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Background: Medium‐term evaluate the bond strength and tag formation in root dentin using self‐adhesive cements Maxcem Elite (MCE), Relyx U200 (RU2), SeT PP (SPP) and Megalink (MGL) compared to conventional cement Relyx ARC (ARC) for glass fibre post cementation. Materials and methods: One hundred bovine incisors roots were endodontically treated and divided into 5 groups (n = 20) according to the cementation system: MCE, RU2, SPP, MGL and ARC. All cementation systems were evaluated at 24 h (1) and 12 months (2) after post cementation. Specimens from the cervical, middle and apical thirds of the root were submitted to push‐out bond strength test and confocal laser microscopy to verify the dentin penetration. The adhesive failure mode was classified as adhesive, cohesive and mixed. Data were analysed by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 5%). Results: ARC‐1 and ARC‐12 showed the highest bond strength (P < 0.05). ARC showed the greatest tag extension, regardless of the third (P < 0.05). The most frequent failure mode in the 24‐h analysis was cohesive, regardless of the cement used. For the 12‐month analysis, mixed failure was the most frequent. Conclusion: Conventional cement (ARC) showed the highest bond strength and tag extension, regardless of the evaluation period. In all cementation systems, the bond strength decreased after 12 months. © 2023 Australian Dental Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (SH) or calcium hypochlorite (CH) submitted to passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or conventional irrigation (CI) on the incidence of residues and the bond strength of the cementation system to post-space dentin. Distilled water (DW) and 2.5% SH followed by 17% EDTA (SH-ED) were used as negative and positive control groups, respectively. The cervical, middle, and apical thirds of the post space were evaluated. One hundred and twenty bovine incisors were endodontically treated and post-space preparation was performed. The specimens were randomly assigned to six groups, according to the solution and irrigation method: DW-CI, SH-ED-CI-SH, SH-CI, SH-PUI, CH-CI, and CH-PUI. The incidence of residues (n=10) over the dentin was evaluated by scores using SEM images. Other specimens were irrigated as previously described and the post cementation was immediately performed using a conventional dual resin cement and a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Push-out and failure modes were performed for bonding evaluation. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test for incidence of residues data and one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests for bond strength data were used at a significance level of 5%. The protocols that showed a lower incidence of residues were: SH-ED-CI-SH, SH-PUI, and CH-PUI for the cervical third and SHED-CI-SH for the middle third (p<0.05). In the apical third, the protocols were similar to each other (p>0.05). Bond strength values were higher after irrigation with DW-CI for all thirds (p<0.05). 2.5% sodium or calcium hypochlorite negatively impacted the adhesion interface and exhibited a greater incidence of residues over the post-space radicular dentin., (© Operative Dentistry, 2024.)

Purpose: To analyze the microstructural and mechanical properties of various commercial trademarks of lithium disilicate ceramics for CAD-CAM systems., Materials and Methods: Specimens of different lithium disilicate ceramics were obtained and randomized into 5 groups (n = 14): EM: e.max CAD; RT: Rosetta SM; EV: Evolith; PM: Smile-Lithium CAD; and, HS: HaHaSmile. The microstructural analysis was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); for flexural strength, the three-point bending flexure test was used. XRD and SEM data were qualitatively evaluated. Data from flexural strength were assessed with one-way ANOVA test (α = 0.05) and Weibull analysis., Results: High peaks corresponding to the lithium metasilicate and lithium disilicate pattern with similar intensities were observed in all ceramics in the XRD analysis. SEM images showed similar patterns of crystalline structure in the EM and RT ceramics, while the other three groups presented different crystal morphologies than the previous ones and were similar to each other. No differences were found in flexural strength among the groups (p = 0.28)., Conclusions: The CAD-CAM lithium disilicate ceramics showed comparable crystalline intensities. The microstructure of the EM and RT ceramics were different from the other groups. Flexural strength was similar among all ceramics., (© 2024 by the American College of Prosthodontists.)

