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1. Reconstruction of the fast-ion deuterium distribution in a tritium-rich plasma in the JET DTE2 campaign

Author: H. Järleblad, B.C.G. Reman, Y. Dong, M. Nocente, J. Eriksson, A. Valentini, M. Rud, A. Dal Molin, J. Garcia, Ye.O. Kazakov, D. Keeling, D. King, E.A. Lerche, R. Lorenzini, C. Maggi, M. Maslov, D. Moseev, D. Rigamonti, Bo S. Schmidt, Ž. Štancar, M. Tardocchi, M. Salewski, JET Contributors, and the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team
Subjects: DT, fast-ion distribution, tomographic reconstruction, JET, slowing-down regularization, neutron diagnostics, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: An important step on the way to future fusion power plants was the 2021 deuterium–tritium experimental campaign (DTE2) at the Joint European Torus (JET), in which crucial DT physics was investigated. In this study, we have reconstructed the fast-ion deuterium distribution function in JET discharge 99971 which broke the former fusion energy record. It is the first time that the fast-ion distribution has been reconstructed from experimental data in a DT discharge. The reconstruction shows that the fast-ion deuterium distribution is anisotropic, with a bias towards co-going ions ( p > 0). The fast-ion deuterium distribution likely peaks in energy ( E ) at around $E\sim 60$ –70 keV and has a marginal high-energy tail ( $E\gtrsim 180$ keV). Furthermore, an orbit analysis shows that the fast-ion distribution is composed of mostly co-passing orbits ( $50 \%$ ), trapped orbits ( $21 \%$ ) and counter-passing orbits ( $27 \%$ ), as well as a small population of potato orbits ( $1.7 \%$ ) and counter-stagnation orbits ( $0.3 \%$ ). The orbit-type constituents of the neutron measurements are distributed in similar fractions.
Published: 2024
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2. Corrigendum: Simultaneous measurements of unstable and stable Alfvén eigenmodes in JET (2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 112008)

Author: R.A. Tinguely, J. Gonzalez-Martin, P.G. Puglia, N. Fil, S. Dowson, M. Porkolab, I. Kumar, M. Podestà, M. Baruzzo, A. Fasoli, Ye.O. Kazakov, M.F.F. Nave, M. Nocente, J. Ongena, Ž. Štancar, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Published: 2024
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3. Stability optimization of energetic particle driven modes in nuclear fusion devices: the FAR3d gyro-fluid code

Author: J. Varela, D. Spong, L. Garcia, Y. Ghai, J. Ortiz, FAR3d project collaborators, P. Adulsiriswad, N. Aiba, E. Ascasíbar, A. Azegami, A. Bader, M. Baruzzo, H. Betar, B. Breizman, J. Breslau, A. Cappa, W. A. Cooper, D. del-Castillo-Negrete, A. Di Siena, X. Du, L. G. Eliseev, J. Garcia, J. M. García-Regaña, N. Gorelenkov, L. Herrera, C. Hidalgo, J. Huang, M. Honda, I. Holod, K. Ida, M. Idouakass, F. Jenko, C. Jiale, Y. Kamada, Y. Kazakov, S. Kobayashi, U. Losada, S. Mazzi, A. Melnikov, B. Ph. Van Milligen, D. Monseev, M. Murakami, K. Nagaoka, K. Nagasaki, M. Ochando, J. Ongena, K. Ogawa, S. Ohdachi, M. Osakabe, D. C. Pace, F. Papousek, F. Poli, M. Podesta, P. Pons-Villalonga, M. Poradzinski, J. M. Reynolds-Barredo, R. Sanchez, R. Seki, S. Sharapov, K. Shinohara, J. Shiraishi, Z. Stancar, Y. Sun, Y. Suzuki, K. Tanaka, S. Taimourzadeh, Y. Takemura, Y. Todo, T. Tokuzawa, V. Tribaldos, M. A. Van Zeeland, F. L. Waelbroeck, X. H. Wang, K. Y. Watanabe, A. Wingen, S. Yamamoto, M. Yoshinuma, H. Yang, D. Zarzoso, and Y. Zou
Subjects: Alfv én Eigenmodes, gyro-fluid, optimization, FAR3d, stability, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: The development of reduced models provide efficient methods that can be used to perform short term experimental data analysis or narrow down the parametric range of more sophisticated numerical approaches. Reduced models are derived by simplifying the physics description with the goal of retaining only the essential ingredients required to reproduce the phenomena under study. This is the role of the gyro-fluid code FAR3d, dedicated to analyze the linear and nonlinear stability of Alfvén Eigenmodes (AE), Energetic Particle Modes (EPM) and magnetic-hydrodynamic modes as pressure gradient driven mode (PGDM) and current driven modes (CDM) in nuclear fusion devices. Such analysis is valuable for improving the plasma heating efficiency and confinement; this can enhance the overall device performance. The present review is dedicated to a description of the most important contributions of the FAR3d code in the field of energetic particles (EP) and AE/EPM stability. FAR3d is used to model and characterize the AE/EPM activity measured in fusion devices as LHD, JET, DIII-D, EAST, TJ-II and Heliotron J. In addition, the computational efficiency of FAR3d facilitates performing massive parametric studies leading to the identification of optimization trends with respect to the AE/EPM stability. This can aid in identifying operational regimes where AE/EPM activity is avoided or minimized. This technique is applied to the analysis of optimized configurations with respect to the thermal plasma parameters, magnetic field configuration, external actuators and the effect of multiple EP populations. In addition, the AE/EPM saturation phase is analyzed, taking into account both steady-state phases and bursting activity observed in LHD and DIII-D devices. The nonlinear calculations provide: the induced EP transport, the generation of zonal structures as well as the energy transfer towards the thermal plasma and between different toroidal/helical families. Finally, FAR3d is used to forecast the AE/EPM stability in operational scenarios of future devices as ITER, CFETR, JT60SA and CFQS as well as possible approaches to optimization with respect to variations in the most important plasma parameters.
Published: 2024
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4. Overview of the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation programme in support of ITER and DEMO

Author: E. Joffrin, M. Wischmeier, M. Baruzzo, A. Hakola, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, B. Labit, E. Tsitrone, N. Vianello, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, JET Contributors, the MAST-U Team, the TCV Team, the WEST Team, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team:, D. Abate, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, C. Albert, F.C.P. Albert Devasagayam, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, J. Alhage, S. Allan, J. Allcock, M. Alonzo, G. Anastasiou, E. Andersson Sunden, C. Angioni, Y. Anquetin, L. Appel, G.M. Apruzzese, M. Ariola, C. Arnas, J.F. Artaud, W. Arter, O. Asztalos, L. Aucone, M.H. Aumeunier, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bagnato, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, P. Balázs, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, A. Balestri, M. Baquero Ruiz, T. Barberis, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, S. Benkadda, T. Bensadon, E. Bernard, M. Bernert, H. Betar, R. Bianchetti Morales, J. Bielecki, R. Bilato, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, P. Blanchard, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, K. Bogar, P. Bohm, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, N. Bonanomi, L. Boncagni, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, M. Bonotto, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, C. Bowman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, R. Brunet, D. Brunetti, V. Bruno, R. Buchholz, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, J. Cai, R. Calado, J. Caloud, S. Cancelli, F. Cani, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, M. Carole, M. Carpita, D. Carralero, F. Caruggi, I.S. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, A. Casolari, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, A. Cathey, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J. Cazabonne, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, A. Celora, J. Cerovsky, C.D. Challis, R. Chandra, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, H. Chen, M. Chernyshova, A.G. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, G. Ciraolo, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, C. Colandrea, L. Colas, S. Conroy, C. Contre, N.J. Conway, L. Cordaro, Y. Corre, D. Costa, S. Costea, D. Coster, X. Courtois, C. Cowley, T. Craciunescu, G. Croci, A.M. Croitoru, K. Crombe, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, T. Czarski, A. Da Ros, A. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Rosa, Y. Damizia, O. D’Arcangelo, P. David, M. De Angeli, E. De la Cal, E. De La Luna, G. De Tommasi, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, G. Derks, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, S. Di Genova, L.E. di Grazia, A. Di Siena, M. Dicorato, M. Diez, M. Dimitrova, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J.J. Domínguez Palacios Durán, P. Donnel, D. Douai, S. Dowson, S. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, L. Dubus, R. Dumont, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, A. Durif, F. Durodie, G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud, B. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, A. Ekedahl, S. Elmore, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, A. Escarguel, B. Esposito, T. Estrada, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, N. Fakhrayi Mofrad, A. Fanni, T. Farley, M. Farník, N. Fedorczak, F. Felici, X. Feng, J. Ferreira, D. Ferreira, N. Ferron, O. Fevrier, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, N. Fil, D. Fiorucci, M. Firdaouss, R. Fischer, M. Fitzgerald, M. Flebbe, M. Fontana, J. Fontdecaba Climent, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, D. Frigione, S. Futatani, R. Futtersack, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, A. Gallo, C. Galperti, M. Gambrioli, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia, M. Garcia Munoz, J. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Gerardin, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru Miguelanez, G. Gervasini, Z. Ghani, F.M. Ghezzi, G. Ghillardi, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, T. Gleiter, M. Gobbin, V. Goloborodko, A. González Ganzábal, T. Goodman, V. Gopakumar, G. Gorini, T. Görler, S. Gorno, G. Granucci, D. Greenhouse, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, O. Grover, M. Gruca, A. Gude, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, J. Gunn, T. Gyergyek, L. Hagg, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, T. Happel, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, D. Harting, N.C. Hawkes, P. Heinrich, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, R. Henriques, S. Heuraux, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, J. Hillairet, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, M. Hölzl, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, N. Horsten, L. Horvath, M. Houry, K. Hromasova, J. Huang, Z. Huang, A. Huber, E. Huett, P. Huynh, A. Iantchenko, M. Imrisek, P. Innocente, C. Ionita Schrittwieser, H. Isliker, P. Ivanova, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, S. Jachmich, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, T. Jensen, I. Jepu, S. Jessica, T. Johnson, A. Juven, J. Kalis, J. Karhunen, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, P.V. Kazantzidis, W. Kernbichler, HT. Kim, D.B. King, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, A. Kit, T. Kiviniemi, F. Kjær, E. Klinkby, A. Knieps, U. Knoche, M. Kochan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, L. Kogan, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Komm, M. Kong, B. Kool, S.B. Korsholm, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, J. Kovacic, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska Strzeciwilk, K. Koziol, M. Kozulia, A. Krämer Flecken, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, U. Kruezi, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, H. Kumpulainen, M.H. Kushoro, R. Kwiatkowski, M. La Matina, M. Lacquaniti, L. Laguardia, P. Lainer, P. Lang, M. Larsen, E. Laszynska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, M.Y.K. Lee, S. Leerink, M. Lehnen, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, Y. Liang, A. Lier, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, A. Listopad, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland Smith, D. Liuzza, T. Loarer, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, N. Lonigro, R. Lorenzini, C. Lowry, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, A. Ludvig Osipov, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, P. Maget, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, A. Mancini, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, M. Markl, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, S. Marsden, L. Martellucci, P. Martin, C. Martin, F. Martinelli, L. Martinelli, J.R. Martin Solis, R. Martone, M. Maslov, R. Masocco, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, M.L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, G. McArdle, R. McDermott, K. McKay, A.G. Meigs, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, S. Menmuir, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta Michalik, D. Milanesio, F. Militello, A. Milocco, I.G. Miron, J. Mitchell, R. Mitteau, V. Mitterauer, J. Mlynar, V. Moiseenko, P. Molna, F. Mombelli, C. Monti, A. Montisci, J. Morales, P. Moreau, J.M. Moret, A. Moro, D. Moulton, P. Mulholland, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, Y. Nakeva, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, M.F. Nave, R.D. Nem, A. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, M. Nocente, R. Nouailletas, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, R. Ochoukov, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, C. Olde, F. Oliva, D. Oliveira, H.J.C. Oliver, P. Ollus, J. Ongena, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, R. Otin, P. Oyola Dominguez, D.I. Palade, S. Palomba, O. Pan, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, A. Parrott, K. Paschalidis, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Patel, B. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, B. Pegourie, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez Von Thun, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, Y. Peysson, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, U. Plank, B. Ploeckl, V. Plyusnin, A. Podolnik, Y. Poels, G. Pokol, J. Poley, G. Por, M. Poradzinski, F. Porcelli, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, I. Predebon, G. Pucella, M. Pueschel, P. Puglia, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, A. Quercia, M. Rabinski, L. Radovanovic, R. Ragona, H. Raj, M. Rasinski, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Refy, M. Reich, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, O. Renders, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Richou, S. Rienacker, D. Rigamonti, F. Rigollet, F.G. Rimini, D. Ripamonti, N. Rispoli, N. Rivals, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, C. Roach, G. Rocchi, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, J. Romazanov, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rosato, R. Rossi, G. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, J. Ruiz Ruiz, P. Ryan, D. Ryan, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, L. Sanchis, A. Sand, J. Santos, K. Särkimäki, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, P. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, R. Schrittwieser, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, F. Sciortino, M. Scotto D’Abusco, S. Scully, A. Selce, L. Senni, M. Senstius, G. Sergienko, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, U. Sheikh, G. Sias, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, C. Silva, A. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, J. Simpson, L. Singh, S. Sipilä, Y. Siusko, S. Smith, A. Snicker, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, M. Sos, C. Sozzi, F. Spineanu, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, C. Srinivasan, A. Stagni, Z. Stancar, G. Stankunas, J. Stober, P. Strand, C.I. Stuart, F. Subba, G.Y. Sun, H.J. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, T. Szepesi, G. Szepesi, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, G. Telesca, A. Tenaglia, A. Terra, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, E. Tholerus, B. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thornton, A. Thrysoe, Q. TICHIT, W. Tierens, A. Titarenko, P. Tolias, E. Tomasina, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, A. Tookey, M. Toscano Jiménez, C. Tsironis, C. Tsui, A. Tykhyy, M. Ugoletti, M. Usoltseva, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, SI. Valvis, M. van Berkel, D. Van Eester, S. Van Mulders, M. van Rossem, R. Vann, B. Vanovac, J. Varela Rodriguez, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, M. Vecsei, L. Velarde Gallardo, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, G. Verona Rinati, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, M.O. Vlad, G. Vogel, I. Voitsekhovitch, I. Voldiner, P. Vondracek, N.M.T. VU, T. Vuoriheimo, C. Wade, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, D. Weston, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, M. Willensdorfer, T. Wilson, A. Wojenski, C. Wuethrich, I. Wyss, L. Xiang, S. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, B. Zaar, G. Zadvitskiy, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zayachuk, J. Zebrowski, M. Zerbini, P. Zestanakis, C. F. B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zohar, V.K. Zotta, X. Zou, M. Zuin, M. Zurita, and I. Zychor
Subjects: JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST, Tokamak Exploitation Task Force, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.
Published: 2024
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5. Interpretative 3D MHD modelling of deuterium SPI into a JET H-mode plasma

