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Background Treatment options for T1/2N0M0 anal squamous cell carcinoma include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and local excision, although the optimal treatment method has not been determined. Methods The National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and Results database was used to search and screen 1465 patients with cT1/2N0M0 anal squamous cell carcinoma who were clinically diagnosed between 2004 and 2016. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to screen independent prognostic factors and build a nomogram survival prediction model. According to the risk score, patients were divided into low, medium, and high risk groups using X-tile software. Results Age, sex, grade and cT stage were identified as independent prognostic factors for cT1/2N0M0 anal squamous cell carcinoma and were included in the nomogram to construct a prediction model. The C-index of the model was 0.770 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.693-0.856], which was higher than the C-index of T stage 0.565 (95% CI, 0.550-0.612). Low-risk patients benefited from local resection, moderate-risk patients benefited from radiotherapy, and high-risk patients benefited from radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. This was confirmed using external validation data from the center. Conclusion The nomogram developed in this study effectively and comprehensively evaluated the prognosis of patients with cT1/2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Local excision is recommended for low risk patients, radiotherapy for moderate-risk patients, and radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for high-risk patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternaria leaf spot seriously threatens the sustainable development of the global apple industry, causing significant losses and reducing fruit quality and yield. The causal agent Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali (Alternaria mali, ALT) produces various molecules to modulate infection, such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, toxins, and elicitor-like molecules. ALT produces the host-specific AM-toxin, an important pathogenicity factor. ALT also releases effectors into apple cells that modify host defense, but these proteins have not yet been described. Here, we identified the pathogenic fungal types responsible for early defoliation from diseased leaves of Fuji (Malus domestica cv. 'Fuji') apple collected from five districts in Shandong Province, China. The ALT isolates ALT2 to ALT7 were pathogenic to four apple cultivars, with ALT7 being the most aggressive. We extracted mycotoxins (AM-toxin-2 to AM-toxin-7) from each isolate and used them to treat different apple varieties, which led to leaf-spot symptoms and damaged chloroplasts and nuclear membranes, followed by cell death. AM-toxin-7 produced the most severe symptoms, but chloroplasts remained intact when the mycotoxin was inactivated. Mass spectrometry identified 134 secretory proteins in ALT7 exosomes, and three secreted proteins (AltABC, AltAO, and AltPDE) were confirmed to be involved in apple pathogenesis. Therefore, ALT secretes AM-toxin and secretory proteins as an infection strategy to promote fungal invasion and overcome the host defense system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, 3D laser scanning technology is extensively employed in laboratory investigations of steel structural components, providing accurate geometric dimensions to reduce uncertainties caused by indeterminate geometry in experimental results. It is often used in conjunction with the Finite Element (FE) Method and analytical solutions, which are more accurate deterministic operators in the research on steel structures. However, establishing a common methodological framework for transferring or mapping 3D-scanned information into finite element models for complex steel structures with stability and fatigue risks remains an ongoing task. In light of this, this study has developed a 3D scanning platform capable of obtaining accurate geometric dimensions for various types of steel components. Different coordinate systems and point cloud mapping algorithms have been established for different types of components to construct actual finite element models with initial imperfections. The feasibility of the self-developed 3D scanning platform and finite element modelling has been validated through three experimental cases: weld details, steel girders, and cylindrical shells. The research findings demonstrate that the captured point cloud can be automatically processed and corrected using the developed algorithm. The scanned data can then be input into the numerical model using various mapping algorithms tailored to the specific geometric properties of the