Context: Seal the dentin of the pulp chamber during endodontic treatment to avoid interfering with the restorative treatment performed afterward., Aims: The aim was to evaluate the effect of three adhesive systems applied in different bonding strategies (etch-and-rinse, self-etch, and universal adhesive) and time-point application (immediately after the cavity access preparation or after endodontic obturation) on the hybrid layer formation and dentinal penetrability., Materials and Methods: Forty-eight sound molars were randomly distributed into six groups ( n = 10) according to the adhesive system used: Forty-eight sound molars were randomly distributed into six groups ( n = 10) according to the adhesive system used and the time-point application: Adper Scotchbond Multi-purpose (AS), Clearfil SE (CF) and Scotchbond Universal (SU) in strategy of immediate endodontic sealing (IES) or delayed endodontic sealing (DES). In IES-AS, IES-CF, and IES-SU groups, dentin sealing was performed immediately after the cavity access, while in DES-AS, DES-CF, and DES-SU, after root canal obturation. The specimens were sectioned in the long axis, in a buccal-lingual direction, and the dentinal penetrability of the adhesive systems was evaluated using confocal microscopy images. Hybrid layer formation was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy images., Statistical Analysis Used: Dentinal penetrability data were analyzed with the ANOVA test and the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for hybrid layer data (α = 0.05)., Results: IES-CF showed the lowest dentinal penetrability ( P < 0.05), while the other protocols were similar to each other ( P > 0.05). No significant differences were found between groups regarding the hybrid layer formation ( P > 0.05). Immediate and DES protocols do not influence the hybrid layer formation, regardless of the bond strategy used., Conclusions: Sealing the pulp chamber dentin before endodontic treatment can improve the bond strength of the final restoration but the formation of the hybrid layer was not influenced by the bond strategy., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.)

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of antioxidants, 10% sodium ascorbate (SA) or 20% alpha-tocopherol (AT), after post-space irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite +17% EDTA (SH) or 1% peracetic acid (PA) on the adhesive interface after glass fiber post cementation., Materials and Methods: Sixty bovine roots were endodontically treated. After preparation, the post-space was irrigated with SH or PA followed or not by the use of antioxidants (SA or AT) (n = 10). Push-out bond strength test, failure mode, and dentin penetrability analysis using confocal laser microscope were performed in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds. Data from bond strength and dentinal penetrability were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test (p < 0.05)., Results: SH showed the lowest bond strength regardless of the third (p < 0.05). In apical third, mixed failure was the most incident in all groups. Only in the cervical third of the post-space, SH-AT provided the greatest tag extension of the cementation system into dentin (p < 0.05). However, in the middle and apical thirds, SH-AT, SH-SA, and PA-SA provided the largest tag extensions (p < 0.05), but similar to each other (p > 0.05)., Conclusions: The use of antioxidants only favored bond strength when SH was used and dentin penetrability of the adhesive and conventional resin cementation, regardless of the solution used to irrigate the post-space., Clinical Significance: The use of antioxidants (10% sodium ascorbate and 20% alpha-tocopherol) after post-space irrigation with sodium hypochlorite appears to increase the bond strength favoring the glass fiber post-cementation., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The study evaluated the persistence of residues, bond strength and tags formation of a cementation system after post-space irrigation with different sodium hypochlorite-based irrigants. The groups were divided according to the irrigation protocol (DW: distilled water; SHS: sodium hypochlorite solution; SHG: sodium hypochlorite gel; and, SHT: sodium hypochlorite with surfactant). Forty roots (n=10) were used to evaluate the persistence of residues by scanning electron microscopy. Other forty roots were used to the push-out bond strength test, failure mode and tag formation analyses. Non-parametric data were submitted to Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests, while parametric data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA. No difference was observed in the persistence of residues. DW showed the highest bond strength and tag formation. Type 2 failure mode was the most frequent in the experimental groups. Compared to control, SHT showed the best performance, since less negative effects on adhesive interface was observed.

This study evaluated the effects of irrigating solutions containing 5% boric acid + 1% citric acid or 1% peracetic acid + high concentration hydrogen peroxide on root cleaning and bond strength of cementation systems after 24 h and 6 months of glass fiber post cementation. One hundred and twenty roots were endodontically treated. The specimens were randomized into one of four treatments (n = 10): DW (distilled water); NaOCl 2.5% + EDTA 17% (2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution + 17% EDTA); PA 1% + HP (1% peracetic acid solution + high concentration of hydrogen peroxide); BA 5% + CA 1% (5% boric acid associated with 1% citric acid). The cleaning efficacy in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of the post-space, and the push-out bond strength at 24 h and 6 months after post cementation were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and two-way ANOVA tests, respectively. BA 5% + CA 1% showed statistically significantly superior cleaning efficacy compared to the other solutions. This irrigation protocol also resulted in higher bond strength at 24 h and 6 months, regardless of the root third considered, and this was statistically significantly higher than those seen for DW and PA 1% + HP. For BA 5% + CA 1% irrigation protocol, type 1 adhesive failure was the most prevalent. Post-space irrigation with BA 5% + CA 1% provided both higher cleaning efficacy and better bond strength., (© 2023 Scandinavian Division of the International Association for Dental Research. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of antioxidant solutions on fracture strength and bonding performance in non-vital and bleached (38% hydrogen peroxide) teeth. One hundred and eighty dentin specimens were obtained, 60 for each test: fracture strength, hybrid layer thickness, and bond strength. The groups (n=10) were randomly composed according to post-bleaching protocol: REST - restoration, without bleaching; BL - bleaching + restoration; SA - bleaching, 10% sodium ascorbate solution, and restoration; AT - bleaching, 10% α-tocopherol solution, and restoration; CRAN - bleaching, 5% cranberry solution, and restoration; CAP - bleaching, 0.0025% capsaicin solution, and restoration. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, and Qui-Square tests (α=0.05). The highest fracture strength values were observed in REST (1508.96 ±148.15 N), without significant difference for the bleached groups (p>0.05), regardless of the antioxidant use. The hybrid layer thickness in the group that was not subjected to bleaching (REST) was significantly higher than in any other group. The bond strength in the bleached and antioxidants-treated groups (SA, AT, CRAN, CAP) has no differences with the bleached group without antioxidants (BL). Adhesive failures were predominant in the groups that did not receive the antioxidant application. In conclusion, the evaluated antioxidants did not show an effect on the fracture strength, hybrid layer thickness, or bond strength of dentin bleached after endodontic treatment. The application of 10% sodium ascorbate, 10% alpha-tocopherol, 5% cranberry, or 0.0025% capsaicin solutions is not an effective step and should not be considered for the restorative protocols after non-vital bleaching.

