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While previous research on cancer biology has focused on genes that code for proteins, in recent years it has been discovered that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)play key regulatory roles in cell biological functions. NcRNAs account for more than 95% of human transcripts and are an important entry point for the study of the mechanism of cancer development. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs can act as tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes to regulate tumor development at the epigenetic level, transcriptional level, as well as post-transcriptional level. Because of the importance of ncRNAs in cancer, most clinical trials have focused on ncRNAs to explore whether ncRNAs can be used as new biomarkers or therapies. In this review, we focus on recent studies of ncRNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circle RNAs (circRNAs), PIWI interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and tRNA in different types of cancer and explore the application of these ncRNAs in the development of cancer and the identification of relevant therapeutic targets and tumor biomarkers. Graphical abstract drawn by Fidraw.

Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, with a low early diagnosis rate. N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (MNNG) is one of the main risk factors for gastric cancer. Phytochemicals are healthy active substances derived from vegetables, fruits, nuts, tea, herbal medicines and other plants. Taking phytochemicals is a very promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer. Many studies have proved that phytochemicals have protective effects on MNNG induced gastric cancer via inhibiting cell proliferation, enhancing immunity, suppressing cell invasion and migration, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, blocking angiogenesis, inhibiting Helicobacter pylori infection as well as regulating metabolism and microbiota. The intervention and therapeutic effects of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer have attracted more and more attention. In order to better study and explore the role, advantages and challenges of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer, we summarized the intervention and therapeutic effects of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer. This review may help to further promote the research and clinical application of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer, and provide some new insights.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant cancer of the digestive tract and is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of regulated cell death, which involves the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides. It has been found that ferroptosis plays an important regulatory role in the occurrence, development, drug resistance, and prognosis of GC. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a critical role in the occurrence and progression of a variety of diseases including GC. In recent years, the role of ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related ncRNAs (miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA) in the occurrence, development, drug resistance, and prognosis of GC has attracted more and more attention. Herein, we briefly summarize the roles and functions of ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related ncRNAs in GC tumorigenesis, development, and prognosis. We also prospected the future research direction and challenges of ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related ncRNAs in GC.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding single-stranded covalently closed circular RNA, mainly produced by reverse splicing of exons of precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs). The characteristics of high abundance, strong specificity, and good stability of circRNAs have been discovered. A large number of studies have reported its various functions and mechanisms in biological events, such as the occurrence and development of cancer. In this review, we focus on the classification, characterization, biogenesis, functions of circRNAs, and the latest advances in cancer research. The development of circRNAs as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and treatment also provides new ideas for studying circRNAs research.

Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, with a low early diagnosis rate. N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (MNNG) is one of the main risk factors for gastric cancer. Phytochemicals are healthy active substances derived from vegetables, fruits, nuts, tea, herbal medicines and other plants. Taking phytochemicals is a very promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer. Many studies have proved that phytochemicals have protective effects on MNNG induced gastric cancer via inhibiting cell proliferation, enhancing immunity, suppressing cell invasion and migration, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, blocking angiogenesis, inhibiting Helicobacter pylori infection as well as regulating metabolism and microbiota. The intervention and therapeutic effects of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer have attracted more and more attention. In order to better study and explore the role, advantages and challenges of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer, we summarized the intervention and therapeutic effects of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer. This review may help to further promote the research and clinical application of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer, and provide some new insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two species of perennial grasses- Lolium perenne var. Top One (LPT) and Lolium perenne var. respect (LPR)-and a microbial consortium composed of two denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DPAOs)-strain Bacillus sp. MOE1 and Microbacterium sp. MOE2-were used to study the effect of plant-microorganisms interaction on removing nutrients from eutrophic water. The two perennial grasses could greatly remove the nutrients and pollutants; LPT could remove up to 40% of total nitrogen (TN) and 87% of TP in 20 days. Among the two species of perennial grasses, LPT is more efficient in removal of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), phosphorus, and CODMn. Without combining with LPT and LPR, the immobilized DPAOs could remove more than 73% phosphorus, 32% total nitrogen, and 81% ammonium nitrogen. Removal efficiency of phosphorus, TN, and NH4+-N enhanced after combining DPAOs with perennial grasses, especially with LPT. The combination of DPAOs and LPT may prove to be a promising approach in bioremediation of eutrophic water. In addition, the activities of urease, invertase, and alkaline phosphatases positively changed with the removal of nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and phosphorus correspondingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Exosome, a component of liquid biopsy, loaded protein, DNA, RNA and lipid gradually emerges as biomarker in tumors. However, exosomal circRNAs as biomarker and function mechanism in gastric cancer (GC) are not well understood. Methods Differentially expressed circRNAs in GC and healthy people were screened by database. The identification of hsa_circ_000200 was verified by RNase R and sequencing, and the expression of hsa_circ_000200 was evaluated using qRT-PCR. The biological function of hsa_circ_000200 in GC was verified in vitro. Western blot, RIP, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, and double luciferase assay were utilized to explore the potential mechanism of hsa_circ_000200. Results Hsa_circ_000200 up-regulated in GC tissue, serum and serum exosomes. Hsa_circ_000200 in serum exosomes showed better diagnostic ability than that of tissues and serum. Combined with clinicopathological parameters, its level was related to invasion depth, TNM staging, and distal metastasis. Functionally, knockdown of hsa_circ_000200 inhibited GC cells proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, while its overexpression played the opposite role. Importantly, exosomes with up-regulated hsa_circ_000200 promoted the proliferation and migration of co-cultured GC cells. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_000200 acted as a “ceRNA” for miR-4659a/b-3p to increase HBEGF and TGF-β/Smad expression, then promoted the development of GC. Conclusions Our findings suggest that hsa_circ_000200 promotes the progression of GC through hsa_circ_000200/miR-4659a/b-3p/HBEGF axis and affecting the expression of TGF-β/Smad. Serum exosomal hsa_circ_000200 may serve as a potential biomarker for GC.