specimens. The differences between the experimental test results and the simulated results obtained from the 3D-scanned finite element models remain within a small range. The self-developed 3D scanning platform and finite element modelling technique effectively capture the actual dimensions of different steel components, enabling the prediction of their stability and fatigue risks through numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Apple leaf spot, a disease caused by Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali and other fungal species, leads to severe defoliation and results in tremendous losses to the apple (Malus × domestica) industry in China. We previously identified three RPW8, nucleotide‐binding, and leucine‐rich repeat domain CCR‐NB‐LRR proteins (RNLs), named MdRNL1, MdRNL2, and MdRNL3, that contribute to Alternaria leaf spot (ALT1) resistance in apple. However, the role of NB‐LRR proteins in resistance to fungal diseases in apple remains poorly understood. We therefore used MdRNL1/2/3 as baits to screen ALT1‐inoculated leaves for interacting proteins and identified only MdRNL6 (another RNL) as an interactor of MdRNL2. Protein interaction assays demonstrated that MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 interact through their NB‐ARC domains. Transient expression assays in apple indicated that complexes containing both MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 are necessary for resistance to Alternaria leaf spot. Intriguingly, the same complexes were also required to confer resistance to Glomerella leaf spot and Marssonina leaf spot in transient expression assays. Furthermore, stable transgenic apple plants with suppressed expression of MdRNL6 showed hypersensitivity to Alternaria leaf spot, Glomerella leaf spot, and Marssonina leaf spot; these effects were similar to the effects of suppressing MdRNL2 expression in transgenic apple plantlets. The identification of these novel broad‐spectrum fungal resistance genes will facilitate breeding for fungal disease resistance in apple. Significance Statement: Apple leaf spot includes three major fungal diseases affecting the apple industry: Alternaria leaf spot, caused by Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali, Glomerella leaf spot, caused by Glomerella cingulata, and Marssonina leaf spot, caused by Marssonina coronaria. These three devastating diseases of apple (Malus × domestica) cause early severe defoliation, weaken tree vigor, and reduce apple production. In the present study we identified the mode of action of two CCR‐NB‐LRR R proteins, MdRNL2 and MdRNL6, to enhance resistance to Alternaria leaf spot, Glomerella leaf spot, and Marssonina leaf spot infection in the resistant apple cultivar HF. The identification and cloning of these novel broad‐spectrum fungal resistance genes will facilitate breeding for fungal disease resistance in apple. Also, we generated genetically transformed HF plantlets to prove that suppression of MdRNL2 expression results in susceptibility to three apple leaf spot pathogens, similar to the effect of suppressing MdRNL6 in transgenic apple plantlets. Taken together, our data provide detailed evidence for a previously unknown regulatory mechanism in which three apple leaf spot pathogens induce the production of MdRNL2 and MdRNL6, which form a heterocomplex at the NB‐ARC domain and contribute to Alternaria leaf spot, Glomerella leaf spot, and Marssonina leaf spot resistance. Our results provide a basis for deciphering the R‐protein‐based defense mechanism against three apple leaf spot pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using reverse transcription (RT) PCR and quantitative RT‐PCR, we showed the presence of apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), and apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) in all tested parts of pear plants from China. Relative RNA accumulation of ASGV, ASPV, and ASSVd in the annual branch phloem of different pear cultivars displayed different seasonal variations, but all showed relatively high RNA accumulation in October. Based on these results, 821 samples (annual branches) in October 2018 and 2019 were collected from major pear‐growing areas to evaluate the phytosanitary status of pear orchards in China by RT‐PCR‐based testing and sequencing. ASGV was found in 91.2% of the samples, followed by ASPV (74.8%) and ASSVd (46.9%); in contrast, ACLSV, pear blister canker viroid, and apple mosaic virus were rarely detected, if at all. About 79.5% of the samples showed mixed infections, the most common being of ASGV+ASPV+ASSVd. Two batches of Pyrus betulifolia seedlings were tested for the presence of the above viruses and viroids; one batch displayed 97.9% infection rate of ASSVd, including 14.1% of seedlings coinfected with ASGV; the other batch showed 0.9%, 1.3%, and 0.9% infection rates with