Background: The use of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HP) photoactivated with LED/laser sources is common however, their influence on tooth structure is not yet fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the pH, microhardness and surface roughness of different bleaching protocols photoactivated with LED/laser., Methods: Forty bovine incisors were sectioned (7 × 7 × 2 mm) and randomized into four groups for analysis of pH (n = 5), microhardness and roughness (n = 10): HP35, HP6&#95;L, HP15&#95;L, HP35&#95;L. The pH analysis was performed in the initial and final minute of the bleaching protocol. Microhardness and roughness were evaluated before and 7 days after the last bleaching session. Results were obtained from two-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Bonferroni post-test at a significance level of 5%., Results: HP6&#95;L showed higher pH and greater stability between the initial and final evaluations, while the other groups showed similar pH with reduced values in the intragroup evaluation. No differences between groups in microhardness and roughness evaluations were observed., Conclusions: Although HP6&#95;L showed higher alkalinity and pH stability, none of the protocols reduced the microhardness and surface roughness of bovine enamel., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the cleaning potential of 95% ethanol, acetone, and amyl acetate solutions used solely or in association, to remove epoxy resin-based sealer residues from pulp chamber dentin and their microstructural effects., Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty bovine incisor specimens were divided into nine groups according to the cleaning protocol: ET (ethanol); AC (acetone); AA (amyl acetate); E1: AA+AC; E2: AA+ET; E3: AC+ET; E4: AA+AC+ET; PC (positive control), and NC (negative control). All groups were impregnated with epoxy resin-sealer, except NC. Ninety specimens were divided into groups (n = 10) for evaluation of persistence of residues and amount of open dentinal tubules by SEM analysis and evaluation of chemical compounds on the dentin surface after cleaning with electron dispersive spectroscopy. The others 90 specimens were submitted to Knoop microhardness evaluation. Persistence of residues data were submitted to the Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 0.05). Open dentinal tubules and microhardness data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Mann Whitney tests (α = 0.05)., Results: AA and E4 protocols showed the lowest persistence of residues. E4 group had the highest incidence of open dentinal tubules. E3 and E4 groups showed no changes in the atomic ratio Ca/P, which was similar to NC group. E4 group did not present W, an element presents in all the other groups. ET and E4 protocols showed the smallest reduction in dentin microhardness., Conclusions: The combination of amyl acetate, acetone and ethanol is the most effective and safe protocol to remove epoxy sealer residues on pulp chamber dentin. Moreover, it has the lowest microhardness reduction., Clinical Significance: The combined use of amyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol enhanced the cleaning of pulp chamber dentin with minimal microstructural damage., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cleansing protocols to remove sealer residues using different cleaning strategies and the effect of bond strength of two universal adhesives to dentin impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer., Materials and Methods: Fifty bovine dentin specimens were impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer containing calcium hydroxide (Sealer Plus) and submitted to cleansing protocols (n = 10): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), 95% ethanol (ET), xylol (XI), and amyl acetate (AA). Specimens were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Other 100 specimens were submitted to the same protocols (n = 20). Each protocol was divided into subgroups (n = 10) according to the universal adhesive system used: Scotchbond Universal (SU); Ambar Universal (AU). Bond strength was evaluated by micro-shear bond test (μSBT). Persistence of residues data were assessed with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. μSBT data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (α = 5%)., Results: ET presented higher persistence of residues compared to AA and XI (p < 0.05). AA and XI were similar from each other (p > 0.05). AU and SU presented similar μSBT values, regardless of the cleansing solution (p > 0.05). SU-NC presented the highest μSBT among all conditions (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: The bond strength of universal adhesives was not affected by different amounts of sealer residues after different cleaning protocols., Clinical Significance: Non-polar substances such as amyl acetate and xylol are effective for removing residues from epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Bleaching protocols using low concentration hydrogen peroxide (HP) photoactivated with LED sources have been widely discussed. Herein, we evaluated the whitening efficacy of 15% HP photoactivated with blue or violet LED compared to 35% HP., Methods: Thirty bovine