Author: M. Kong, E. Nardon, M. Hoelzl, D. Bonfiglio, D. Hu, S.-J. Lee, R. Samulyak, U. Sheikh, S. Silburn, F.J. Artola, A. Boboc, G. Bodner, P. Carvalho, E. Delabie, J.M. Fontdecaba, S.N. Gerasimov, T.C. Hender, S. Jachmich, D. Kos, K.D. Lawson, S. Pamela, C. Sommariva, Z̆. S̆tancar, B. Stein-Lubrano, H.J. Sun, R. Sweeney, G. Szepesi, the JOREK Team, and JET Contributors
Subjects: disruption mitigation, shattered pellet injection, plasmoid drifts, MHD modelling, JOREK, JET, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The pre-thermal quench (pre-TQ) dynamics of a pure deuterium ( $\mathrm{D}_2$ ) shattered pellet injection (SPI) into a $3\,\mathrm{MA}$ / $7\,\mathrm{MJ}$ JET H-mode plasma is studied via 3D non-linear MHD modelling with the JOREK code. The interpretative modelling captures the overall evolution of the measured density and radiated power. The simulations also identify the importance of the drifts of ablation plasmoids towards the tokamak low field side (LFS) and the impurities in the background plasma in fragment penetration, assimilation, radiative cooling and MHD activity in $\mathrm{D}_2$ SPI experiments. It is found that plasmoid drifts lead to an about 70% reduction of the central line-integrated density (compared to a simulation without drifts) in the JET $\mathrm{D}_2$ SPI discharge considered. Impurities that pre-exist before the SPI as well as those from possible impurity influxes related to the SPI are shown to dominate the radiation in the considered discharge. With inputs from JOREK simulations, modelling with the Lagrangian particle-based pellet code PELOTON reproduces the deviation of the SPI fragments in the direction of the major radius as observed by the fast camera. This confirms the role of rocket effects and plasmoid drifts in the considered discharge and reinforces the validity of the JOREK modelling. The limited core density rise due to plasmoid drifts and the strong radiative cooling and MHD activity with impurities (depending on their species and concentration) could limit the effectiveness of LFS $\mathrm{D}_2$ SPI in runaway electron avoidance and are worth considering in the design of the ITER disruption mitigation system.
Published: 2024
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6. Analysis of fusion alphas interaction with RF waves in D-T plasma at JET

Author: K.K. Kirov, F. Auriemma, P.J. Bonofiglo, C.D. Challis, E. De la Luna, J. Eriksson, D. Gallart, J. Garcia, M. Gorelenkova, J. Hobirk, P. Jacquet, A. Kappatou, Y. Kazakov, D. Keeling, D. King, V. Kiptily, E. Lerche, C. Maggi, J. Mailloux, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, M. Maslov, S. Menmuir, R. Sharma, P. Siren, Z. Stancar, D. Van Eester, and JET Contributors
Subjects: JET, DT plasma, alphas, synergistic effects, ICRH, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: This work studies the influence of radio frequency (RF) waves in the ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) range of frequencies on fusion alphas during the recent JET D-T campaign. Fusion alphas from D-T reactions are created with energies of about 3.5 MeV and therefore have significant Doppler shifts enabling synergistic interactions between them and RF waves at a broad range of frequencies, including the ones foreseen for future fusion machines in ITER (Schneider et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 126058) and SPARC (Creely et al 2020 J. Plasma Phys. 86 865860502). Resonant interactions between RF waves and alphas, also called synergistic effects, will modify the alpha distribution and ultimately will have an impact on alpha orbit losses and heating. Data from JET 3.43 T/2.3 MA pulses based on the hybrid scenario (Hobirk et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion ; Hobirk et al 29th IAEA FEC23 Conf. ( 16–21 October 2023 ); Challis et al 48th EPS Conf. on Plasma Physics ( 27 June–1 July 2022 ) during the DTE2 campaign (Maggi et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion )) were used for the analysis in this study. The impact of synergistic effects on alpha orbit losses and alpha heating are assessed. The conclusions are based on the analysis of experimental data for fast alpha losses, i.e. measurements from neutral particle analyser (NPA), fast ion losses scintillator detector, Faraday cups (FCs), and TRANSP (Hawryluk et al 1980 Physics of Plasmas Close to Thermonuclear Conditions vol 1 (CEC) pp 19–46) simulations. Experimental data and TRANSP analysis indicates that there are indeed changes in the alpha distribution function (DF) due to interaction with RF waves. Data from the NPA show increased ^4 He flux in the range from a few hundred keV up to 800 keV for pulses with RF power, while TRANSP clearly shows modifications in the fast alpha DF for these energies. Data from the scintillator detector and the FCs were compared for pulses with and without ICRH power and versus cases with enhanced alpha losses due to MHD activity. The trends from these diagnostics consistently show no additional alpha losses due to interaction with RF waves. TRANSP predictions for the impact of ynergistic effects on alpha heating show up to a 42% increase in alpha electron heating and up to a 25% increase in alpha ion heating. These effects, however, become negligibly small, less than 1%, when alpha heating is compared to the total auxiliary heating power in the investigated JET pulses.
Published: 2024
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7. Observation of alpha-particles in recent D–T experiments on JET

Author: V.G. Kiptily, C.D. Challis, R. Dumont, M. Fitzgerald, J. Garcia, L. Garzotti, Z. Ghani, J. Hobirk, P. Jacquet, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, Ye. Kazakov, P. Mantica, M.J. Mantsinen, S.E. Sharapov, E.R. Solano, D. Van Eester, P.J. Bonofiglo, T. Craciunescu, A. Dal Molin, J. Eriksson, V. Goloborodko, M.V. Iliasova, E.M. Khilkevitch, D. King, I. Lengar, M. Nocente, S. Menmuir, M. Podestà, M. Poradzinski, D. Rigamonti, J. Rivero-Rodriguez, Z. Stancar, A.E. Shevelev, P. Siren, H. Sun, D.M. Taylor, M. Tardocchi, P. Beaumont, F. Belli, F.E. Cecil, R. Coelho, M. Curuia, M. Garcia-Munoz, E. Joffrin, C. Lowry, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, D. Marocco, M. Maslov, C. Perez Von Thun, F. Rimini, V. Zoita, and JET Contributors
Subjects: JET, DT-plasmas, fusion, alpha-particles, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The fusion reaction between deuterium and tritium, D ( T,n ) ^4 He is the main source of energy in future thermonuclear reactors. Alpha-particles ( ^4 He -ions) born with an average energy of 3.5 MeV transferring energy to the thermal plasma during their slowing down, should provide the self-sustained D–T plasma burn. The adequate confinement of α -particles is essential to provide efficient heating of the bulk plasma and steady burning of a reactor plasma. That is why the fusion-born α -particle studies have been a priority task in the second D–T experiments (DTE2) on the Joint European Torus (JET) to understand the main mechanisms of their slowing down, redistribution and losses and to develop optimal plasma scenarios. JET with Be -wall and W -divertor, enhanced auxiliary heating systems and improved energetic-particle diagnostic capabilities, producing significant population of α -particles, provided the possibility for comprehensive studying of the α -particle behaviour. Selected results of the confined and lost α -particle measurements, evidence of α -particle self-heating and assessments of the fusion performance are presented in this paper giving an opportunity for further modelling and extrapolation to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and burning plasma reactors.
Published: 2024
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8. Detection of alpha heating in JET-ILW DT plasmas by a study of the electron temperature response to ICRH modulation