ASGV, ASPV, and ACLSV, respectively. This is the first extensive report on the incidence of major pome fruit tree viruses and viroids in pear orchards in China, and also provides information on the occurrence of viruses and viroids in pear rootstock seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple leaf spot caused by the Alternaria alternata f. sp mali (ALT1) fungus is one of the most devastating diseases of apple (Malus × domestica). We identified a hairpin RNA (hpRNA) named MdhpRNA277 that produces small RNAs and is induced by ALT1 infection in 'NGR196' apple. MdhpRNA277 produces mdm-siR277-1 and mdm-siR277-2, which target five resistance (R) genes that are expressed at high levels in the resistant apple variety 'Hanfu' and at low levels in the susceptible variety 'NGR196' following ALT1 infection. MdhpRNA277 was strongly induced in 'NGR196' but not 'Hanfu' following ALT1 inoculation. MdhpRNA277 promoter activity was much stronger in inoculated 'NGR196' versus 'Hanfu'. We identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MdhpRNA277 promoter region between 'NGR196' (pMdhpRNA277-NGR196) and 'Hanfu' (pMdhpRNA277-HF). The transcription factor MdWHy binds to pMdhpRNA277-NGR196 , but not to pMdhpRNA277-HF. Transgenic 'GL-3' apple expressing pMdhpRNA277-NGR196:MdhpRNA277 was more susceptible to ALT1 infection than plants expressing pMdhpRNA277-HF:MdhpRNA277 due to induced mdm-siR277 accumulation and reduced expression of the five target R genes. We confirmed that the SNP in pMdhpRNA277 is associated with A. alternata leaf spot resistance by crossing. This SNP could be used as a marker to distinguish between apple varieties that are resistant or susceptible to A. alternata leaf spot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the mechanisms by which mRNAs are transported over long distances in the phloem between the rootstock and the scion in grafted woody plants., We identified an mRNA in the pear variety 'Du Li' ( Pyrus betulaefolia) that was shown to be transportable in the phloem. It contains a WUSCHEL- RELATED HOMEOBOX ( WOX) domain and was therefore named Wox Transport 1 ( PbWoxT1)., A 548-bp fragment of PbWoxT1 is critical in long-distance transport. PbWoxT1 is rich in CUCU polypyrimidine domains and its mRNAs interact with a polypyrimidine tract binding protein, Pb PTB3. Furthermore, the expression of PbWoxT1 significantly increased in the stems of wild-type (WT) tobacco grafted onto the rootstocks of PbWoxT1 or Pb PTB3 co-overexpressing lines, but this was not the case in WT plants grafted onto PbWoxT1 overexpressing rootstocks, suggesting that Pb PTB3 mediates PbWoxT1 mRNA long-distance transport., We provide novel information that adds a new mechanism with which to explain the noncell-autonomous manner of WOX gene function, which enriches our understanding of how WOX genes work in fruit trees and other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent evidence suggests that colonic macrophages and microRNAs play important roles in motor activity in the gastrointestinal tract. However, there are almost no data concerning colonic macrophages and microRNAs in slow transit constipation. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate colonic macrophages and microRNA-128 expression in the pathogenesis of slow transit constipation in colon tissues. Methods: Full-thickness colonic specimens from patients undergoing surgery for slow transit constipation, due to refractoriness to other therapeutic interventions ( n = 25), were compared to controls ( n = 25), and the number of colonic macrophages (as evaluated by specific monoclonal antibodies) was counted. Gene expression analysis of microRNA-128 was performed by microRNA microarray and qRT-PCR. Lastly, bioinformatics analysis, coupled with luciferase reporter assays, was used to investigate the mRNA transcript(s) targeted by microRNA-128. Results: Compared to controls, 20 of 25 slow transit constipation patients (80 %) had significantly higher numbers of macrophages in colonic specimens, coupled with down-regulation of microRNA-128. Linear regression analyses showed a significant negative correlation between macrophage number and microRNA-128 expression level. Among 83 bioinformatically predicated candidates, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (p38α) was validated to be a direct target of microRNA-128 in human intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions: This study presents evidence for the negative correlation of macrophage number and microRNA-128 expression, in slow transit constipation patients, representing a possible mechanism of impaired gastrointestinal motility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) of apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.), caused by Glomerella cingulata, is an emerging fungal epidemic threatening the apple industry. Little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying resistance to this devastating fungus. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in GLS resistance in apple. We focused on miRNAs that target genes related to disease and found that expression of a novel miRNA, Md-miRln20, was higher in susceptible apple varieties than in resistant ones. Furthermore, its target gene Md-TN1-GLS exhibited the opposite expression pattern, which suggested that the expression levels of Md-miRln20 and its target gene are closely related to apple resistance to GLS. Furthermore, downregulation of Md-miRln20 in susceptible apple leaves resulted in upregulation of Md-TN1-GLS and reduced the disease incidence. Conversely, overexpression of Md-miRln20 in resistant apple leaves suppressed Md-TN1-GLS expression, with increased disease incidence. We demonstrated that Md-miRln20 negatively regulates resistance to GLS by suppressing Md-TN1-GLS expression and showed, for the first time, a crucial role for miRNA in response to GLS in apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNA171 (miR171) is a highly conserved miRNA family, crucial for plant growth and development, and has been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but the role of miR171 has not been explored in pear. In this study, an effort was made to decipher the mechanism underlying dwarf in ‘Zhongai 3’, of which the shoot length and shoot growth rate during the growing season were much less than those of the vigorous cultivar ‘Zaosu’, and the same for the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content in shoot tips after May 22, 2016. We identified a member of the miR171 family, which was most sensitive to IAA and targeted two genes conformed by 5′-RACE, and we named Pyr-miR171f. The two targets were named as PyrSCL6 and PyrSCL22, and contained a GRAS-conserved domain and encoded nucleus proteins. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Pyr-miR171f was more abundant in ‘Zaosu’ shoot tips than in ‘Zhongai 3’ shoot tips, whereas the PyrSCL6 and PyrSCL22 mRNAs were more abundant in ‘Zhongai 3’ shoot tips than in ‘Zaosu’ shoot tips. The abundance of Pyr-miR171f and PyrSCL6 and PyrSCL22 mRNAs increased, but the trends were opposite between Pyr-miR171f and its target mRNAs in tissue culture seedlings treated by IAA. Our results suggest that IAA-induced miR171f negatively regulates the IAA signaling cascade via the GRAS pathway to maintain apical dominance. This work reveals a role for the miR171-SCL pathway in the dwarfing of ‘Zhongai 3’, and provides a theoretical basis for dwarf pear breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ship instance segmentation in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is a hard and challenging task, which not only locates ships but also obtains their shapes with pixel-level masks. However, in ocean SAR images, because of the consistent reflective intensities of ships, the appearances of different ships are similar, thus making it far too difficult to distinguish ships when they are in densely packed groups. Especially when ships have incline directions and large aspect ratios, the horizontal bounding boxes (HB-Boxes) used by all the instance-segmentation networks that we know so far inevitably contain redundant backgrounds, docks, and even other ships, which mislead the following segmentation. To solve this problem, a novel ship instance-segmentation network, called SRNet, is proposed with rotated bounding boxes (RB-Boxes), which are taken as the foundation of segmentation. Along the directions of ships, the RB-Boxes can surround the ships tightly, but a minor deviation will corrupt the integrity of the ships' masks. To improve the performance of the RB-Boxes, a dual feature alignment module (DAM) was designed to obtain the representative features with the direction and shape information of ships. On account of the difference between the classification task and regression task, two different sampling location calculation strategies were used in two convolutional kernels of the DAM, making these locations distributed dynamically on the ships' bodies and along the ships' boundaries. Moreover, to improve the effectiveness of training, a new adaptive Intersection-over-Union threshold (AIoU) was proposed based on the aspect-ratio information of ships to raise positive samples. To obtain the masks in the RB-Boxes, a new Mask-segmentation Head (MaskHead) with the twice sampling processes was explored. In experiments to evaluate the RB-Boxes, the accuracy of the RB-Boxes output from the Detection Head (DetHead) of SRNet outperformed eight rotated object-detection networks. In experiments to evaluate the final segmentation masks, compared with several classic and state-of-the-art instance-segmentation networks, our proposed SRNet achieved more accurate ship instance