crowns were sectioned into 5 × 5 × 2 mm specimens. After staining in black tea, the specimens were randomized into three groups (n = 10): 35% HP, 15% HP + blue LED and 15% HP + violet LED. Two bleaching sessions were performed and the color assessment (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, ∆E ab [CIELab], ∆E 00 [CIEDE2000] and WI D ) was performed before, 24h after each session, 7 days and 1 month after the last session. Data were evaluated by two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test at a significance level of 5%., Results: All groups showed effective and similar results over 1 month of follow-up (p > 0.05), with only intragroup differences among the time intervals (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The use of 15% HP photoactivated with blue or violet LED showed similar whitening efficacy compared to 35% HP. Thus, the association of low concentration bleaching gels with blue or violet LED sources can provide successful and less-aggressive treatment in terms of color change., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in this article., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This study evaluated the effect of irrigation protocols using 95% ethanol (ET) or 1% peracetic acid (PA) prior the use of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) compared to distilled water (DW) on the chemical smear layer (CSL) formation and incidence of open dentin tubules at the apical, medium, and cervical third of the post-space dentin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) images were used. Forty bovine roots were endodontically treated. After, post-space preparation was performed and the roots were randomized in four groups (n = 10) according to the irrigation protocol: DW, CHX, CHX-ET and CHX-PA. The chemical composition of CSL and the incidence of open dentin tubules at the post-space thirds were evaluated by EDS (500× magnification) and SEM (2000× magnification) images, respectively. Data from chemical composition of CSL were descriptively analyzed, while the incidence of open dentin tubules was evaluated by scores and submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test (p = .05). Cl, Bi, and Si were the chemical elements most found over the dentin after the irrigation with CHX and CHX-ET. Moreover, CHX and CHX-ET showed the highest incidence of CSL (p < .05), but without difference between them (p > .05), regardless of the post-space third. DW and CHX-PA showed similar incidence of CSL (p > .05). No difference on the incidence of open dentin tubules was found for any irrigation protocol and post-space third (p > .05). The use of 1% PA prior the post-space irrigation with CHX decrease the incidence of CSL. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The post-space irrigation with chlorhexidine results in the formation of chemical smear layer. Ethanol is not capable to remove the chemical smear layer. Peracetic acid is more effective to remove the chemical smear layer., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cleaning protocols on the presence of residues, open dentinal tubules, and bond strength of a self-etch adhesive plus a dual-cure resin cement to dentin in the fiber-post space. The methods for cleaning utilized were conventional irrigation (CI), rotary brush with continuous rotary movement (RB), and continuous ultrasonic irrigation (CUI). Sixty bovine incisors were used for fiber-post space preparation. Thirty roots were divided into three groups (n = 10) according to the cleaning protocols and submitted to scanning electron microscope to evaluate presence of residues and relative quantity of open dentinal tubules on dentin surface. Similar protocols were performed in the other thirty roots (n = 10) using a self-etching adhesive system (Scotchbond Universal) and a dual-cure resin cement (Relyx Unicem 2). After 6 months cervical, middle, and apical thirds sections of fiber-post space were submitted to push-out testing. To data ANOVA and Tukey's test were employed (α = 5%). RB and CUI showed the lowest presence of residues on dentin surface (p = .015) and the highest bond strength values (p < .001), regardless of the dentin third. CUI presented the highest quantity of open dentinal tubules in middle and apical thirds (p < .001). CI presented the lowest bond strength value of resin cement, regardless of dentin third (p < .001). Mechanical cleaning protocols, such as RB and CUI, presented better surface cleaning capabilities and higher bond strength than CI with dual-cure resin cement employed. The use of a mechanical cleaning protocol seems to cause appropriate condition on the root dentin surface. Mechanical cleaning of root dentin provided greater bond strength of the self-etching system with dual resin cement. Conventional irrigation did not provide adequate root dentin cleaning. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: • The use of a mechanical cleaning protocol seems to cause appropriate condition on the root dentin surface. • Mechanical cleaning of root dentin provided greater bond strength of the self-etching system with dual resin cement. • Conventional irrigation did not provide adequate root dentin cleaning., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Statement of Problem: The influence of different glaze firing protocols and cooling on the behavior of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) ceramics is unclear., Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of different glaze firing protocols on the abrasion resistance, surface roughness, microhardness, and brittleness index of CAD-CAM ceramics., Material and Methods: Rectangular specimens of IPS e.max CAD (MAX), IPS Empress CAD (PRE), and CEREC Blocs (CER) were obtained and divided into 5 groups according to the glaze firing protocol (n=8): control (CO), 1 conventional glaze firing (GF), 2 conventional glaze firings (GF 2 ), 1 extended glaze firing (EG), and 2 extended glaze firings (EG 2 ). The coefficient of friction (μ) was determined with the pin-on-disk test, and specimens were analyzed with an optical interferometer to calculate volume loss and roughness. Vickers microhardness and the brittleness index were obtained with a microdurometer. Microhardness data were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA and the Sidak tests (α=.05). Data from other tests were assessed with nonparametric ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α=.05)., Results: Groups GF 2 , EG, and EG 2 of MAX and PRE and all groups of CER presented higher levels of coefficient of friction. Groups EG and EG 2 of MAX and CER showed high volume loss and surface roughness. Groups EG and EG 2 of MAX and PRE showed lower hardness, as did all groups of CER. MAX-CO and groups GF and EG of PRE showed a lower brittleness index (P<.05), while CER groups showed no significant differences (P>.05)., Conclusions: Ceramic specimens with conventional glaze firing presented less surface wear than those with extended glaze firing. The number of firings did not have a statistically significant influence., (Copyright © 2022 Editorial Council for The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study evaluated the color change, enamel surface roughness and microhardness after different tooth bleaching protocols, using hydrogen peroxide (HP) and/or violet LED., Methods: Forty bovine specimens (7 × 7 × 2 mm) were randomly distributed into 4 groups: 35% HP, 6% HP, 6% HP + violet LED and violet LED alone. First, the specimens were stained with black tea and then submitted to two bleaching sessions of 30 min with an interval of 7 days. Color change (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b* and ∆E 00 ) after 24 h of each session and 1 week after the last session was evaluated. Enamel roughness and microhardness were evaluated immediately before the sessions, 24 h and 1 week after the last session. Data were evaluated by ANOVA for repeated measures and Bonferroni post-test or Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 0.05). Representative specimens from each group were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy., Results: 6% HP + violet LED and 35% HP showed the highest color change, while violet LED alone had the lowest results. Enamel roughness analyses showed that 6% HP + violet LED and 35% HP showed changes after two bleaching sessions. No differences were observed regarding enamel microhardness., Conclusions: The use of 6% HP + violet LED showed enhanced bleaching efficacy compared to 35% HP. However, violet LED used alone exhibited the lowest color change. 6% HP + violet LED and 35% HP promoted changes on enamel roughness, while no microhardness changes was observed for any group., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the bonding effects of cleaning protocols on dentin impregnated with endodontic sealer residues using ethanol (E) or xylol (X). The effects of dentin acid etching immediately (I) or 7 days (P) after cleaning were also evaluated. For bonding to dentin, universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal; 3M ESPE) was used. The persistence of sealer residues, hybrid layer formation and microshear bond strength were the performed analysis., Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty bovine dentin specimens were allocated into 4 groups ( n = 10): G1 (E+I); G2 (X+I); G3 (E+P); and G4 (X+P). The persistence of sealer residues was evaluated by SEM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were taken to measure the formed hybrid layer using the Image J program. For microshear bond strength, 4 resin composite cylinders were placed over the dentin after the cleaning protocols. ANOVA followed by Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn test were used for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively (α = 5%)., Results: G2 and G4 groups showed a lower persistence of residues ( p < 0.05) and thicker hybrid layer than the other groups ( p < 0.05). No bond strength differences among all groups were observed ( p > 0.05)., Conclusions: Dentin cleaning using xylol, regardless of the time-point of acid etching, provided lower persistence of residues over the surface and thicker hybrid layer. However, the bond strength of the universal adhesive system in etch-and-rinse strategy was not influenced by the cleaning protocols or time-point of acid etching., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2022. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.)