Author: P. Mantica, F. Auriemma, I. Casiraghi, D. Gallart, K. Kirov, E. Lerche, A. Salmi, A. Dal Molin, E. Delabie, J. Eriksson, J. Garcia, P. Huynh, P. Jacquet, T. Jonsson, V. Kiptily, E. Litherland–Smith, C.F. Maggi, M. Mantsinen, G. Marcer, M. Maslov, S. Menmuir, M. Nocente, E. Peluso, G. Pucella, D. Rigamonti, Z. Stancar, H. Sun, G. Szepesi, M. Tardocchi, D. Van Eester, and JET Contributors
Subjects: tokamak, DT plasmas, alpha heating, ICRH modulation, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: In the JET DTE2 campaign a new method was successfully tested to detect the heating of bulk electrons by α-particles, using the dynamic response of the electron temperature T _e to the modulation of ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH). A fundamental deuterium (D) ICRH scheme was applied to a tritium-rich hybrid plasma with D-neutral beam injection (NBI). The modulation of the ion temperature T _i and of the ICRH accelerated deuterons leads to modulated α -heating with a large delay with respect to other modulated electron heating terms. A significant phase delay of ∼40° is measured between central T _e and T _i , which can only be explained by α -particle heating. Integrated modelling using different models for ICRH absorption and ICRH/NBI interaction reproduces the effect qualitatively. Best agreement with experiment is obtained with the European Transport Solver/Heating and Current Drive workflow.
Published: 2024
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9. JET machine operations in T&D-T

Author: The JET Operations Team (presented by D.B. King), E. Abdelrahman, A. Abdul Hamid, N. Abid, K. Abraham, O. Adabonyan, C. Adlam, M. Afzal, M. Akhtar, V. Aldred, S. Aldworth, S. Aleiferis, M. Ali, R. Alie, R. Allan, H. Allen, E. Alli, M. Allinson, P. Almond, J. Angus, K. Antcliffe, I. Antoniou, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, C. Aramunde, N. Archer, S. Aria, H. Arkuszynski, M. Arshad, G. Artaserse, A. Ash, C. Ashe, T. Aue, D. Auld, B. Austin, Y. Austin, C. Ayres, R.B. Morales, S. Baker, S. Bakes, I. Balboa, C. Balshaw, N. Balshaw, J. Banks, J. Banner, A. Barnard, M. Barnard, M. Baruzzo, C. Basagiannis, S. Bathe Hariyanandan, P. Batistoni, R. Baughan, P. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beldishevski, K. Bell, E. Belonohy, J. Bentley, J. Bernardo, M. Berry, J. Bhatt, S. Bickerton, J. Bielecki, W. Bird, D. Blackett, K. Blackman, S. Blake, P. Blatchford, A. Bleasdale, A. Boboc, J. Booth, P. Boulting, M. Bowden, C. Boyd, K. Boyd, R. Bracey, D. Brennan, A. Brett, M. Bright, M. Brix, I. Brooks, B. Brown, P. Brown, M. Brown, P. Brummitt, B. Viola, A. Buckingham, M. Buckley, J. Bumpass, M. Burford, A. Burgess, J. Burton-Sweeten, A. Busse, D. Butcher, P. Cahill, P. Camp, I. Campbell, R. Canavan, J. Cane, M. Cannon, N. Canterbury, A. Carberry, P. Card, M. Carlick, M. Carlo, P. Carman, A. Carruthers, S. Carter, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, F. Casson, D. Chalk, B. Chamberlain, P. Chauhan, A. Chow, A. Churchman, D. Ciric, M. Clark, J. Clarkson, R. Clarkson, T. Clayton, M. Cleverly, P. Coates, I. Coffey, J. Collins, S. Conroy, N.J. Conway, R. Conway, J. Cook, M. Cooke, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, G. Corrigan, R. Cotterell, A. Coulson, M. Cox, S. Cox, S. Cramp, D. Craven, R. Craven, M. Crick, D. Croft, T. Cronin, Z. Cui, A. Cullen, R. Cumming, C. Cummings, A. Dal Molin, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, A. Danquah, S. Davies, G. Davis, H. Dawson, K. Dawson, S. Dawson, I. Day, L. de Caires, E. de la Luna, K. Deakin, J. Deane, M. Dearing, A. Dennett, T. Dickson, J. Dobrashian, T. Dochnal, S. Dorling, D. Douai, S. Dowson, J. Drewitt, G. Drummond, P. Dumortier, R. Eade, R. Eastham, K. Eden, J. Edmond, J. Edwards, P. Edwards, H. Elamin, S. Elford, H. El-Haroun, P. Ellis, C. Elsmore, S. Emery, G. Evans, S. Evans, D. Fagan, T. Farmer, I. Farquhar, R. Felton, F. Ferner, J. Fessey, P. Finburg, G. Fishpool, L. Fittill, J. Flanagan, K. Flinders, S. Foley, M. Fontana, M. Fortune, J. Foster, C. Fowler, P. Fox, O. Franklin, R. Franklin, R. Fraser, S. French, M. Furseman, A. Gabbidon, L. Garcia, J. Garcia, M. Gardener, D. Gear, T. Gedling, S. Gee, P. Gell, R. George, S. Gerasimov, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, L. Giacomelli, C. Gibson, V. Gilsenan, C. Giroud, R. Glen, J. Goff, C. Goodman, A. Goodyear, A. Gordon, S. Gore, S. Gosden, N. Gotts, E. Gow, W. Graham, G. Graham, M. Green, R. Gregory, R. Griffiths, T. Griffiths, F. Griph, C. Grundy, T. Grundy, D. Guard, D. Guest, C. Gurl, S. Hacquin, A. Hakola, K. Hammond, H. Harmer, P. Harper, S. Harris, D. Hart, D. Hattan, A. Haupt, J. Hawes, N. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, P. Hawkins, S. Hayes, S. Hazael, D. Heads, P. Heesterman, O. Hemming, R.B. Henriques, G. Hermon, G. Hewson, T. Hibberd, M. Hill, J. Hillesheim, I. Hirb, K. Ho, C. Hogben, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, M. Hook, D. Hopley, N. Horsten, A. Horton, L.D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. Hotchin, Z. Huang, E. Hubenov, V. Huber, A. Huber, C. Huddart, T. Huddleston, T. Hunter, Y. Husain, A. Hynes, J. Ingleby, S. Ives, E. Ivings, S. Jackson, T. Jackson, P. Jacquet, N. Jayasekera, I. Jepu, D. Jezzard, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, E. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, S. Jones, T. Jones, M. Jones, A. Joyce, M. Juvonen, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, G. Karajgikar, J. Karhunen, I. Karnowska-Paterski, E. Karsakos, G. Kaveney, G. Kay, D. Keeling, T. Keenan, R. Kelly, W. Kelly, D. Kennedy, R. Kennedy, O. Kent, K. Khan, D. King, D. Kinna, V. Kiptily, K. Kirov, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, J. Knipe, R. Knipe, S. Knipe, P. Kochanski, D. Kos, M. Kovari, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, N. Kraus, M. Kresina, B. Labit, A. Laing, V. Laksharam, N. Lam, B. Lane, C. Lane, T. Lavender, A. Lawson, K. Lawson, G. Learoyd, T. Leeson, X. Lefebvre, J. Lehmann, M. Lennholm, K. Lennon, E. Lerche, S. Lesnoj, E. Letellier, L. Lewin, J. Lewis, J. Li, G. Liddiard, E. Litherland-Smith, F. Liu, R. Lobel, J. Logan, P. Lomas, C. Long, U. Losada, C. Loveridge, T. Lowe, C. Lowry, R. Lucock, G. Lyons, J. Macdonald, P. Macheta, T. Madden, J. Maddock, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, A. Manning, C. Manning, N. Mantel, A. Manzanares, S. Marsden, J. Marsh, R. Marshall, A. Martin, M. Maslov, G. Matthews, N. Mayfield, M. Mayoral, R. McAdams, L. McCafferty, P. McCullen, D. McDonald, A. McDonnell, D. McGuckin, T. McIver, V. McKay, R. McKean, L. McNamee, A. McShee, R. Meadows, D. Mederick, M. Medland, K. Meghani, A. Meigs, S. Menmuir, I. Merrigan, S. Mianowski, P. Middleton, C. Miles, J. Milnes, A. Milocco, J. Mitchell, P. Mitchell, P. Monaghan, I. Monakhov, P. Moody, R. Mooney, C. Moore, N. Mooring, L. Morgan, R. Morgan, J. Morris, O. Morton, S. Morton, P. Mulvana, S. Munot, R. Munro-Smith, K. Musgrave, R. Naish, N. Neethiraj, J. Neilson, A. Newman, S. Ng, M. Nicassio, K. Nicholls, M. Nightingale, C. Noble, R. Normington, C. Nygaard, J. O’Callaghan, R. Olney, B. O’Meara, M. O’Mullane, C. O’Neill, C. Opara, K. O’Rourke, J. Ottley, K. Otu, A. Owen, N. Pace, K. Palamartchouk, D. Paley, J. Palgrave, G. Papadopoulos, V. Parail, A. Parrott, A. Parsloe, L. Parsons, R. Parsons, A. Patel, J. Patel, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, T. Pearce, I. Pearson, J. Penzo, A. Perdas, T. Pereira, C. Perez Von Thun, D. Perry, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, N. Platt, M. Poradzinski, M. Porter, M. Porton, C. Powell, J. Pozzi, M. Price, L. Price, P. Puglia, D. Pulley, K. Purahoo, M. Rainford, A. Raj, S. Randhawa, S. Rapa, K. Ravisankar, C. Rayner, A. Read, C. Reux, S. Reynolds, V. Riccardo, L. Richiusa, D. Rigamonti, F. Rimini, J. Roberts, R. Robins, S. Robinson, T. Robinson, D. Robson, S. Romanelli, F. Rose, C. Rose-Innes, D. Rouse, S. Rowe, N. Rowland, D. Rowlands, M. Rubel, K. Sabin, R. Salmon, H. Salter, A. Sanders, E. Sanders, I. Sanders, D. Sandiford, F. Sanni, R. Sarwar, R. Sayles, C. Scaysbrook, G. Scott, D. Scraggs, S. Scully, R. Sealey, E. Searle, M. Segato, M. Sertoli, C. Shanks, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, K. Sheahan, H. Sheikh, D. Shrestha, R. Siddiqui, S. Silburn, J. Silva, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, M. Sinclair, A. Sips, P. Sirén, S. Skeats, N. Skinner, B. Slade, J. Slater, T. Smart, G. Smith, J. Smith, N. Smith, P. Smith, T. Smith, F. P. Smith, J. Snell, K. Snelling, K. Soare, E. Solano, A. Spelzini, C. Srinivasan, Z. Stancar, P.A. Staniec, M. Stead, R. Steadman, L. Steel, D. Steele, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, L. Stevenson, P. Stevenson, C. Steventon, L. Sticklen, M. Stojanov, S. Strikwerda, C. Stuart, G. Stubbs, N. Studd, W. Studholme, H. Sun, S. Surendran, G. Szepesi, M. Szoke, H. Tan, A. Taylor, D. Taylor, K. Taylor, A. Thingore, B. Thomas, J. Thomas, A. Thorman, A. Tilley, A. Tipton, N. Tipton, H. Todd, P. Tonner, A. Tookey, M. Towndrow, M. Tsang, E. Tsitrone, I. Turner, M. Turner, G. Tvalashvili, S. Tyrrell, A. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, Q. Van Der Westhuizen, J. Verdon, N. Vianello, A. Vittal, Z. Vizvary, B. Wakeling, M. Walker, R. Walker, T. Wall, M. Walsh, T. Walsh, J. Walters, J. Walton, R. Walton, S. Warder, F. Warren, R. Warren, J. Waterhouse, T. Webster, G. Wells, C. Wellstood, A. West, M. Wheatley, S. Whiffin, A. Whitehead, C. Whitehead, D. Whittaker, A. Widdowson, J. Wilcox, D. Wilkins, R. Wilkins, J. Williams, M. Williams, D. Willoughby, A. Wilson, I. Wilson, T. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, P. Wise, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. Witts, J. Witts, R. Wood, L. Woodham, C. Woodley, J. Woodley, R. Woodley, B. Woods, S. Wray, T. Xu, I. Young, R. Young, K-D. Zastrow, Y. Zayachuk, and M. Zerbini
Subjects: JET, tritium, operations, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: JET, the world’s largest operating tokamak with unique Be/W wall and tritium handling capability, completed a Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) campaign in 2021 (Maggi et al 29th Fusion Energy Conf. ) following a decade of preparatory experiments, dedicated enhancements, technical rehearsals and training (Horton et al 2016 Fusion Eng. Des. 109–111 925). Operation with tritium raises significant technical, safety and scientific challenges not encountered in standard protium or deuterium operation. This contribution describes the tritium operational requirements, pulses and technical preparations, new operating procedures, lessons learned and details on the achieved operational availability and performance. The preparation and execution of the recent JET tritium experiments benefitted from the previous experience in 1991 (Preliminary Tritium Experiment), 1997 (DTE1 campaign) and 2003 (Trace Tritium Campaigns) and consisted of the following five phases: technical rehearsals and scenario preparation, tritium commissioning, 100% tritium campaign, D-T campaign (DTE2), tritium clean-up. Following the clean-up JET resumed normal operation and is currently undertaking a further D-T campaign (DTE3).
Published: 2024
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10. Characterisation of divertor detachment onset in JET-ILW hydrogen, deuterium, tritium and deuterium–tritium low-confinement mode plasmas