masks in SAR images. The ablation studies demonstrated the effectiveness of the DAM in the SRNet and the AIoU for our network training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities have substantially disrupted phosphorus (P) cycles in the ecosystem, affecting producers and consumers along the food chain. To assess the ecological effects of imbalanced P on producers as well as consumer reactions to changes in food quality, the effects of P concentrations (HP, MP, LP) on Scenedesmus obliquus, were investigated. To investigate the indirect effects of P levels on consumer feeding behavior and life history strategies, the algae were fed to Rotaria rotatoria. The results showed that P concentrations increased population density, environment capacity, cell size, specific growth rate, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b substantially. As a result of the P intracellular concentration of algae produced in HP and MP media, the algae were classified as two categories of food quality (P-rich, P-poor). Rotifers' grazing and filtration rates were significantly increased when they were fed P-poor algae. In reaction to a lack of P in their diet, rotifers extended their juvenile and reproductive periods, resulting in a longer life span, generation time, and life expectancy at rotifer hatching. Despite living longer than P-rich groups, rotifers fed P-poor algae produced much fewer offspring and had a significantly lower net reproductive rate, which was linked to the rotifers' longer generation period. According to the findings, phosphorus has a major impact on algal food quality, and herbivorous consumers are subjected to significant food quality variation of algae, which they respond to by modifying their life history strategies and feeding behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil organic carbon (SOC) detachment and transport, especially in the eroded areas, has a profound influence on the global carbon cycling and climate. However, soil organic carbon erosion still has a high uncertainty on land C balance components for lack of a detailed capture of local topography and quantitative factors. Here, aimed at the Loess Plateau (LP) area with undulating terrain, we presented an unprecedentedly high resolution (90 × 90 m) soil erosion model, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and the contributions of vegetation to SOC erosion changes were quantified through factorial simulation. Our findings demonstrate soil organic carbon which induced a substantial lateral redistribution by soil erosion was 10.46 Tg C yr−1 over the period 2000–2017, which was a decrease of 21% compared with that before 2000. In the fixed‐NDVI scenario, after 2000, SOC erosion increased by around 7% compared with that before 2000. Agriculture and shrub are the primary source of regional soil erosion and SOC erosion. These findings highlight the importance of lateral transport of SOC as an important process in soil and carbon cycles for future regional carbon cycle assessment. Plain Language Summary: Erosion‐induced soil transport and deposition change the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon, which has a profound influence on global carbon balance and climate environment. As a common focus of climate change and soil degradation, the impact of soil erosion on soil organic carbon has attracted wide attention. Generally, researches on soil organic carbon erosion lack detailed capture of local topography and quantitative factors. We provide quantitative, thorough and detailed estimates of soil erosion in Loess Plateau by means of a high‐resolution, spatially distributed, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation‐based modeling approach. Unlike previous studies that dealt with soil erosion as a static process, here we shed light on the impacts of land use change on soil erosion. The contributions of vegetation to SOC erosion changes were quantified through factorial simulation. Our results indicated that the simulation model with a resolution of 90 m can detailly describe the local soil erosion and SOC erosion. The importance of the use of high precision data in erosional key areas is revealed, and continuous high precision data are also provided for modeling of hydrological models. Key Points: Based on a high‐resolution, continuous spatially distributed landuse, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation was used to estimate quantitative, detailed soil erosionSoil organic carbon (SOC) erosion displayed a similar spatial pattern with soil erosionSOC erosion in the Loess Plateau was 10.46 Tg C yr−1 over the period 2000–2017, which was a decrease of 21% compared with that before 2000 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Developed a high-resolution building model using the state-space method. • One-hour time interval overestimates