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Marine ecotourism is one of the pivotal sectors that supports the sustainability of marine ecosystems and elevates the socioeconomic status of the country. Karangsong is located on the northern side of the Indramayu districts, covering approximately 25 hectares of mangrove. The significant number of tourists visiting sites of mangrove ecotourism in Indonesia contributed to the tourist intentions associated with the diversity of mangrove and management strategies. How the community-based tourism (CBT) index aligns with biophysical assessment is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the interconnectedness between the community-based tourism (CBT) index and biophysical assessment to measure the ratio number of tourists using the carrying capacity and sustainability index in Karangsong. A potential new suitability index for mangrove tourism was created. The various factors such as the mangrove ecosystem, substrate, and suitability that impacted the development of mangrove tourism were quantitatively analyzed. Our study identified that the majority of mangrove ecotourism sites in Karangsong Indramayu Regency consist of rich diverse mangrove species. The biophysical characteristics of the mangrove ecosystem were assessed with a suitability index of 83.7%. Our results indicated that the operations of mangrove tourism in the Karangsong region are well-managed and maintained. The region has a carrying capacity of 803 people/day, which refers to the maximum number of individuals for this area. This finding provides a more detailed understanding of the contribution of the new sustainability index of mangrove tourism and community-based tourism (CBT) approach assessing the potential development and challenges in the management of mangrove forests ecotourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long-term equilibrium relationship between urban tourism network attention (UTNA) and the volume of tourism. Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of UTNA before and after the COVID-19 pandemic has important implications for destination management. On the basis of the Baidu index, this study collected the tourism network attention of 337 prefecture-level cities in China from 2018 to 2021 through data mining and analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and regional differences in UTNA in China by using the seasonal concentration index, the Zipf model and the Dagum Gini coefficient. The results show that, firstly, the UTNA decreased significantly during the study period, with significant seasonal variability and spatial unevenness; April, July, August and October comprise the high season, while January, February, November and December comprise the low season. Secondly, in terms of regional heterogeneity, the seasonal differences in UTNA are generally greater in the northeast regions than in the central, and western regions, and are the smallest in the eastern regions. Thirdly, the UTNA shows a strong rank-scale characteristic, indicating that Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi'an, and others that are rich in tourism resources are the main high-value cities, and "core-edge" characteristics gradually formed around these municipalities and capital cities. Lastly, of the four regions, the northeast regions had the largest intraregional and inter-regional differences. From the perspective of the contribution to regional difference sources G n b > G t > G w , inter-regional disparities are the main reasons for the overall differences. Accordingly, policy suggestions are proposed to further promote the sustainable development of tourism destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land plants have a unique vascular bundle system that ranges in length from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters. These systems integrate the various organs of the whole plant, perform material exchange between different plant tissues and mediate the transmission of signals between cells or over long distances. Grafting and parasitism can reshape the vascular tissues of different ecotypes or species and represent two important systems for studying plant systemic signaling. In recent years, with the advancement of genomics and sequencing technology, the transportation, identification, and function of systemic plant macromolecules have been extensively studied. Here, we review the current body of knowledge of the transport pathways and regulatory mechanisms of macromolecules in plants and assess systemic, long‐distance signal trafficking that mediates stress responses, and plant–environment or plant–insect community interactions. Additionally, we propose several methods for identifying mobile mRNAs and proteins. Finally, we discuss the challenges facing systemic signaling research and put forth the most urgent questions that need to be answered to advance our understanding of plant systemic signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is rich in nutrition, and can be vital in improving and enriching the diets of people. However, potatoes contain a natural secondary metabolite group, steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), which can cause human and animal toxicity at higher levels. In this study, we investigated the inhibition effect of film on SGA concentration in tuber during potato growth via a pot experiment in 2016 and a field experiment in 2017. Tubers were sampled every 15 days from flowering to harvest in the pot experiment, and were sampled after harvest in field experiment. The results showed that SGA concentration decreased gradually with the enlargement and maturation of potato tubers. In contrast to blank and white film treatments, the inhibition effect of black film on SGA concentration in tuber was remarkable, while the tuber yield per plant was similar between treatments. In the field experiment, the tuber SGA concentration mulching black film was significantly lower than that mulching white film and blank treatments, while the tuber yield per plant mulching black film among them was comparable. These results suggest that black film may be applied to the production to inhibit SGA concentration accumulation during growth, which is important for consuming potato tubers safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative and the national strategy of "Ecological Protection and High-Quality Development in the Yellow River Basin", the tourism development of the Yellow River basin of China is facing important opportunity. However, the spatial differences of tourism economy and the unbalanced development of interprovincial resources has become a threat for the sustainable development of the basin. By using the statistical data from 2003 to 2018, this paper aims to identify the numerical feature and spatial patterns of tourism development in the Yellow River Basin from