Author: M. Groth, V. Solokha, S. Aleiferis, S. Brezinsek, M. Brix, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, G. Corrigan, D. Harting, N. Horsten, I. Jepu, J. Karhunen, K. Kirov, B. Lomanowski, K.D. Lawson, C. Lowry, A.G. Meigs, S. Menmuir, E. Pawelec, T. Pereira, A. Shaw, S. Silburn, B. Thomas, S. Wiesen, P. Börner, D. Borodin, S. Jachmich, D. Reiter, G. Sergienko, Z. Stancar, B. Viola, P. Beaumont, J. Bernardo, I. Coffey, N.J. Conway, E. de la Luna, D. Douai, C. Giroud, J. Hillesheim, L. Horvath, A. Huber, P. Lomas, C.F. Maggi, M. Maslov, C. Perez von Thun, S. Scully, N. Vianello, and M. Wischmeier
Subjects: Detachment, Hydrogen isotopes, JET, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Measurements of the ion currents to and plasma conditions at the low-field side (LFS) divertor target plate in low-confinement mode plasmas in the JET ITER-like wall materials configuration show that the core plasma density required to detach the LFS divertor plasma is independent of the hydrogenic species protium, deuterium and tritium, and a 40 %/60 % deuterium–tritium mixture. This observation applies to a divertor plasma configuration with the LFS strike line connected to the horizontal part of the LFS divertor chosen because of its superior diagnostic coverage. The finding is independent of the operational status of the JET cryogenic pump. The electron temperature (Te) at the LFS strike line was markedly reduced from 25 eV to 5 eV over a narrow range of increasing core plasma density, and observed to be between 2 eV and 3 eV at the onset of detachment. The electron density (ne) peaks across the LFS plasma when Te at the target plate is 1 eV, and spatially moves to the X-point for higher core densities. The density limit was found approximately 20 % higher in protium than in tritium and deuterium–tritium plasmas.
Published: 2023
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11. The JET hybrid scenario in Deuterium, Tritium and Deuterium-Tritium

Author: J. Hobirk, C.D. Challis, A. Kappatou, E. Lerche, D. Keeling, D. King, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, F. Auriemma, M. Baruzzo, É. Belonohy, J. Bernardo, A. Boboc, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, F.J. Casson, A. Chomiczewska, J. Citrin, I.H. Coffey, N.J. Conway, D. Douai, E. Delabie, B. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, L. Frassinetti, D. Frigione, D. Gallart, J. Garcia, M. Gelfusa, Z. Ghani, L. Giacomelli, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, M. Goniche, W. Gromelski, S. Hacquin, C. Ham, N.C. Hawkes, R.B. Henriques, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Ho, L. Horvath, I. Ivanova-Stanik, P. Jacquet, F. Jaulmes, E. Joffrin, H.T. Kim, V. Kiptily, K. Kirov, D. Kos, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, H. Kumpulainen, K. Lawson, M. Lennholm, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland-Smith, P.J. Lomas, E. de la Luna, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, M.J. Mantsinen, M. Maslov, G. Matthews, K.G. McClements, A.G. Meigs, S. Menmuir, A. Milocco, I.G. Miron, S. Moradi, R.B. Morales, S. Nowak, F. Orsitto, A. Patel, L. Piron, C. Prince, G. Pucella, E. Peluso, C. Perez von Thun, E. Rachlew, C. Reux, F. Rimini, S. Saarelma, P. A Schneider, S. Scully, M. Sertoli, S. Sharapov, A. Shaw, S. Silburn, A. Sips, P. Siren, C. Sozzi, E.R. Solano, Z. Stancar, G. Stankunas, C. Stuart, H.J. Sun, G. Szepesi, D. Valcarcel, M. Valisa, G. Verdoolaege, B. Viola, N. Wendler, M. Zerbini, and JET Contributors
Subjects: magnetic fusion, hybrid scenario, Tritium, D-T, isotope effects, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The JET hybrid scenario has been developed from low plasma current carbon wall discharges to the record-breaking Deuterium-Tritium plasmas obtained in 2021 with the ITER-like Be/W wall. The development started in pure Deuterium with refinement of the plasma current, and toroidal magnetic field choices and succeeded in solving the heat load challenges arising from 37 MW of injected power in the ITER like wall environment, keeping the radiation in the edge and core controlled, avoiding MHD instabilities and reaching high neutron rates. The Deuterium hybrid plasmas have been re-run in Tritium and methods have been found to keep the radiation controlled but not at high fusion performance probably due to time constraints. For the first time this scenario has been run in Deuterium-Tritium (50:50). These plasmas were re-optimised to have a radiation-stable H-mode entry phase, good impurity control through edge T _i gradient screening and optimised performance with fusion power exceeding 10 MW for longer than three alpha particle slow down times, 8.3 MW averaged over 5 s and fusion energy of 45.8 MJ.
Published: 2023
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12. Experiments in high-performance JET plasmas in preparation of second harmonic ICRF heating of tritium in ITER

Author: M.J. Mantsinen, P. Jacquet, E. Lerche, D. Gallart, K. Kirov, P. Mantica, D. Taylor, D. Van Eester, M. Baruzzo, I. Carvalho, C.D. Challis, A. Dal Molin, E. Delabie, E. De La Luna, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, J. Eriksson, D. Frigione, J. Garcia, L. Garzotti, C. Giroud, R. Henriques, J. Hobirk, A. Kappatou, Y. Kazakov, D. Keeling, D. King, V. Kiptily, M. Lennholm, P. Lomas, C. Lowry, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, M. Maslov, S. Menmuir, I. Monakhov, R.B. Morales, C. Noble, M. Nocente, A. Patel, G. Pucella, C. Reux, D. Rigamonti, F. Rimini, A. Sheikh, S. Silburn, P. Siren, E.R. Solano, Z. Stancar, M. Tardocchi, and JET Contributors
Subjects: ICRF heating, fast ions, computational modelling, JET tokamak, H-mode hybrid plasma scenario, deuterium–tritium fuel mixture, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The reference ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) heating schemes for ITER deuterium–tritium (D-T) plasmas at the full magnetic field of 5.3 T are second harmonic heating of T and ^3 He minority heating. The wave-particle resonance location for these schemes coincide and are central at a wave frequency of 53 MHz at 5.3 T. Experiments have been carried out in the second major D-T campaign (DTE2) at JET, and in its prior D campaigns, to integrate these ICRF scenarios in JET high-performance plasmas and to compare their performance with the commonly used hydrogen (H) minority heating. In 50:50 D:T plasmas, up to 35% and 5% larger fusion power and diamagnetic energy content, respectively, were obtained with second harmonic heating of T as compared to H minority heating at comparable total input powers and gas injection rates. The core ion temperature was up to 30% and 20% higher with second harmonic T and ^3 He minority heating, respectively, with respect to H minority heating. These are favourable results for the use of these scenarios in ITER and future fusion reactors. According to modelling, adding ICRF heating to neutral beam injection using D and T beams resulted in a 10%–20% increase of on-axis bulk ion heating in the D-T plasmas due to its localisation in the plasma core. Central power deposition was confirmed with the break-in-slope and fast Fourier transform analysis of ion and electron temperature in response to ICRF modulation. The tail temperature of fast ICRF-accelerated tritons, their enhancement of the fusion yield and time behaviour as measured by an upgraded magnetic proton recoil spectrometer and neutral particle analyser were found in agreement with theoretical predictions. No losses of ICRF-accelerated ions were observed by fast ion detectors, which was as expected given the high plasma density of n _e ≈ 7–8 × 10 ^19 m ^−3 in the main heating phase that limited the formation of ICRF-accelerated fast ion tails. ^3 He was introduced in the machine by ^3 He gas injection, and the ^3 He concentration was measured by a high-resolution optical penning gauge in the sub-divertor region. The DTE2 experiments with ^3 He minority heating were carried with a low ^3 He concentration in the range of 2%–4% given the fact that the highest neutron rates with ^3 He minority heating in D plasmas were obtained at low ^3 He concentrations of ∼2%, which also coincided with the highest plasma diamagnetic energy content. In addition to ^3 He introduced by ^3 He gas injection, an intrinsic concentration of ^3 He of the order of 0.2%–0.4% was measured in D-T plasmas before ^3 He was introduced in the device, which is attributed to the radioactive decay of tritium to ^3 He. According to modelling, even such low intrinsic concentrations of ^3 He lead to significant changes in ICRF power partitioning during second harmonic heating of T due to absorption of up to 30% of the wave power by ^3 He.
Published: 2023
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13. Modelling performed for predictions of fusion power in JET DTE2: overview and lessons learnt