Background: This study evaluated the effects of final agitation methods of irrigants to remove methylene blue and sodium hypochlorite residues after PDT-assisted endodontic treatment on the bond strength of fiber posts cemented with etch-and-rinse adhesive and conventional resin cement., Methods: Ninety bovine teeth were endodontically treated. In sequence, post space preparation followed by methylene blue-mediated PDT and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation were performed. Six final irrigations protocols for dye and NaOCl removal were performed prior to cementation with etch-and-rinse adhesive (Adper Scocthbond Multipurpose) and conventional dual resin cement (RelyX ARC): Conventional endodontic irrigation (CEI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), mechanical agitation with XP Endo Finisher (XPF), XP Clean (XPC) or Easy Clean (ECL) and distilled water (NCO - control). After fiber post cementation, push-out bond strength test was performed at different thirds of the post space. Failure mode was also analyzed. ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test was used for data analysis (α=5%)., Results: PUI, XPF e XPC protocols showed the highest bond strength values with no difference among them (p > 0.05), although they were similar to NCO, regardless of the post space third. CEI e ECL showed similar bond strength values, regardless of the third (p > 0.05). Adhesive failure was the most incident for CEI and ECL, while mixed and cohesive failures were predominant in PUI, XPF, XPC and NCO groups., Conclusions: Mechanical agitation of distilled water with XPF, XPC and PUI after methylene blue-mediated PDT and irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite promoted bond strength of the resin cementation system in post space dentin comparable to control group., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This in vitro study evaluated the anti-erosive effect of an experimental varnish containing 5% stannous chloride (SnCl₂) associated with different concentrations of NaF (NaF-free, 2.5% NaF, or 5.2% NaF) on bovine enamel and root dentin. One hundred samples were pre-eroded (0.3% citric acid, pH 2.6, 10 min) and randomized into five groups (n=10 for each substrate): Negative control - milli-Q water; NaF-free - Experimental varnish SnCl₂-free and NaF-free; 2.5 NaF - Experimental varnish 5% SnCl₂ associated with 2.5% NaF; 5.2 NaF: Experimental varnish 5% SnCl₂ associated with 5.2% NaF and positive control - Commercial varnish containing 5% NaF (Duraphat). After the varnishes were applied, the erosive and abrasive challenges were carried out for five days. Loss of tooth structure (TSL) was determined by optical profilometry, and the loss of calcium (ΔCa2+) using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Dentin analysis was also performed by SEM. A one-way ANOVA/Bonferroni test was performed to analyze the data (α=0.05). The experimental 2.5 NaF and 5.2 NaF groups showed greater effectiveness in preventing TSL when compared to the other groups (p <0.05), regardless of the substrate. In addition, these groups showed lower loss in Ca2+ content when compared to the other groups (p <0.05), for enamel and dentin. Dentin showed greater TSL and ΔCa2+ loss when compared to enamel in all treatments (p <0.05). The 5.2% and 2.5% NaF-containing experimental varnishes showed promising results in both, the prevention of TSL and the loss of Ca2+, regardless of the substrate studied.

Purpose: To analyze the current evidence on the impact of surface finishing protocols (such as manual polishing or glazing) on the color stability of in vitro simulated pigmentation of CAD/CAM ceramics., Materials and Methods: Five electronic databases were searched on February 12, 2020. In vitro experimental studies were included based on the following strategy: intervention = surface treatment of CAD/CAM ceramics with glazing agents; comparison = surface treatment of CAD/CAM ceramics with manual polishing; and outcomes = color stability. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias., Results: Among 1,390 articles that were screened, 6 in vitro studies were considered for qualitative analysis. Five articles confirmed changes in the color of ceramics when they were immersed in pigmented solutions. One article investigated the color stability of the samples via ultraviolet (UV) aging. Among the 6 studies analyzed, 4 showed clinically acceptable color alteration values represented by ΔE irrespective of the finishing protocol applied (glazing or mechanical polishing). Two articles presented clinically unsatisfactory color variation (ΔE > 3.3 and ΔE > 2.7) following mechanical polishing of a zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic. Coffee and red wine proved to be the beverages with the greatest potential for ceramic pigmentation. Only 1 article had a high risk of bias., Conclusion: For clinicians, most of the studies demonstrated that both manual polishing and glaze application can prevent significant color alterations on CAD/CAM ceramic surfaces. However, due to the relatively limited amount of evidence to support this conclusion, further studies must be conducted.

