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Autoclave corrosion testing has been used for many years; however, few have studied the effect of its shortcomings on the formation of corrosion products and corrosion behaviour. In particular, understanding of these effects under high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) is rare. In this study, we highlighted the important parameters such as heating periods, flow rates and volume-to-surface ratios influencing carbon steel corrosion in the early stages. Especially, characterisation and protection behaviour of corrosion products associated with corrosion behaviour in the heating stage under the geothermal CO2-containing environment were systematically studied via mass loss, in-situ electrochemistry and surface analysis techniques. The roles of pCO2, volume-to-surface ratio and flow rate influence the formation of the corrosion products in the early stage are also evaluated.

Previous studies have focused on the reduction effect of regulation-based instruments and economic-based instruments on air pollution, ignoring the importance of environmental information disclosure. Based on the Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS), a quasi-natural policy implemented in 2012, this paper assesses the effect of environmental information disclosure on air pollution through a dynamic spatial difference-in-difference (DID) model using panel data of 269 cities from 2006 to 2017 in China. We find that the implementation of the AAQS results in a 3% reduction of local PM2.5 concentration and a 3.3% reduction of PM2.5 concentration in the surrounding cities. Further analysis suggests that environmental information disclosure reduces air pollution through enhancing public environmental concerns, green innovation, and industrial upgrading. We also explore the moderating effect of government environmental regulation and heterogeneity analysis in different regions. Our findings suggest that government should further develop the scope and quality of environmental quality information disclosure. Moreover, the local government should provide more support for the green transformation of enterprises and provide necessary support during the transition period. In addition, long-term sustainable environmental protection policies must be able to mobilize regional initiatives for green development.

Drawing on expectancy theory, this study explains how founders’ succession intentions might influence family firms’ environmental environments. Using a nationally representative sample of Chinese private firms, we find that family firms make more environmental investments when founders have succession intentions. We also find that the relationship between founders’ succession intentions and family firms’ environmental investments is negatively moderated by the founders’ subjective social status. Moreover, the results show that, compared with ownership succession intentions, the positive role of founders’ management succession intentions on family firms’ environmental investments is more prominent. This study helps us to better understand the impact of succession intentions on family business decision-making from a psychological perspective. It enriches the research on succession intentions and provides practical implications for family firms’ sustainable development.