Author: J. Garcia, F.J. Casson, L. Frassinetti, D. Gallart, L. Garzotti, H.-T. Kim, M. Nocente, S. Saarelma, F. Auriemma, J. Ferreira, S. Gabriellini, A. Ho, P. Huynh, K.K. Kirov, E. Lerche, M.J. Mantsinen, V.K. Zotta, Z. Stancar, D.M.A. Taylor, D. Van Eester, C.D. Challis, and JET Contributors
Subjects: tokamak, fusion, modelling, JET, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: For more than a decade, an unprecedented predict-first activity has been carried in order to predict the fusion power and provide guidance to the second Deuterium–Tritium (D–T) campaign performed at JET in 2021 (DTE2). Such an activity has provided a framework for a broad model validation and development towards the D–T operation. It is shown that it is necessary to go beyond projections using scaling laws in order to obtain detailed physics based predictions. Furthermore, mixing different modelling complexity and promoting an extended interplay between modelling and experiment are essential towards reliable predictions of D–T plasmas. The fusion power obtained in this predict-first activity is in broad agreement with the one finally measured in DTE2. Implications for the prediction of fusion power in future devices, such as ITER, are discussed.
Published: 2023
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14. Impact of interaction between RF waves and fast NBI ions on the fusion performance in JET DTE2 campaign

Author: K.K. Kirov, C.D. Challis, E. De la Luna, J. Eriksson, D. Gallart, J. Garcia, M. Gorelenkova, J. Hobirk, P. Jacquet, A. Kappatou, Y.O. Kazakov, D. Keeling, D. King, E. Lerche, C. Maggi, J. Mailloux, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, M. Maslov, S. Menmuir, P. Siren, Z. Stancar, D. Van Eester, and JET Contributors
Subjects: RF waves, fast ions, DT plasma, JET, fusion performance, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: This work presents a study of the interaction between radio frequency (RF) waves used for ion cyclotron resonance heating and the fast deuterium (D) and tritium (T) neutral Beam injected (NBI) ions in DT plasma. The focus is on the effects of this interaction, also referred to as synergistic effects, on the fusion performance in the recent JET DTE2 campaign. Experimental data from dedicated pulses at 3.43 T/2.3 MA heated at (i) 51.4 MHz, giving the central minority H and n = 2 D, and at (ii) 32.2 MHz for the central minority ^3 He and n = 2 T. Resonances are analysed and conclusions are drawn and supported by modelling of the synergistic effects. Modelling with transport code TRANSP runs with and without the RF kick operator predict a moderate increase, of about 10%, in DT rates for the case of the RF wave—fast D NBI ion interactions at the n = 2 harmonic of ion cyclotron resonance, and a negligible impact due to synergistic interaction between fast T NBI ions and RF waves. JETTO modelling gives a 29% enhancement in fusion rates due to the interction between RF waves and fast D NBI ions, and an 18% enhancement in fast T NBI ions. Analysis of experimental neutron rates compared to TRANSP predictions without synergistic effects and magnetic proton recoil neutron spectrometer indicate an enhancement of approximately 25%–28% in fusion rates due to RF interaction with fast D ions, and an enhancement of approximately 5%–8% when RF waves and fast T NBI ions are interacting. The contributions of various heating and fast ion sources are assessed and discussed.
Published: 2023
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15. Beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes and geodesic acoustic modes in the presence of strong tearing activity during the current ramp-down on JET

Author: G Pucella, E Alessi, F Auriemma, P Buratti, M V Falessi, E Giovannozzi, F Zonca, M Baruzzo, C D Challis, R Dumont, D Frigione, L Garzotti, J Hobirk, A Kappatou, D L Keeling, D King, V G Kiptily, E Lerche, P J Lomas, M Maslov, I Nunes, F Rimini, P Sirén, C Sozzi, M F Stamp, Z Stancar, H Sun, D Van Eester, M Zerbini, and JET Contributors
Subjects: geodesic acoustic modes, tearing activity, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract: The analysis of the current ramp-down phase of JET plasmas has revealed the occurrence of additional magnetic oscillations in pulses characterized by large magnetic islands. The frequencies of these oscillations range from 5 to 20 kHz , being well below the toroidal gap in the Alfvén continuum and of the same order as the low-frequency gap opened by plasma compressibility. The additional oscillations only appear when the magnetic island width exceeds a critical threshold, suggesting that the oscillations could tap their energy from the tearing mode (TM) by a non-linear coupling mechanism. A possible role of fast ions in the excitation process can be excluded, being the pulse phase considered in the observations characterized by very low additional heating. The calculation of the coupled Alfvén–acoustic continuum in toroidal geometry suggests the possibility of beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (BAEs) rather than beta-induced Alfvén–acoustic eigenmodes. As a main novelty compared to previous work, the analysis of the electron temperature profiles from electron cyclotron emission has shown the simultaneous presence of magnetic islands on different rational surfaces in pulses with multiple magnetic oscillations in the low-frequency gap of the Alfvén continuum. This observation supports the hypothesis of different BAE with toroidal mode number n = 1 associated with different magnetic islands. As another novelty, the observation of magnetic oscillations with n = 2 in the BAE range is reported for the first time in this work. Some pulses, characterized by slowly rotating magnetic islands, exhibit additional oscillations with n = 0, likely associated with geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs), and a cross-spectral bicoherence analysis has confirmed a non-linear interaction between TM, BAE and GAM, with the novelty of the observation of multiple triplets (twin BAEs plus GAM), due to the simultaneous presence of several magnetic islands in the plasma.
Published: 2022
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16. Gamma-ray measurements in D fusion plasma experiments on JET

Author: M. Iliasova, A. Shevelev, E. Khilkevich, Ye. Kazakov, V. Kiptily, M. Nocente, L. Giacomelli, T. Craciunescu, Z. Stancar, A. Dal Molin, D. Rigamonti, M. Tardocchi, D. Doinikov, G. Gorini, V. Naidenov, I. Polunovsky, D. Gin, Iliasova, M, Shevelev, A, Khilkevich, E, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Nocente, M, Giacomelli, L, Craciunescu, T, Stancar, Z, Dal Molin, A, Rigamonti, D, Tardocchi, M, Doinikov, D, Gorini, G, Naidenov, V, Polunovsky, I, and Gin, D
Subjects: Tokamak plasma, Fusion reaction, Fusion rate, Gamma-ray spectrometry, Alpha-particle
Abstract: Using capabilities of the gamma-ray spectrometry, fusion born alpha-particles were studied in recent D-3He plasma experiments on JET. A substantial population of the alpha-particles was generated in the He-3-rich plasma due to the He-3(D, p)He-4 reaction. Fast deuterium ions of the neutral beam injection (NBI) heating were accelerated to MeV energies with three-ion scenario D-(DNBI)-He-3 using radio frequency waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). A high reaction rate allowed to measure the alpha-particle production rate and their spatial distribution in the plasma by detecting 16.7-MeV gamma-rays from the He-3(D, y)Li-5 reaction, which is a weak branch of He-3(D, p)He-4 reaction. A branching ratio of gamma-ray transitions to the ground and the first excited states of Li-5 was obtained. Due to the beryllium is a main impurity of JET plasmas, intensive gamma-rays from the Be-9(D, ny)10B, Be-9(D, py)Be-10 and Be-9(a, ny)C-12 reactions were observed. Exploitation of the reaction cross-sections and the Doppler shape analysis (DSA) of gamma-lines in the recorded spectra provided the possibility to reconstruct distribution functions of the confined D-ions and the fusion-born alpha-particles.
Published: 2022

17. Energy-selective confinement of fusion-born alpha particles during internal relaxations in a tokamak plasma

Author: A. Bierwage, K. Shinohara, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. G. Kiptily, Ph. Lauber, M. Nocente, Ž. Štancar, S. Sumida, M. Yagi, J. Garcia, S. Ide, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Confining plasma for fusion requires controlling many parameters. Here the authors report the existence of a narrow parameter space for the simultaneous confinement of energetic alpha particles and removal of slowed-down helium ash in a magnetically confined fusion plasma by using kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic hybrid simulations.
Published: 2022
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18. Overview of T and D–T results in JET with ITER-like wall

