3 formation regime and atmospheric oxidant capacity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The greening impacts on China from 2000 to 2017 led to an increase in vegetated areas and thus enhanced biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions. BVOCs are regarded as important precursors for ozone (O 3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). As a result, accurate estimation of BVOC emissions is critical to understand their impacts on air quality. In this study, the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) v2.1 was used to investigate the impact of different leaf area index (LAI) and land cover (LC) datasets on BVOC emissions in China in 2016, and the effects on O 3 and SOA were evaluated based on the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Three LAI satellite datasets of the Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD15A2H version 6 (MOD15), and the Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS), as well as three LC satellite datasets of the MODIS MCD12Q1 LC products, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) LC products, and the CGLS LC products, were used in five parallel experiments (cases: C1–C5). Results show that changing LAI and LC datasets of the model input has an impact on BVOC estimations. BVOC emissions in China ranged from 25.42 to 37.39 Tg in 2016 and were mainly concentrated in central and southeastern China. Changing the LC inputs for the MEGAN model has a more significant difference in BVOC estimates than using different LAI datasets. The combination of C3S LC and GLASS LAI performs better in the CMAQ model, indicating that it is the better choice for BVOC estimations in China. The highest contribution of BVOCs to O 3 and SOA can reach 12 ppb and 9.8 µ g m -3 , respectively. Changing the MEGAN inputs further impacts the concentrations of O 3 and SOA, especially changing LC datasets. The relative difference between MCD12Q1 LC and C3S LC is over 52 % and 140 % in O 3 and biogenic SOA (BSOA) in central and eastern China. The BSOA difference is mainly attributed to the isoprene SOA (ISOA), a major contributor to BSOA. The relative differences in ISOA between different cases are up to 160 % in eastern China. Therefore, our results suggest that the uncertainties in MEGAN inputs should be fully considered in future O 3 and SOA simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration is increasing in China along with dramatic changes in precursor emissions and meteorological conditions, adversely affecting human health and ecosystems. O3 is formed from the complex nonlinear photochemical reactions from nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although the mechanism of O3 formation is rather clear, describing and analyzing its changes and formation potential at fine spatial and temporal resolution is still a challenge today. In this study, we briefly summarized and evaluated different approaches that indicate O3 formation regimes. We identify that atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) is a better indicator of photochemical reactions leading to the formation of O3 and other secondary pollutants. Results show that AOC has a prominent positive relationship to O3 in the major city clusters in China, with a goodness of fit (R2) up to 0.6. This outcome provides a novel perspective in characterizing O3 formation and has significant implications for formulating control strategies of secondary pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic activities and the associated emissions have significantly declined during the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic, which has created a natural experiment to assess the impact of the emitted precursor control policy on ozone (O3) pollution. In this study, we utilized comprehensive satellite, ground‐level observations, and source‐oriented chemical transport modeling to investigate the O3 variations during the COVID‐19 pandemic in China. Here, we found that the significant elevated O3 in the North China Plain (40%) and Yangtze River Delta (35%) were mainly attributed to the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) in these regions, associated with the meteorology and emission reduction during lockdown. Besides, O3 formation regimes shifted from VOC‐limited regimes to NOx‐limited and transition regimes with the decline of NOx during lockdown. We suggest that future O3 control policies should comprehensively consider the effects of AOC on the O3 elevation and coordinated regulations of the O3 precursor emissions. Plain Language Summary: Severe ozone (O3) pollution has been a public concern in China during the last decade. Due to the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic, China has implemented the strict restrictions, leading to the significant decline of economic activities and the associated emissions. However, the O3 levels have been elevated in vast areas of China during the COVID‐19 lockdown period. In this study, we applied the comprehensive satellite, ground‐level observations, and source‐oriented chemical transport modeling to investigate the O3 elevation during the COVID‐19 lockdown periods. Importantly, our results showed that O3 has increased significantly in North China Plain (40%) and Yangtze River Delta (35%) during lockdown, which attributed to the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) associated with the meteorology and emission reduction. Besides, we found the O3 formation regimes shifted from VOC‐limited to NOx‐limited due to the lower NOx during lockdown. In the future, we suggest that O3 control policies ought to ensure a balance between emitted NOx and VOCs to maintain stable O3 formation regimes and AOC levels and thereby control O3 emissions. Key Points: O3 formation regime shift from a VOC‐limited to a NOx‐limited regime has been found in most areas of ChinaEnhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) contributed to O3 elevation