building heating and cooling loads in part-time patterns. • Explored the impact of thermal mass on residential buildings with different compositions and insulation placements. Abstract A high-resolution time interval numerical model is more accurate to analyze the building dynamic thermophysical processes in the intermittent occupancy, while relevant professional software, such as EnergyPlus, is not compatible with different time intervals. The present study aims to investigate the thermal mass effectiveness of external walls on the part-time part-space operation of heating and cooling of a typical residence. A high-resolution model of a typical 3-occupant residential apartment has been developed using the state-space method and validated by the simulation results from EnergyPlus. The model is then amended to calculate building energy demands with fixed heat and cold supply powers from the perspective of system control, in order to interpret the effectiveness of thermal mass with identical recommended U -value in the HSCW (Hot Summer and Cold Winter) zone in terms of room operative temperatures. It is found that high thermal mass does not help to reduce ideal building loads in the residential buildings in the HSCW zone, but it will improve indoor thermal comfort control in real engineering compared to low thermal mass. Regarding thermal insulation placements of heavy weight external walls under the same thermal mass, it is evidenced that the adoption of internal insulation weakens the thermal mass impact of the heavy weight wall composition compared to that of external insulation. It is inferred that the high thermal mass in the composition of external walls should be exposed to the indoor air to avoid overheating in the cooling conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pose and textural variations are two dominant factors to affect the performance of face recognition. It is widely believed that generating the corresponding frontal face from a face image of an arbitrary pose is an effective step toward improving the recognition performance. In the literature, however, the frontal face is generally recovered by only exploring textural characteristic. In this letter, we propose a two-stream deep correlation network, which incorporates both geometric and textural features for frontal face recovery. Given a face image under an arbitrary pose as input, geometric and textural characteristics are first extracted from two separate streams. The extracted characteristics are then fused through the proposed multiplicative patch correlation layer. These two steps are integrated into one network for end-to-end training and prediction, which is demonstrated effective compared with state-of-the-art methods on the benchmark datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report examines the current status and the multifaceted developments in the Chinese coal industry. It is to be made clear that, despite current upheavals, it is worthwhile to treat the market seriously and sustainably. Important factors for the success of business include the well-functioning application of references to demonstrate cross-system functionality. Promoting economic cooperation between SMEs is important to both the German and the Chinese governments. The Chinese mining industry itself is facing major challenges: solving the as-yet-to-be-completed price reform, a fragmented production structure, poorly balanced economic fundamentals and an insufficient safety standard put strains on its image. Furthermore, environmental damage must be counteracted. Overall, various factors are still making China's coal market inefficient. Above all, however, the continuous conflict between the mining industry, electricity producers and the railway is taking its toll. Der Bericht beleuchtet den aktuellen Status und die vielfacettierte Bewegung in der Kohlenbranche Chinas. Es soll deutlich gemacht werden, dass es sich trotz gegenwärtiger Umbrüche lohnt, den Markt ernsthaft und nachhaltig zu bearbeiten. Als wichtige Erfolgsfaktoren für Geschäftsabschlüsse dienen gut funktionierende Referenzeinsätze zur Demonstration einer systemübergreifenden Funktionalität. Für die deutsche und chinesische Regierungen kommt der Förderung von Wirtschaftskooperationen von KMU beider Länder Bedeutung bei. Der chinesische Bergbau steht selbst vor großen Herausforderungen: Die Lösung der immer noch nicht abgeschlossenen Preisreform, eine fragmentierte Produktionsstruktur, unausgewogene wirtschaftliche Grundlagen und ein unzureichender Sicherheitsstandard belasten das Image. Auch Umweltschäden gilt es zu bekämpfen. Diverse Faktoren machen Chinas Kohlenmarkt in Summe immer noch ineffizient. Vor allem jedoch schlägt ein Dauerkonflikt zwischen der Förderindustrie, den Stromerzeugern und der Eisenbahn zu Buche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]