Author: C.F. Maggi, D. Abate, N. Abid, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, M. Afzal, I. Ahmad, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Alguacil, J. Alhage, M. Ali, H. Allen, M. Allinson, M. Alonzo, E. Alves, R. Ambrosino, E. Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, M. Angelone, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, C. Aramunde, M. Ariola, G. Arnoux, G. Artaserse, J.-F. Artaud, W. Arter, V. Artigues, F.J. Artola, A. Ash, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, J. Ayllón, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, A. Banon Navarro, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, M. Baruzzo, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, C. Bearcroft, P. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, S. Benkadda, J. Bentley, E. Bernard, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, P.G. Bhat, S. Bickerton, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, J.P.S. Bizarro, P. Blatchford, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, G. Bodnar, P. Bohm, L. Bonalumi, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, I. Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, B. Breizman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, M. Brix, P. Brown, D. Brunetti, M. Buckley, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, R. Canavan, B. Cannas, M. Cannon, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, B. Carvalho, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, R. Chandra, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, P. Chauhan, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, G.-C. Chira, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, L. Chone, J. Cieslik, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, Ł. Ciupinski, R. Clarkson, M. Cleverly, P. Coates, V. Coccorese, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, A. Colangeli, L. Colas, J. Collins, S. Conroy, C. Contré, N.J. Conway, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, L. Cordaro, C. Corradino, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, D. Coster, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, D. Craven, R. Craven, G. Croci, D. Croft, K. Crombé, T. Cronin, N. Cruz, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, A. Dal Molin, S. Dalley, P. David, A. Davies, J. Davies, S. Davies, G. Davis, K. Dawson, S. Dawson, I. Day, G. De Tommasi, J. Deane, M. Dearing, M. De Bock, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, E. Delabie, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, D. Del Sarto, A. Dempsey, W. Deng, A. Dennett, G.L. Derks, G. De Temmerman, F. Devasagayam, P. de Vries, P. Devynck, A. di Siena, D. Dickinson, T. Dickson, M. Diez, P. Dinca, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J. Dobrashian, T. Dochnal, A.J.H. Donné, W. Dorland, S. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, R. Dotse, D. Douai, S. Dowson, R. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, G. Drummond, Ph. Duckworth, H.G. Dudding, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, T. Dunatov, M. Dunne, I. Ďuran, F. Durodié, R. Dux, T. Eade, E. Eardley, J. Edwards, T. Eich, A. Eksaeva, H. El-Haroun, R.D. Ellis, G. Ellwood, C. Elsmore, S. Emery, G. Ericsson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L.G. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, G. Evans, S. Evans, E. Fable, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, D. Fajardo Jimenez, M. Falessi, A. Fanni, T. Farmer, I. Farquhar, B. Faugeras, S. Fazinić, N. Fedorczak, K. Felker, R. Felton, H. Fernandes, D.R. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, G. Ferrò, J. Fessey, O. Février, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, N. Fil, P. Finburg, U. Fischer, G. Fishpool, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, S. Foley, N. Fonnesu, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, C. Fowler, P. Fox, O. Franklin, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, R. Fresa, D. Frigione, T. Fülöp, M. Furseman, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, S. Gadgil, K. Gál, S. Galeani, A. Galkowski, D. Gallart, M. Gambrioli, T. Gans, J. Garcia, M. García-Muñoz, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, D. Gear, T. Gebhart, S. Gee, M. Gelfusa, R. George, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Gherendi, P.-I. Gherghina, F. Ghezzi, L. Giacomelli, C. Gibson, L. Gil, M.R. Gilbert, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, J. Goff, V. Goloborodko, R. Gomes, J.-F. Gomez, B. Gonçalves, M. Goniche, J. Gonzalez-Martin, A. Goodyear, S. Gore, G. Gorini, T. Görler, N. Gotts, E. Gow, J.P. Graves, J. Green, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, F. Griph, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, C. Grove, R. Grove, N. Gupta, S. Hacquin, L. Hägg, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, M.R. Hardman, Y. Haresawa, G. Harrer, J.R. Harrison, D. Harting, D.R. Hatch, T. Haupt, J. Hawes, N.C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, S. Hazael, J. Hearmon, P. Heesterman, P. Heinrich, M. Held, W. Helou, O. Hemming, S.S. Henderson, R. Henriques, R.B. Henriques, D. Hepple, J. Herfindal, G. Hermon, J.C. Hillesheim, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, O. Hoenen, C. Hogben, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, E. Hollmann, M. Hölzl, M. Hook, M. Hoppe, J. Horáček, N. Horsten, A. Horton, L.D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. Hotchin, Z. Hu, Z. Huang, E. Hubenov, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. Huddleston, G.T.A. Huijsmans, Y. Husain, P. Huynh, A. Hynes, D. Iglesias, M.V. Iliasova, M. Imríšek, J. Ingleby, P. Innocente, V. Ioannou-Sougleridis, N. Isernia, I. Ivanova-Stanik, E. Ivings, S. Jachmich, T. Jackson, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, N. Jayasekera, F. Jenko, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, T. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, E. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, T.T.C. Jones, A. Joyce, M. Juvonen, A. Kallenbach, P. Kalnina, D. Kalupin, P. Kanth, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen, E. Karsakos, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D.L. Keeling, W. Kelly, M. Kempenaars, D. Kennedy, K. Khan, E. Khilkevich, C. Kiefer, H.-T. Kim, J. Kim, S.H. Kim, D.B. King, D.J. Kinna, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, T. Kiviniemi, G. Kizane, C. Klepper, A. Klix, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, R. Knights, S. Knipe, U. Knoche, M. Knolker, M. Kocan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Kong, B. Kool, V. Korovin, S.B. Korsholm, B. Kos, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, K. Koziol, Y. Krasikov, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, M. Kresina, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Książek, H. Kumpulainen, B. Kurzan, S. Kwak, O.J. Kwon, B. Labit, M. Lacquaniti, A. Lagoyannis, L. Laguardia, A. Laing, V. Laksharam, N. Lam, H.T. Lambertz, B. Lane, M. Langley, E. Lascas Neto, E. Łaszyńska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, G. Learoyd, C. Lee, K. Lee, S. Leerink, T. Leeson, X. Lefebvre, H.J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Leon Gutierrez, L.A. Leppin, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, S. Lesnoj, L. Lewin, J. Lewis, J. Likonen, Ch. Linsmeier, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland-Smith, F. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, R. Lorenzini, S. Loreti, V.P. Loschiavo, M. Loughlin, T. Lowe, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. Lucock, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, M. Lungaroni, C.P. Lungu, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, B. Lyons, J. Macdonald, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, P. Manas, A. Manning, P. Mantica, M.J. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, A. Mariani, G. Mariano, M. Marin, A. Marin Roldan, M. Marinelli, T. Markovič, L. Marot, C. Marren, S. Marsden, S. Marsen, J. Marsh, R. Marshall, L. Martellucci, A.J. Martin, C. Martin, R. Martone, S. Maruyama, M. Maslov, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, A. Mauriya, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P.J. McCarthy, P. McCullen, R. McDermott, D.C. McDonald, D. McGuckin, V. McKay, L. McNamee, A. McShee, D. Mederick, M. Medland, S. Medley, K. Meghani, A.G. Meigs, S. Meitner, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, S. Mianowski, P. Middleton, J. Mietelski, K. Mikszuta-Michalik, D. Milanesio, E. Milani, E. Militello-Asp, F. Militello, J. Milnes, A. Milocco, S. Minucci, I. Miron, J. Mitchell, J. Mlynář, V. Moiseenko, P. Monaghan, I. Monakhov, A. Montisci, S. Moon, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, R.B. Morales, L. Morgan, F. Moro, J. Morris, T. Mrowetz, L. Msero, S. Munot, A. Muñoz-Perez, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, B. N’Konga, Y.S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M.F.F. Nave, R. Neu, S. Ng, M. Nicassio, D. Nicolai, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, D. Nina, C. Noble, C.R. Nobs, M. Nocente, H. Nordman, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, J. O’Callaghan, M. O’Mullane, C. O’Neill, C. Olde, H.J.C. Oliver, R. Olney, J. Ongena, G.P. Orsitto, A. Osipov, R. Otin, N. Pace, L.W. Packer, E. Pajuste, D. Palade, J. Palgrave, O. Pan, N. Panadero, T. Pandya, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, G. Papadopoulos, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, A. Parsloe, K. Paschalidis, M. Passeri, A. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, C. Paz-Soldan, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, I.J. Pearson, E. Peluso, C. Penot, K. Pepperell, A. Perdas, T. Pereira, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez von Thun, D. Perry, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, L. Pigatto, M. Pillon, S. Pinches, G. Pintsuk, C. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, U. Planck, N. Platt, V. Plyusnin, M. Podesta, G. Pokol, F.M. Poli, O.G. Pompilian, M. Poradzinski, M. Porkolab, C. Porosnicu, G. Poulipoulis, A.S. Poulsen, I. Predebon, A. Previti, D. Primetzhofer, G. Provatas, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, K. Purahoo, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, A. Quercia, G. Radulescu, V. Radulovic, R. Ragona, M. Rainford, P. Raj, M. Rasinski, D. Rasmussen, J. Rasmussen, J.J. Rasmussen, A. Raso, G. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Réfy, R. Reichle, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, C. Reux, S. Reynolds, D. Rigamonti, E. Righi, F.G. Rimini, J. Risner, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.M. Roach, J. Roberts, R. Robins, S. Robinson, D. Robson, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, E. Rose, C. Rose-Innes, R. Rossi, S. Rowe, D. Rowlands, C. Rowley, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, M. Rud, J. Ruiz Ruiz, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, A. Sahlberg, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, F. Sanchez, I. Sanders, D. Sandiford, F. Sanni, O. Sauter, P. Sauvan, G. Schettini, A. Shevelev, A.A. Schekochihin, K. Schmid, B.S. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, D. Scoon, S. Scully, M. Segato, J. Seidl, L. Senni, J. Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, N. Shi, P. Shigin, D. Shiraki, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, T. Smart, R.D. Smirnov, N. Smith, P. Smith, T. Smith, J. Snell, L. Snoj, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, L. Spolladore, D. Spong, C. Srinivasan, G. Staebler, A. Stagni, I. Stamatelatos, M.F. Stamp, Ž. Štancar, P.A. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, B. Stein-Lubrano, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, C. Steventon, M. Stojanov, D.A. St-Onge, P. Strand, S. Strikwerda, C.I. Stuart, S. Sturgeon, H.J. Sun, S. Surendran, W. Suttrop, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, G. Szepesi, M. Szoke, T. Tadić, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, A. Teplukhina, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, B. Thomas, V.K. Thompson, A. Thorman, A.S. Thrysoe, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, L.-P. Turică, A. Turner, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, G. Tvalashvili, A. Tykhyy, S. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, A. Vadgama, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, M. Van Berkel, K.L. van de Plassche, M. van Rossem, D. Van Eester, J. Varela, J. Varje, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, M. Veis, P. Veis, S. Ventre, M. Veranda, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, R. Vila, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voldiner, U. Von Toussaint, P. Vondráček, B. Wakeling, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, R. Walton, E. Wang, F. Warren, R. Warren, J. Waterhouse, C. Watts, T. Webster, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, N. Wendler, A. West, M. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. Whitehead, D. Whittaker, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Willensdorfer, J. Williams, I. Wilson, T. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, A. Withycombe, D. Witts, A. Wojcik-Gargula, E. Wolfrum, R. Wood, R. Woodley, R. Worrall, I. Wyss, T. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, Y. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, I. Young, R. Young, B. Zaar, R.J. Zabolockis, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, A. Zarins, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, K.-D. Zastrow, Y. Zayachuk, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zocco, V.K. Zotta, M. Zuin, W. Zwingmann, and I. Zychor
Subjects: magnetic fusion, JET-ILW, D–T, tritium, alpha particles, fusion prediction, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: In 2021 JET exploited its unique capabilities to operate with T and D–T fuel with an ITER-like Be/W wall (JET-ILW). This second major JET D–T campaign (DTE2), after DTE1 in 1997, represented the culmination of a series of JET enhancements—new fusion diagnostics, new T injection capabilities, refurbishment of the T plant, increased auxiliary heating, in-vessel calibration of 14 MeV neutron yield monitors—as well as significant advances in plasma theory and modelling in the fusion community. DTE2 was complemented by a sequence of isotope physics campaigns encompassing operation in pure tritium at high T-NBI power. Carefully conducted for safe operation with tritium, the new T and D–T experiments used 1 kg of T (vs 100 g in DTE1), yielding the most fusion reactor relevant D–T plasmas to date and expanding our understanding of isotopes and D–T mixture physics. Furthermore, since the JET T and DTE2 campaigns occurred almost 25 years after the last major D–T tokamak experiment, it was also a strategic goal of the European fusion programme to refresh operational experience of a nuclear tokamak to prepare staff for ITER operation. The key physics results of the JET T and DTE2 experiments, carried out within the EUROfusion JET1 work package, are reported in this paper. Progress in the technological exploitation of JET D–T operations, development and validation of nuclear codes, neutronic tools and techniques for ITER operations carried out by EUROfusion (started within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme and continuing under the Horizon Europe FP) are reported in (Litaudon et al Nucl. Fusion accepted), while JET experience on T and D–T operations is presented in (King et al Nucl. Fusion submitted).
Published: 2024
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19. EUROfusion contributions to ITER nuclear operation