Background: The association of low concentration hydrogen peroxide (HP) and a light source has been widely used to achieve efficient bleaching. We investigated the colorimetric and microstructural changes of bovine enamel bleached with 6% HP associated or not with a hybrid light source system of violet light and laser (LED/laser)., Methods: Twenty bovine crowns were used to obtain specimens of 7 × 7 × 2 mm. Then, they were randomized in two groups (n=10): 6% HP and 6% HP + LED/laser. After staining with dark tea solution, three bleaching sessions were performed. Colorimetric evaluation (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, ∆E 00 [CIEDE2000] and WI D ) after 24 hours of each session and 7 days after the final bleaching session was performed. Enamel Vickers microhardness at baseline, 24 hours and 7 days after the last bleaching session were also evaluated. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test was used at a significance level of 5%., Results: 6% HP and 6% + HP LED/laser showed satisfactory bleaching results. The group photoactivated showed higher WI D values (p<0.05). Differences between groups were observed for ∆E 00 , ∆L* and ∆a* (p<0.05), except for ∆b* (p>0.05). Intra-group differences were also found (p<0.05). Regarding microhardness, no inter or intra-group differences were observed (p>0.05)., Conclusions: The photoactivation with LED/laser enhanced the whitening efficacy of 6% HP compared to the group without photoactivation. Thus, the LED/laser activation appears to be a good option when using low concentration HP-based agents. In addition, both bleaching protocols did not cause changes on enamel microhardness., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of five types of non-industrialized and industrialized probiotics on biofilms formed around orthodontic mini-implants. The null hypothesis tested was: there is no difference in the antimicrobial effect between the five types of probiotics tested around orthodontic mini-implants., Methods: For the experiment, 120 mini-implants were immersed for seven days in Staphylococcus aureus solution for biofilm formation, and were subsequently plated in culture medium containing probiotics. The mini-implants were divided into six different groups, according to the probiotic used: G1)Lactobacillus casei; G2)Lactobacillus brevis; G3)Lactobacillus rhamnosus; G4) Lactobacillus from fermented milk Yakult®; G5) Lactobacillus from fermented milk Batavito® and G6) without use of probiotic, as negative control. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of all groups were performed using the CFU (colony forming unit) count., Results: The study showed that groups G4 and G6 did not present antimicrobial activity, in comparison to groups G1, G2, G3, and G5 (p< 0.05), which demonstrated antimicrobial activity., Conclusion: The non-commercial probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, as well as commercially available fermented milk Batavito® presented promising results in the reduction of colonization of mini-implants by S. aureus. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected.

This study evaluated the persistence of eugenol-containing (PR, Provy) or eugenol-free (RT, Relyx Temp, and TB, Temp Bond) temporary cement residues and its effects on push-out bond strength and dentinal penetration of the self-adhesive resin cement (Relyx U200). Eighty human roots were endodontically treated and post space prepared. Fourty specimens were distributed in four groups (n = 10): Control (CO), without any clinical procedure, PR, RT, and TB, where a metallic post was cemented with one of the temporary cements. After metallic post removal, hemi sections post space were submitted to SEM analysis. Another specimens were distributed in similar groups, but fiberglass post was cemented using Relyx U200 cement and submitted to push-out bond strength and dentinal penetration cement analysis, in post space thirds. SEM analysis were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests, while bond strength and dentinal penetration were evaluated by ANOVA One-Way and Tukey test (p < .05). Only in apical thirds, PR, RT, and TB showed higher persistence of residues than CO. In bond strength, PR, RT, and TB showed lower values than CO, in all post space thirds (p < .05). But to dentinal penetration, PR, RT, and TB presented lower values than CO only in apical thirds (p < .05). There is the greatest persistence of temporary cement residues only in apical post space third, providing less dentinal penetration of the self-adhesive resinous cement. However, the previous use of temporary cements has negative effects on the bond strength cementation system, regardless of the third evaluated., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: This study evaluated the effects of several epoxy resin-based sealer compositions (AHP, AH Plus; ADS, Adseal; SPL, Sealer Plus) on bond strength and intratubular dentin penetration of the endodontic obturation, in root canal previously treated with calcium hydroxide intracanal medication (CH) and removed by continuous ultrasonic irrigation (CUI)., Material and Methods: Forty-five maxillary canines were prepared up to F5 (ProTaper system), filled with CH, coronally sealed, and stored at 37ºC. After 1 week, CH was removed using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite energized by CUI. The specimens were randomly distributed in three groups (n=15) and root canal obturated, according to epoxy-based resin sealer composition (AHP, ADS or SPL). The roots were transversally sectioned in cervical, middle, and apical thirds. In each radicular third, push out bond strength using universal machine and intratubular dentin using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Image J Program were evaluated. Bond strength and intratubular dentin penetration were statistically evaluated by ANOVA one-way and Tukey tests and Kruskal Wallis test, respectively (α = 0.05)., Results: In middle and apical thirds, AHP showed higher bond strength values ( p <0.05), and ADS and SPL were similar each other ( p >0.05). All epoxy resin-based sealers presented similar intratubular dentin penetration, independently of the radicular thirds ( p >0.05). Cohesive and mixed failures were predominant in the cervical thirds. In the middle and apical thirds, AHP showed more cohesive type failures, while ADS and SPL showed more adhesive-type failures., Conclusions: AHP has the highest bond strength in middle and apical radicular thirds, after calcium hydroxide intracanal medication removal using continuous ultrasonic irrigation, although intratubular dentin infiltration being similar among epoxy resin-based sealer with several chemical composition. Key words: Continuous ultrasonic irrigation, endodontic sealers, epoxy resin-based sealers, root canal obturation., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest None declared., (Copyright: © 2021 Medicina Oral S.L.)