the aspects of tourist volume (domestic tourists and inbound tourists) and tourism income (income from domestic tourism and inbound tourism) at provincial and prefectural scales. Analysis of spatial autocorrelation reveals significant clusters and outliers of tourist volume and tourism income at prefectural scale. Location condition, terrain condition, culture resources, regional policies, the interregional relationship and tourism infrastructure were the main factors influencing the spatial differences of tourism development in the Yellow River Basin. The study could offer useful information for the regional tourism management in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Potato tubers contain undesirable steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), which have evoked global concern in terms of feed and food safety due to their toxic effects in humans. The cultivar Unica was exposed to a combination of light and wounding. SGA content among different tissues was analysed. Our results showed that SGA contents of tubers subjected to light was higher than that of intact tubers stored in darkness, and SGA content in the skin varied with time; however, SGA content in the flesh remained stable at a relatively low level. SGA content in the wound was higher than that of intact tubers. Importantly, light and wounding were shown to have synergistic effects on SGA content in the tuber, which only influenced SGA content within approximately 3 mm of the wound surface. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the reasonable and safe consumption of potatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato/potato heterografting‐triggered phenotypic variations are well documented, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying grafting‐induced phenotypic processes remain unknown. To investigate the phenotypic and transcriptomic responses of grafting parents in heterografting in comparison with self‐grafting, tomato (Sl) was grafted onto potato rootstocks (St), and comparative phenotyping and transcriptome profiling were performed. Phenotypic analysis showed that Sl/St heterografting induced few phenotypic changes in the tomato scion. A total of 209 upregulated genes were identified in the tomato scion, some of which appear to be involved in starch and sucrose biosynthesis. Sl/St heterografting induced several modifications in the potato rootstocks (St‐R), stolon number, stolon length and tuber number decreased significantly, together with an increase in GA3 content of stolon and tuber, compared with self‐grafted potato (St‐WT). These results indicate that the tomato scion is less effective at producing substances or signals to induce tuberization but promotes stolon development into aerial stems and sprouting. RNA‐Seq data analysis showed that 1529 genes were upregulated and 1329 downregulated between St‐WT and St‐R; some of these genes are involved in plant hormone signal transduction, with GID1‐like gibberellin receptor (StGID1) and DELLA protein (StDELLA) being upregulated. Several genes in auxin, abscisic acid and ethylene pathways were differentially expressed as well. Various hormone signals engage in crosstalk to regulate diverse phenotypic events after grafting. This work provides abundant transcriptome profile data and lays a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying RNA‐based interactions between rootstocks and scions after tomato/potato heterografting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato and its products have become indispensable foods and snacks for most people. Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) occur in all tissues of the potato, and consuming potatoes with a high SGA content harms human health. Therefore, the effects of different cooking methods on the SGA content in potato foods were investigated in this study. The results indicated that adding food-grade acetic acid during the manufacturing process did not affect the SGA content in stir-fried shredded potatoes or fresh mashed potatoes. However, the SGA content in potato food after peeling was significantly lower than that in non-peeled food, and the volume ratio of potato skin to flesh decreased with the increase of the potato tuber volume. Therefore, potato breeders and farmers should make the most hard to increase the proportion of commodity potato via corresponding science and technology. In addition, frying significantly reduced the SGA content in potato chips. Further research indicated that SGAs degraded slowly at 150°C, while they degraded rapidly at 190°C within 30 min. The temperature of rapeseed oil in the frying process can be as high above 200°C. Thus, frying significantly decreased the SGA content in potato chips, which could be attributed to temperature. These results will provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for potato breeding and cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a plasma sputtering system for the deposition of combinatorial libraries is described. A rotating carousel is used to position shadow masks between the targets and the substrate. Multilayer films are built up by depositing sequentially through various masks. Postdeposition annealing is used to promote interdiffusion of the layered structures. Either discrete or compositional gradient libraries can be deposited in this system. Samples appropriate for characterization with a scanning electrochemical microscope or a multichannel microelectrode array system can be produced. The properties of some deposited Pt–Ru films for fuel cell applications are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vision-based pedestrian detection has become an active topic in computer vision and autonomous vehicles. It aims at detecting pedestrians appearing ahead of the vehicle using a camera so that autonomous vehicles can assess the danger and take action. Due to varied illumination and appearance, complex background and occlusion pedestrian detection in outdoor environments is a difficult problem. In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical feature extraction and weighted kernel sparse representation model for pedestrian classification. Initially, hierarchical feature extraction based on a CENTRIST descriptor is used to capture discriminative structures. A max pooling operation is used to enhance the invariance of varying appearance. Then, a kernel sparse representation model is proposed to fully exploit the discrimination information embedded in the hierarchical local features, and a Gaussian weight function as the measure to effectively handle the occlusion in pedestrian images. Extensive experiments are conducted on benchmark databases, including INRIA, Daimler, an artificially generated dataset and a real occluded dataset, demonstrating the more robust performance of the proposed method compared to state-of-the-art pedestrian classification methods.