Author: X. Litaudon, U. Fantz, R. Villari, V. Toigo, M.-H. Aumeunier, J.-L. Autran, P. Batistoni, E. Belonohy, S. Bradnam, M. Cecchetto, A. Colangeli, F. Dacquait, S. Dal Bello, M. Dentan, M. De Pietri, J. Eriksson, M. Fabbri, G. Falchetto, L. Figini, J. Figueiredo, D. Flammini, N. Fonnesu, L. Frassinetti, J. Galdón-Quiroga, R. Garcia-Alia, M. Garcia-Munoz, Z. Ghani, J. Gonzalez-Martin, E. Grelier, L. Di Grazia, B. Grove, C.L. Grove, A. Gusarov, B. Heinemann, A. Hjalmarsson, O. Hyvärinen, V. Ioannou-Sougleridis, L. Jones, H.-T. Kim, M. Kłosowski, M. Kocan, B. Kos, L. Kos, D. Kotnik, E. Laszynska, D. Leichtle, I. Lengar, E. Leon-Gutierrez, A.J. López-Revelles, S. Loreti, M. Loughlin, D. Marcuzzi, K.G. Mcclements, G. Mariano, M. Mattei, K. Mergia, J. Mietelski, R. Mitteau, S. Moindjie, D. Munteanu, R. Naish, S. Noce, L.W. Packer, S. Pamela, R. Pampin, A. Pau, A. Peacock, E. Peluso, Y. Peneliau, J. Peric, V. Radulović, D. Ricci, F. Rimini, L. Sanchis-Sanchez, P. Sauvan, M.I. Savva, G. Serianni, C.R. Shand, A. Snicker, L. Snoj, I.E. Stamatelatos, Ž. Štancar, N. Terranova, T. Vasilopoulou, R. Vila, J. Waterhouse, C. Wimmer, D. Wünderlich, A. Žohar, the NBTF Team, JET Contributors, and the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team
Subjects: nuclear fusion, tokamak operation, neutral beam heating and current drive, neutronics, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: ITER is of key importance in the European fusion roadmap as it aims to prove the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion as a future energy source. The EUROfusion consortium of labs within Europe is contributing to the preparation of ITER scientific exploitation and operation and aspires to exploit ITER outcomes in view of DEMO. The paper provides an overview of the major progress obtained recently, carried out in the frame of the new (initiated in 2021) EUROfusion work-package called ‘ Pr eparation of I TER O peration’ (PrIO). The overview paper is directly supported by the eleven EUROfusion PrIO contributions given at the 29th Fusion Energy Conference (16–21 October 2023) London, UK [ https://www.iaea.org/events/fec2023 ]. The paper covers the following topics: (i) development and validation of tools in support to ITER operation (plasma breakdown/burn-through with evolving plasma volume, new infra-red synthetic diagnostic for off-line analysis and wall monitoring using Artificial Intelligence techniques, synthetic diagnostics development, development and exploitation of multi-machine databases); (ii) R&D for the radio-frequency ITER neutral beam sources leading to long duration of negative deuterium/hydrogen ions current extraction at ELISE and participation in the neutral beam test facility with progress on the ITER source SPIDER, and, the commissioning of the 1 MV high voltage accelerator (MITICA) with lessons learned for ITER; (iii) validation of neutronic tools for ITER nuclear operation following the second JET deuterium–tritium experimental campaigns carried out in 2021 and in 2023 (neutron streaming and shutdown dose rate calculation, water activation and activated corrosion products with advanced fluid dynamic simulation; irradiation of several materials under 14.1 MeV neutron flux etc).
Published: 2024
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20. Fuelling of deuterium–tritium plasma by peripheral pellets in JET experiments

Author: M. Valovič, S. Aleiferis, P. Blatchford, A. Boboc, M. Brix, P. Carvalho, I. Carvalho, M. Fontdecaba Climent, D. Dunai, L. Frassinetti, L. Garzotti, F. Köchl, J.C. Lowry, E. de la Luna, C.F. Maggi, R.B. Morales, S. Nowak, C. Olde, D. Réfy, F. Rimini, S. Silburn, Ž. Štancar, G. Tvalashvili, M. Vecsei, and the JET Contributors
Subjects: tokamak, pellets, JET deuterium–tritium plasma, particle losses, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: A baseline scenario of deuterium–tritium (D–T) plasma with peripheral high-field-side fuelling pellets has been produced in JET in order to mimic the situation in ITER. The isotope mix ratio is controlled in order to target the value of 50%–50% by a combination of tritium gas puffing and deuterium pellet injection. Multiple factors controlling the fuelling efficiency of individual pellets are analysed, with the following findings: (1) prompt particle losses due to pellet-triggered edge-localised modes (ELMs) are detected, (2) the plasmoid drift velocity might be smaller than that predicted by simulation, (3) post-pellet particle loss is controlled by transient phases with ELMs.The overall pellet particle flux normalised to the heat flux is similar to that in previous pellet fuelling experiments in AUG and JET.
Published: 2024
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21. Exploring the physics of a high-performance H-mode scenario with small ELMs at low collisionality in JET with Be/W wall

Author: E. de la Luna, J. Garcia, M. Sertoli, P. Lomas, S. Mazzi, Ž. Štancar, M. Dunne, N. Aiba, S. Silburn, M. Faitsch, G. Szepesi, F. Auriemma, I. Balboa, L. Frassinetti, L. Garzotti, S. Menmuir, D. Refy, F. Rimini, E.R. Solano, C. Sozzi, M. Vecsei, and JET Contributors
Subjects: fusion energy, tokamaks, plasma confinement, pedestal physics, gyrokinetic simulations, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: A new H-mode regime at low density and low edge safety factor ( q _95 = 3.2, with $I_\mathrm{p}$ = 3 MA) that combines high energy confinement, stationary conditions for density and radiation and small Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) have been found in JET with Be/W wall. Such a regime is achieved by operating without external gas puffing, leading to a decrease in the edge density and a substantial increase in rotation and ion temperature in both the pedestal and the core region. Transport modelling shows a reduction of the turbulence, which starts in the pedestal region and extends into the plasma core, and outward impurity convection, consistent with the improved energy confinement and the lack of W accumulation observed in those conditions. In addition, large type I ELMs, typically found in gas-fuelled plasmas, are replaced by smaller and more frequent ELMs, whose appearance is correlated with a substantial reduction of the pedestal density and its gradient. Pedestals in this operating regime are stable to peeling–ballooning modes, consistent with the lack of large ELMs. This is in contrast to results in unfuelled JET-C plasmas that typically operated at higher pedestal densities and developed low frequency, large type I ELMs, thus pointing to the low density as one of the critical parameters for accessing this small ELMs regime in JET. This small ELMs regime exhibits the same low pedestal collisionality ( $\nu_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{ped}}^*\sim0.1$ ) expected in ITER and operates at low q _95 , thus making it different from other small ELMs regimes that are typically obtained at higher q _95 and higher pedestal collisionality. These features make this newly developed H-mode regime in JET with Be/W wall a valuable tool for exploring the underlying transport, the different mechanisms of turbulence stabilization, as well as the physics associated with the appearance of small ELMs in high-temperature plasmas at ITER relevant pedestal collisionality.
Published: 2024
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22. Alpha particle loss measurements and analysis in JET DT plasmas

Author: P.J. Bonofiglo, V.G. Kiptily, J. Rivero-Rodriguez, M. Nocente, M. Podestà, Ž. Štancar, M. Poradzinski, V. Goloborodko, S.E. Sharapov, M. Fitzgerald, R. Dumont, J. Garcia, D. Keeling, D. Frigione, L. Garzotti, F.G. Rimini, D. Van Eester, E. Lerche, M. Maslov, and JET Contributors
Subjects: alpha particles, alpha physics, DT plasmas, fast ion losses, MHD, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Burning reactor plasmas will be self-heated by fusion born alpha particles from deuterium-tritium reactions. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the confinement and transport of DT-born alpha particles is necessary to maintain the plasma self-heating. Measurements of fast ion losses provide a direct means to monitor alpha particle confinement. JET’s 2021–2022 second experimental DT-campaign offers burning plasma scenarios with advanced fast ion loss diagnostics for the first time in nearly 25 years. Coherent and non-coherent alpha losses were observed due to a variety of low frequency MHD activity. This manuscript will present the loss mechanisms, spatial and pitch dependencies, scalings with plasma parameters, correlations with wall impurities, and magnitude of DT-alpha born losses.
Published: 2024
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23. The core–edge integrated neon-seeded scenario in deuterium–tritium at JET

Author: C. Giroud, I.S. Carvalho, S. Brezinsek, A. Huber, D. Keeling, J. Mailloux, R.A. Pitts, E. Lerche, R. Henriques, J. Hillesheim, K. Lawson, M. Marin, E. Pawelec, M. Sos, H.J. Sun, M. Tomes, S. Aleiferis, A. Bleasdale, M. Brix, A. Boboc, J. Bernardo, P. Carvalho, I. Coffey, S. Henderson, D.B. King, F. Rimini, M. Maslov, E. Alessi, T. Craciunescu, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, L. Garzotti, Z. Ghani, L. Horvath, I. Jepu, J. Karhunen, D. Kos, E. Litherland-Smith, A. Meigs, S. Menmuir, R.B. Morales, S. Nowak, E. Peluso, T. Pereira, V. Parail, G. Petravich, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, D. Refy, S. Scully, M. Sertoli, S. Silburn, D. Taylor, B. Thomas, A. Tookey, Ž. Štancar, G. Szepesi, B. Viola, A. Widdowson, E. de la Luna, and JET Contributors
Subjects: JET, baseline, deuterium–tritium, detachment, neon, seeding, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: This paper reports the first experiment carried out in deuterium–tritium addressing the integration of a radiative divertor for heat-load control with good confinement. Neon seeding was carried out for the first time in a D–T plasma as part of the second D–T campaign of JET with its Be/W wall environment. The technical difficulties linked to the re-ionisation heat load are reported in T and D–T. This paper compares the impact of neon seeding on D–T plasmas and their D counterpart on the divertor detachment, localisation of the radiation, scrape-off profiles, pedestal structure, edge localised modes and global confinement.
Published: 2024
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24. JET D-T scenario with optimized non-thermal fusion

Author: M. Maslov, E. Lerche, F. Auriemma, E. Belli, C. Bourdelle, C.D. Challis, A. Chomiczewska, A. Dal Molin, J. Eriksson, J. Garcia, J. Hobirk, I. Ivanova-Stanik, Ph. Jacquet, A. Kappatou, Y. Kazakov, D.L. Keeling, D.B. King, V. Kiptily, K. Kirov, D. Kos, R. Lorenzini, E. De La Luna, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, P. Mantica, M. Marin, G. Matthews, I. Monakhov, M. Nocente, G. Pucella, D. Rigamonti, F. Rimini, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, E.R. Solano, Ž. Štancar, G. Stankunas, H. Sun, M. Tardocchi, D. Van Eester, and JET Contributors
Subjects: tokamak, nuclear fusion, tritium, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: In JET deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas, the fusion power is produced through thermonuclear reactions and reactions between thermal ions and fast particles generated by neutral beam injection (NBI) heating or accelerated by electromagnetic wave heating in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRFs). To complement the experiments with 50/50 D/T mixtures maximizing thermonuclear reactivity, a scenario with dominant non-thermal reactivity has been developed and successfully demonstrated during the second JET deuterium-tritium campaign DTE2, as it was predicted to generate the highest fusion power in JET with a Be/W wall. It was performed in a 15/85 D/T mixture with pure D-NBI heating combined with ICRF heating at the fundamental deuterium resonance. In steady plasma conditions, a record 59 MJ of fusion energy has been achieved in a single pulse, of which 50.5 MJ were produced in a 5 s time window ( P _fus = 10.1 MW) with average Q = 0.33, confirming predictive modelling in preparation of the experiment. The highest fusion power in these experiments, P _fus = 12.5 MW with average Q = 0.38, was achieved over a shorter 2 s time window, with the period of sustainment limited by high-Z impurity accumulation. This scenario provides unique data for the validation of physics-based models used to predict D-T fusion power.
Published: 2023
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25. Stability analysis of alpha driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes observed in JET deuterium-tritium internal transport barrier plasmas