during COVID‐19 lockdownO3 control policies should consider from the comprehensive sights of O3 formation regime and AOC in the future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within a short time after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, the Chinese government introduced a nationwide lockdown to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The quarantine measures have significantly decreased the anthropogenic activities, thus improving air quality. To study the impacts caused by the lockdown on specific source sectors and regions in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to investigate the changes in source contributions to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) from 23 January to 28 February 2020, based on different emission control cases. Compared to case 1 (without emission reductions), the total PM 2.5 mass for case 2 (with emission reductions) decreased by more than 20 % over the entire YRD, and the reduction ratios of its components were 15 %, 16 %, 20 %, 43 %, 34 %, and 35 % in primary organic aerosol (POA), elemental carbon (EC), sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that PM 2.5 concentrations from transportation decreased by 40 %, while PM 2.5 concentrations from the residential and power sectors decreased by less than 10 % due to the lockdown. Although all sources decreased, the relative contribution changed differently. Contributions from the residential sector increased by more than 10 % to 35 %, while those in the industrial sector decreased by 33 %. Considering regional transport, the total PM 2.5 mass of all regions decreased 20 %–30 % in the YRD, with the largest decreased value of 5.0 µgm-3 in Henan, Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin (Ha-BTH). In Shanghai, the lower contributions from local emissions and regional transmission (mainly Shandong and Ha-BTH) led to the reduced PM 2.5. This study suggests adjustments of control measures for various sources and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate the impacts of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Indian government implemented lockdown measures on 24 March 2020, which prohibited unnecessary anthropogenic activities, thus leading to a significant reduction in emissions. To investigate the impacts of this lockdown measure on air quality in India, we used the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to estimate the changes of key air pollutants. From pre-lockdown to lockdown periods, improved air quality is observed in India, indicated by the lower key pollutant levels such as PM 2.5 (- 26 %), maximum daily 8 h average ozone (MDA8 O 3) (- 11 %), NO 2 (- 50 %), and SO 2 (- 14 %). In addition, changes in these pollutants show distinct spatial variations with the more important decrease in northern and western India. During the lockdown, our results illustrate that such emission reductions play a positive role in the improvement of air quality. Significant reductions of PM 2.5 concentration and its major components are predicted, especially for secondary inorganic aerosols that are up to 92 %, 57 %, and 79 % for nitrate (NO 3-), sulfate (SO 42-), and ammonium (NH 4+), respectively. On average, the MDA8 O 3 also decreases 15 % during the lockdown period although it increases slightly in some VOC-limited urban locations, which is mainly due to the more significant reduction of NO x than VOCs. More aggressive and localized emission control strategies should be implemented in India to mitigate air pollution in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within a short time after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, the Chinese government took a nationwide lockdown to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The quarantine measures have significantly decreased the anthropogenic activities, and thus improving the air quality. To study the impacts caused by the lockdown on specific source sectors and regions in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to investigate the changes in source contributions to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from January 23 to February 28, 2020, based on different emission control cases. Compared to Case 1 (without emission reductions), the total PM2.5 mass for Case 2 (with emission reductions) decreased by larger than 20 % over the entire YRD and the reduction ratios of its components were 15 %, 16 %, 20 %, 43 %, 34 %, and 35 % in primary organic aerosol (POA), elemental carbon (EC), sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), respectively. The source appointment results showed that PM2.5 concentrations from transportation decreased by 40 % while from residential and power decreased by less than 10 % due to the lockdown. Although all sources decreased, the relative contribution changed differently. Contributions of residential increased by more than 10 % to 35 %, while that of the industry decreased to 33 %. Considering the regional transport, the total PM2.5 mass of all regions decreased 20-30 % in the YRD with the largest decreased value of 5.0 μg m-3 in Henan, Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin (Ha-BTH). In Shanghai, the lower contributions from local emissions and regional transmission (mainly Shandong and Ha-BTH) led to the reduced PM2.5. This study suggested adjustments of control measures for various sources and regions. Also, it was necessary to strengthen the regional collaboration at a large scale to improve the air quality in the YRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate the impacts of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Indian government implemented lockdown measures on March 24, 2020, which prohibit unnecessary anthropogenic activities and thus leading to a significant reduction in emissions. To investigate the impacts of this lockdown measures on air quality in India, we used the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to