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of surface treatments with 1% peracetic acid (PA), solution containing 17% EDTA (SmearClear, Kerr Endodontics), solution containing a combination of 17% EDTA with 2% chlorhexidine (QMix, Dentsply Sirona) on the post-space root dentin compared to 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on bond strength and resin tags length in dentin., Material and Methods: Forty human-canine roots were endodontically treated and the post space was prepared. The specimens were randomised into four groups (n = 10): control - irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl solution, PA - irrigation with 1% PA, SmearClear - irrigation with SmearClear solution, and QMix - irrigation with QMix solution. The fibre posts were cemented using a self-adhesive resin system (Relyx U200, 3M ESPE). After six months, the specimens were cross-sectioned and subjected to push-out and confocal laser microscopy tests. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used to analyse the data (α= 0.05)., Results: PA and QMix presented the highest bond strength values compared to the other groups ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the resin tags length in dentin by the groups ( p = 0.75)., Conclusions: Irrigation of the post space with 1% PA and QMix showed a positive clinical impact on the adhesion between the fiber post and root dentin. However, these materials had no influence on resin tags length in dentin by self-adhesive resin cement. Key words: Fiber post, adhesive cementation, self-adhesive resin cement, root dentin, irrigating solutions., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Medicina Oral S.L.)

Aims: This study evaluated the hybrid layer formation and bond strength of two adhesive systems, Scotchbond Universal (U) or Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose (M), after cleaning protocols using ethanol (E) or xylol (X), to dentin impregnated with an epoxy-resin based endodontic sealer., Settings and Design: The study design was an Experimental in vitro study., Methodology: One hundred bovine dentin specimens were randomly allocated into five groups ( n = 10): Computed tomography (CT) (control): Only acid etching + M; E+U; X+U; E+M. After the specimen preparation, images were obtained using confocal laser scanning microscopy to evaluate the hybrid layer formation. For microshear bond strength test, the dentin specimens were included in polyvinyl chloride tubes and four resin composite cylinders were placed on the surface. The analysis was performed 24 h after storage., Statistical Analysis Used: For parametric and nonparametric data, analysis of variance followed by Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Dunn test were, respectively, used at a significance level of 5%., Results: Regarding hybrid layer formation, all experimental groups were similar to each other ( P > 0.05). However, CT showed higher hybrid layer formation than other groups ( P < 0.05), except in relation to X+M ( P > 0.05). Bond strength was statistically similar among all groups ( P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Hybrid layer formation in dentin impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer and submitted to different cleaning protocols was similar to the control group only for X+M. No differences were found among the experimental groups. Regarding the bond strength, no effect was observed for any group., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Journal of Conservative Dentistry.)

Aim: To evaluate the effect of two antioxidant formulations (sodium ascorbate and α-tocopherol) on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth., Materials and Methods: Sixty human premolars were endodontically treated and divided into six groups ( n = 10): G1 (negative control)-unbleached and restored with composite resin; G2 (positive control)-bleached in three sessions, using hydrogen peroxide (15 H 2 O 2 ) plus titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles, photoactivated by LED laser system and restored with composite resin; G3-bleaching similar to G2, after the use of 10% sodium ascorbate gel for 24 hours and restored with composite resin; G4-similar to G3, but with the use of 10% sodium ascorbate solution and restored with composite resin; G5 and G6-similar to G3, but with the use of 10% α-tocopherol in alcohol or carbopol, respectively, and was also restored. A mechanical fracture resistance test was performed and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate the results ( α = 0.05)., Results: No statistical difference was observed in fracture resistance between groups ( p > 0.05). Regarding the antioxidant and pharmaceutical formulation applied, no statistical difference was detected in any comparison ( p > 0.05). The frequency of fractures considered favorable was higher in G1 and G3 compared to the other groups., Conclusion: The endodontically treated teeth bleached with 15 H 2 O 2 plus TiO 2 nanoparticles and photoactivated with the LED laser did not decrease the fracture resistance and the use of sodium ascorbate or α-tocopherol did not increase the crown fracture resistance., Clinical Significance: The literature reports a significant reduction in the bond strength of restorations on the bleached dentin. Therefore, the use of antioxidant agents may have a promising effect on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.