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The aim of the study was to examine the impact of microbiological and organic fertilizers on morphological and productive characteristics of triticale during a three-year period (2009/10-2011/12). A two-factorial field experiment was arranged using a randomized block design with four replications. The object of the study was the triticale winter cultivar Odisej, and the following treatments were applied: a control variant without fertilization, microbiological fertilizer "Slavol" (Agrounik Serbia) 5.0 l ha-1 , organic fertilizer "Biohumus Royal offert" (Altamed RS) 3.0 t ha-1 + microbiological fertilizer "Slavol" (Agrounik Serbia) 5.0 l ha-1 . The results showed that the expression of the characteristics was significantly affected by the environment. The lowest values were obtained in the first year when the most unfavourable meteorological conditions were observed. The application of microbiological fertilizer had no impact on the stem length and grain weight per spike, but it significantly increased the number of fertile spikelets (3.7%), spike length (7.7%) and grain yield (18.6%). The combined application of fertilizers provided better results for all the examined characteristics, while in comparison with the control, the differences ranged from 4.3% for the number of fertile spikelets to 46.5% for grain yield. The strongest correlation was determined between the spike length and the number of fertile spikelets (r = 0.939**). The obtained results lead to the conclusion that under variable environmental conditions, the application of fertilizers has a significant impact on morphological and productive characteristics of triticale, and consequently on the stability of this crop production in the organic farming system.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of several mycotoxins produced by certain Fusarium species that frequently infect wheat, corn, rice, oats, barley and other grains in the field or during storage. DON affects animal and human health causing vomiting, acute temporary nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness and fever. The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in white wheat flour, whole wheat flour and wheat bran. In this study, a total of 75 white wheat flour, whole wheat flour and wheat bran samples were collected in the period of 2016-2017. All samples were analyzed for DON by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. DON was detected in 23 out of 45 white wheat flour samples (51.11%), at levels ranging from 99 μg/kg to 440 μg/kg. Out of 15 whole wheat flour samples, 14 were contaminated by DON (93.33%), at levels ranging from 98 μg/kg to 479 μg/kg. The maximum contamination level of DON (2,790 μg/kg) in this study was found in wheat bran. Presence of DON was detected in all 15 samples of wheat bran (100%). These results suggest a high percentage of contaminated samples, especially among wheat bran samples, which raises a risk for consumers of wheat bran and the need to monitor final products before consumption.

Genetically modified (GM) crops and biotechnology are providing new opportunities for increasing crop productivity and tackling agriculture problems, such as diseases, pests and weeds, abiotic stress and nutritional limitations of staple food crops. As GM crops are being adopted in various locations with different ecosystems, a scientifically based understanding of the environmental effects of cultivations of GM crops would assist decision makers worldwide in ensuring environmental safety and sustainability. In this paper are discussed some of the most important problems related to the GM crops into the environment such as: plant protection, hybridisation, ecological effects of HRCs, gene flow, biodiversity, stress, ecological risks (ERA), effects on the soil ecosystem etc.

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The primary aim of this research was to investigate the effect of dilute alkaline steeping on molds and toxicity of maize malt. Samples of maize were collected from one farm located in the Serbian autonomous region Vojvodina. Steeping regimes were performed by using 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% NaOH solutions. The effects of these solutions on mold contamination, total aflatoxin (AFLA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON), rootlet length, moisture, total nitrogen, content of protein, fat content, ash content, content of total carbohydrates, and energy value of maize malt were evaluated. Steeping in 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% NaOH reduced the levels of molds from 106 to 104 CFU/g, and steeping in 0.3% NaOH eliminated some of the mold genera. Also, it significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the level of total AFLA, DON, and ZON. However, steeping in (control) water also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the level of DON and ZON. Malting also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) total nitrogen and therefore content of proteins. However, steeping in 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% NaOH caused significantly smaller reductions (P < 0.05). Significant reduction (P < 0.05) was also observed in the rootlet length, content of fat, and ash content. Steeping in 0.3% NaOH is proposed as a method for the reduction of mold and AFLA, DON, and ZON contamination during maize malting. Energy value of maize increases in the malting process regardless of the steeping regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]