estimate the changes of key air pollutants. From pre-lockdown to lockdown periods, improved air quality is observed in India, indicated by the lower key pollutant levels such as PM2.5 (-26 %), maximum daily 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O3) (-11 %), NO2 (-50 %), and SO2 (-14 %). In addition, changes in these pollutants show distinct spatial variations with the more important decrease in northern and western India. During the lockdown, our results illustrate that such emission reductions play a positive role in the improvement of air quality. Significant reductions of PM2.5 and its major components are observed especially for secondary inorganic aerosols with the decreasing rates up to 92 %, 57 %, and 79 % for nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), ammonium (NH4+), respectively. On average, the MDA8 O3 also decreases 15 % during the lockdown period although it increases sparsely in some urban locations, which is mainly due to the lower NOx and VOCs emissions. More aggressive and localized emissions control strategies should be implemented in India to mitigate air pollutions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass resolution of laser desorption ionization (LDI) single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) is usually low (∼500), which has been greatly improved by the recent development of the delayed ion extraction technique. However, due to large fluctuations among LDI processes during each laser shot, accurate calibration of the mass-to-charge ratio for high-resolution SPAMS (HR-SPAMS) spectra is challenging. Here we developed an automatic linear calibration method to improve the accuracy of mass-to-charge (m/z) measurement for single atmospheric aerosol particles. Laboratory-generated sea spray aerosol and atmospheric ambient aerosol were tested. After the calibration, the fluctuation ranges of the reference ions' (e.g., Pb+ and SO4+) m/z reaches ±0.018 for sea spray aerosol and ±0.024 for ambient aerosol in average mass spectra. With such m/z accuracy, the HR-SPAMS spectra of sea spray aerosol can easily identify elemental compositions of organic peaks, such as Cx , CxHy and CxHyOz. While the chemical compositions of ambient aerosols are more complicated, CxHy , CxHyOz and CNO peaks can also be identified based on their accurate mass. With the improved resolution, the time series of peaks with small m/z differences can be separated and measured. In addition, it is also found that applying high-resolution data with enhanced mass calibration can significantly affect particle classification (identification) using the ART-2a algorithm, which classify particles based on similarities among single-particle mass spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Mosquito-repellent incense is popular for dispelling mosquitos indoors in Asia, Africa and South America. However, the released large amounts of particulate and gaseous pollutants have a negative effect on human health. We conducted real-time measurements in laboratory chamber to characterize the particulate matter, volatile organic species (VOCs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) released from the Disc and Liquid mosquito-repellent incenses using. And further to evaluate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential indoors attributed to the main VOCs species and the health exposure risk. Results show that the disk type produces more particles but less VOCs. The particle number concentration produced by the disc and the liquid types were 130085 part/cm3 and 7963 part/cm3, respectively. The former one concentrated at the size bins below 100 nm, in comparison with the latter one mainly between 100 and 500 nm. Burning disk type produced particles carrying much higher oxidative potential (OP) 0.0430 nmol/mg. The VOCs species produced by the disc and liquid types were mainly VOC to m / z 79(benzene) and VOC to m / z 33(methanol), and the corresponding benzene concentration were 40.7 ppb and 58.6 ppb, respectively, and the methanol concentration was 26.3 ppb and 35.2 ppb, respectively. SOA formation rate related to benzene of liquid type using was larger compared to disk type, which was 0.015 mg / (m 3 s) and 0.012 mg / (m 3 s) , respectively. The health risk assessment coefficient of the disc and liquid types were 6.2 × 10−5 and 9.1 × 10−5, respectively, both exceeding the limit of 1 × 10−6, indicating mosquito-repellent incenses is harmful to human health. Highlights • The disk mosquito-repellent incense produces more particles but less VOCs. • The disk mosquito-repellent incense produced particles with higher OP. • The VOCs species produced were mainly benzene and methanol. • SOA formation rate related to benzene of the liquid type was larger than disk type. • The health risk assessment coefficient of the liquid types was larger than disk type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batchprocesses are an important factor in modern industries. Qualityoptimization of batch processes to determine the proper settings ofkey process variables is critical to successful production. The traditionalmethod for quality optimization is model-based optimization (MBO),which is a challenging task in many cases. The accuracy of the modelcan deteriorate, particularly when process conditions are frequentlychanged, a situation that commonly occurs in some batch processes.In this study, a systematic, model-free optimization (MFO) strategyis proposed for a batch process with short cycle time and low operationalcost. Instead of developing a model to correlate the relationshipbetween the process and its quality variables, MFO optimizes the processon the basis of online experimentation rather than function evaluation.A direct search algorithm is proposed by integration of simplex searchand the MFO strategy. An adaptive experiment number (AEN) strategyis also presented to enhance the search method. To demonstrate thefeasibility of the MFO method, it is used in the quality optimizationof injection molding, a typical batch process with short cycle timeand low operational cost. A comparison of the use of the MFO methodwith the MBO method whose models were developed with pure quadraticregression and Kriging methods is also presented. Experimental resultsdemonstrate the efficient performance of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin and tectonic implication of Early–Middle Devonian magmatism in the northern margin of YB (Yili Block) remain enigmatic and are important for understanding Late Paleozoic evolution of the Junggar Ocean and southern Kazakhstan Orocline. Here, we present the systematic study of whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotope features as well as U–Pb–Hf isotope characteristics of zircon crystals for newly identified Early Devonian volcanic rocks from the northern margin of YB. The volcanic rocks are composed of rhyolite, rhyolite porphyry, and rhyolitic tuff. Zircon U-Pb age dating indicates they were formed at ca. 407~418 Ma. They have high SiO2 (70.16–77.52 wt.%) and alkali (5.10–9.56 wt.%) contents, and high Zr + Nb + Ce + Y content (~456 ppm), indicative of A-type magma. Their relative depletion of Nb, Ta, and Ti, and enrichment of LILEs show arc affinity. Their low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.699708–0.709822) and negative εNd(t) values (−1.8 to −4.0) indicate a mainly continental magma source and their positive εHf(t)values (+6.13 to +14.81) are possibly due to the garnet effect. All these above reveal that volcanic rocks were generated by re-melting of lower crust under a high temperature condition, which was induced by long-lived heat accumulation with no or minimal basalt flux. Combined with active continental margin inference evidenced by contemporaneous sedimentary rocks, we attribute the generation of the volcanic rocks to a continental arc setting related to the southward subduction of Junggar oceanic crust. Thus, we infer the Early–Middle Devonian arc-related magmatic rocks in the northern margin of YB are eastward counterparts of the southern limb of the Devonian Volcanic Belt, which resulted from a relatively steady-state southward subduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal based power plants are the biggest source of air pollution from power sector and thus it becomes imperative to study its contribution to air pollution in India. This study estimates impact of power generation on pollutant concentrations and associated mortality across India in current scenario and compares with three other control policy intervention scenarios in 2015. About 60% of total power generated in India in 2015 was from coal fired plants which contributed to about 49%, 34%, 6.6% & 6% of SO 2 , NO x , PM fine and CO emissions in India. Contribution of power plants to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) was the highest in winter (14.12 μg/m3) and lowest in monsoon (1.99 μg/m3). SO 4 − and NO 3 − contributed the most (65%–97%) to total PM 2.5 attributed to power plants indicating maximum reduction in secondary inorganic aerosols due to implementation of regulating policies on power plants. Among the 3 control policy intervention scenarios on power plants, COPP scenario reflecting implementation of emission standards on current operating plants, was found to be the best scenario resulting in reduction of pollutant concentrations. It resulted in reduction of about 9 μg/m3 in PM 2.5 concentration which in turn lead to 73,209 lives saved and increase in about 1.7 Years of life lost/person (YLL/person). On the other hand, in case of UCPP and CNPP scenarios where regulating policies were implemented only in under construction and new power plants respectively resulted in increased PM 2.5 concentration of about 8.22 μg/m3 and 19.03 μg/m3 and also 50,200 and 1,15,894 extra premature mortality. Image 1 • Power plant PM 2.5 was highest in winter and lowest in monsoon (14.12 & 1.99 μg/m3). • SO 4 − and NO 3 − contributed the most (65%–97%) to PM 2.5 attributed to power plants. • In COPP scenario PM 2.5 concentrations reduced in all seasons except in monsoon. • UCPP and CNPP scenarios resulted in increases in PM 2.5 in all seasons. • 73,209 deaths is avoided in total in COPP scenario while it increases in other two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

microRNA (miR)-590 has been found to serve potential roles in cancer development; however, the expression and function of miR-590 in human gliomas remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of miR-590 in human glioma tissues and radioresistant human glioblastoma cells (U251R), and to determine the effect and related molecular mechanism of miR-590-3p on the radiosensitivity of U251R cells in vitro . The results from reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that miR-590-3p was upregulated in human glioma tissues and radioresistant human glioblastoma cells, and that miR-590-3p expression was higher in high grade than in low grade gliomas. In vitro experiments revealed that the miR-590-3p inhibitor enhanced the radiosensitivity of U251R cells by suppressing cell viability, decreasing colony formation capacity and increasing cell apoptosis rate, as demonstrated by MTT, colony formation and flow cytometry analyses. A luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1) was a direct target of miR-590-3p. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the effect of miR-590-3p suppression on cell viability, colony formation capacity and cell apoptosis rate was attenuated by the knockdown of LRIG1 in the U251R cells. In conclusion, the present study revealed that miR-590-3p was upregulated in human glioma tissues and radioresistant human glioblastoma cells, and miR-590-3p contributes to the radioresistance of human glioblastoma cells by directly targeting LRIG1. These findings may provide potential therapeutic strategies to prevent radioresistance in human gliomas.