Author: M. Fitzgerald, R. Dumont, D. Keeling, J. Mailloux, S. Sharapov, M. Dreval, A. Figueiredo, R. Coelho, J. Ferreira, P. Rodrigues, F. Nabais, D. Borba, Ž. Štancar, G. Szepesi, R.A. Tinguely, P.G. Puglia, H.J.C. Oliver, V. Kiptily, M. Baruzzo, M. Lennholm, P. Siren, J. Garcia, C.F. Maggi, and JET Contributors
Subjects: JET DT, TAE, Alfvén, MHD, fast particle, ITB, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: A toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) has been observed to be driven by alpha particles in a JET deuterium-tritium internal transport barrier plasma. The observation occurred 50 ms after the removal of neutral beam heating (NBI). The mode is observed on magnetics, soft-xray, interferometry and reflectometry measurements. We present detailed stability calculations using a similar tool set validated during deuterium only discharges. These calculations strongly support the conclusion that the observed mode is a TAE, and that this mode was destabilized by alpha particles. Non-ideal effects from the bulk plasma are interpreted as responsible for suppressing the majority of TAEs which were also driven by alpha particles, but the modes that match the observations are predicted to be particularly weak for these non-ideal effects. This mode located far from the core on the outboard midplane is found to be driven by both trapped and passing particles despite alpha particles originating in the core.
Published: 2023
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26. Experiments on excitation of Alfvén eigenmodes by alpha-particles with bump-on-tail distribution in JET DTE2 plasmas

Author: S.E. Sharapov, H.J.C. Oliver, J. Garcia, D.L. Keeling, M. Dreval, V. Goloborod’Ko, Ye.O. Kazakov, V.G. Kiptily, Ž. Štancar, P.J. Bonofiglo, R. Coelho, T. Craciunescu, J. Ferreira, A. Figueiredo, N. Fil, M. Fitzgerald, F. Nabais, M. Nocente, P.G. Puglia, J. Rivero-Rodriguez, P. Rodrigues, M. Salewski, R.A. Tinguely, L.E. Zakharov, and JET Contributors
Subjects: DT, alpha-particles, Alfven, JET, plasma, fusion, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Dedicated experiments were performed in JET DTE2 plasmas for obtaining an α -particle bump-on-tail (BOT) distribution aiming at exciting Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs). Neutral beam injection-only heating with modulated power was used so that fusion-born α -particles were the only ions present in the MeV energy range in these DT plasmas. The beam power modulation on a time scale shorter than the α -particle slowing down time was chosen for modulating the α -particle source and thus sustaining a BOT in the α -particle distribution. High-frequency modes in the toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmode (TAE) frequency range and multiple short-lived modes in a wider frequency range have been detected in these DT discharges with interferometry, soft x-ray cameras, and reflectometry. The modes observed were localised close to the magnetic axis, and were not seen in the Mirnov coils. Analysis with the TRANSP and Fokker-Planck FIDIT codes confirms that α -particle distributions with BOT in energy were achieved during some time intervals in these discharges though no clear correlation was found between the times of the high-frequency mode excitation and the BOT time intervals. The combined magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) and kinetic modelling studies show that the high-frequency mode in the TAE frequency range is best fitted with a TAE of toroidal mode number n = 9. This mode is driven mostly by the on-axis beam ions while the smaller drive due to the pressure gradient of α -particles allows overcoming the marginal stability and exciting the mode (Oliver et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion submitted). The observed multiple short-lived modes in a wider frequency range are identified as the on-axis kinetic AEs predicted in Rosenbluth and Rutherford (1975 Phys. Rev. Lett. 34 1428).
Published: 2023
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27. Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes observed in low power JET deuterium–tritium plasmas

Author: H.J.C. Oliver, S.E. Sharapov, Ž. Štancar, M. Fitzgerald, E. Tholerus, B.N. Breizman, M. Dreval, J. Ferreira, A. Figueiredo, J. Garcia, N. Hawkes, D.L. Keeling, P.G. Puglia, P. Rodrigues, R.A. Tinguely, and JET Contributors
Subjects: energetic particles, Alfvén eigenmode, tokamak plasma, neutral beam injection, Monte Carlo code, DT plasma, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The Joint European Torus recently carried out an experimental campaign using a plasma consisting of both deuterium (D) and tritium (T). We observed a high-frequency mode using a reflectometer and an interferometer in a D-T plasma heated with low power neutral beam injection, $P_\mathrm{NBI} = 11.6\,\textrm{MW}$ . This mode was observed at a frequency $f = 156\,\textrm{kHz}$ and was located at major radii $3.1 \leqslant R\,(\textrm{m}) \leqslant 3.3$ . The observed mode was identified as a toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) using the linear MHD code, MISHKA. Beam ions and fusion-born alpha particles were modelled using the full orbit particle tracking code LOCUST, which produces smooth distribution functions suitable for stability calculations without analytical fits or the use of moments. We calculated the stability of the 21 candidate modes using the HALO code. These calculations revealed that beam ions can drive TAEs with toroidal mode numbers $n\geqslant 8$ with linear growth rates $\gamma_b /\omega \sim 1\%$ , while TAEs with n
Published: 2023
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28. Tritium neutral beam injection on JET: calibration and plasma measurements of stored energy

Author: D.B. King, R. Sharma, C.D. Challis, A. Bleasdale, E.G. Delabie, D. Douai, D. Keeling, E. Lerche, M. Lennholm, J. Mailloux, G. Matthews, M. Nicassio, Ž. Štancar, T. Wilson, and JET Contributors
Subjects: JET, tritium, NBI, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Neutral beam injection (NBI) is a flexible auxiliary heating method for tokamak plasmas, capable of being efficiently coupled to the various plasma configurations required in the Tritium and mixed deuterium-tritium experimental campaign on the Joint European Torus (JET) device. High NBI power was required for high fusion yield and alpha particle studies and to provide mixed deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuelling in the plasma core, it was necessary to operate the JET NBI systems in both deuterium and tritium. Further, the pure tritium experiments performed required T NBI for high isotopic purity and reduced 14 MeV neutron yield. Accurate power calibrations are also essential to machine safety. Previously on JET there have been a number of questions raised on the NBI power calibration, in particular following the Trace Tritium Experiments (TTEs). Operator activities on the tokamak NBI system, including calibrations, were performed in 2020. Following these activities, a series of plasma experiments were devised to further corroborate the T NBI power by comparing the plasma response to the D NBI power. A series of stationary, L-mode plasmas were performed on JET with different beam combinations used in different phases of the same pulse. By comparing the plasma response for D and T NBI it was possible to corroborate the T NBI power calibration using the D NBI power calibration. The stored energy as measured by magnetic diagnostics, corrected for fast particle stored energy, show that the uncertainty in NBI power calibration in T is comparable to that in D.
Published: 2023
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29. L-H transition studies in tritium and deuterium–tritium campaigns at JET with Be wall and W divertor

Author: E.R. Solano, G. Birkenmeier, C. Silva, E. Delabie, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Baciero, I. Balboa, M. Baruzzo, A. Boboc, M. Brix, J. Bernardo, C. Bourdelle, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, C.D. Challis, M. Chernyshova, A. Chomiczewska, R. Coelho, I. Coffey, T. Craciunescu, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, L. Frassinetti, D. Gallart, J. Garcia, C. Giroud, W. Gromelski, R.B. Henriques, J. Hall, A. Ho, L.D. Horton, L. Horvath, P. Jacquet, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, A. Kappatou, D.L. Keeling, D.B. King, V.G. Kiptily, K.K. Kirov, D. Kos, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, E. Litherland-Smith, A. Loarte, B. Lomanowski, P.J. Lomas, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, M.J. Mantsinen, M. Maslov, A.G. Meigs, I. Monakhov, R.B. Morales, A.H. Nielsen, D. Nina, C. Noble, E. Pawelec, M. Poradzinski, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, D. Réfy, J. Juul Rasmussen, E. Righi, F.G. Rimini, T. Robinson, M. Sertoli, S.A. Silburn, G. Sips, P. Sirén, Ž. Štancar, H.J. Sun, G. Szepesi, D. Taylor, E. Tholerus, B. Thomas, G. Verdoolaege, P. Vincenzi, B. Viola, N. Vianello, T. Wilson, and JET Contributors
Subjects: L-H transition, power threshold, tokamaks, Tritium, DT, JET-ILW, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The recent deuterium–tritium campaign in JET-ILW (DTE2) has provided a unique opportunity to study the isotope dependence of the L-H power threshold in an ITER-like wall environment (Be wall and W divertor). Here we present results from dedicated L-H transition experiments at JET-ILW, documenting the power threshold in tritium and deuterium–tritium plasmas, comparing them with the matching deuterium and hydrogen datasets. From earlier experiments in JET-ILW it is known that as plasma isotopic composition changes from deuterium, through varying deuterium/hydrogen concentrations, to pure hydrogen, the value of the line averaged density at which the threshold is minimum, ${\bar n_{{\text{e}},{\text{min}}}}$ , increases, leading us to expect that ${\bar n_{{\text{e}},{\text{min}}}}$ (T) < ${\bar n_{{\text{e}},{\text{min}}}}$ (DT) < ${\bar n_{{\text{e}},{\text{min}}}}$ (D) < ${\bar n_{{\text{e}},{\text{min}}}}$ (H). The new power threshold data confirms these expectations in most cases, with the corresponding ordering of the minimum power thresholds. We present a comparison of this data to power threshold scalings, used for extrapolation to future devices such as ITER and DEMO.
Published: 2023
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30. Overview of interpretive modelling of fusion performance in JET DTE2 discharges with TRANSP

Author: Ž. Štancar, K.K. Kirov, F. Auriemma, H.-T. Kim, M. Poradziński, R. Sharma, R. Lorenzini, Z. Ghani, M. Gorelenkova, F. Poli, A. Boboc, S. Brezinsek, P. Carvalho, F.J. Casson, C.D. Challis, E. Delabie, D. Van Eester, M. Fitzgerald, J.M. Fontdecaba, D. Gallart, J. Garcia, L. Garzotti, C. Giroud, A. Kappatou, Ye.O. Kazakov, D.B. King, V.G. Kiptily, D. Kos, E. Lerche, E. Litherland-Smith, C.F. Maggi, P. Mantica, M.J. Mantsinen, M. Maslov, S. Menmuir, M. Nocente, H.J.C. Oliver, S.E. Sharapov, P. Sirén, E.R. Solano, H.J. Sun, G. Szepesi, and JET Contributors
Subjects: deuterium-tritium plasma, integrated modelling, fusion performance, JET, TRANSP, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: In the paper we present an overview of interpretive modelling of a database of JET-ILW 2021 D-T discharges using the TRANSP code. The main aim is to assess our capability of computationally reproducing the fusion performance of various D-T plasma scenarios using different external heating and D-T mixtures, and to understand the performance driving mechanisms. We find that interpretive simulations confirm a general power-law relationship between increasing external heating power and fusion output, which is supported by absolutely calibrated neutron yield measurements. A comparison of measured and computed D-T neutron rates shows that the calculations’ discrepancy depends on the absolute neutron yield. The calculations are found to agree well with measurements for higher performing discharges with external heating power above ∼20 $\mathrm{MW}$ , while low-neutron shots display an average discrepancy of around +40% compared to measured neutron yields. A similar trend is found for the ratio between thermal and beam-target fusion, where larger discrepancies are seen in shots with dominant beam-driven performance. We compare the observations to studies of JET-ILW D discharges, to find that on average the fusion performance is well modelled over a range of heating power, although an increased unsystematic deviation for lower-performing shots is observed. The ratio between thermal and beam-induced D-T fusion is found to be increasing weakly with growing external heating power, with a maximum value of $\gtrsim$ 1 achieved in a baseline scenario experiment. An evaluation of the fusion power computational uncertainty shows a strong dependence on the plasma scenario type and fusion drive characteristics, varying between ±25% and 35%. D-T fusion alpha simulations show that the ratio between volume-integrated electron and ion heating from alphas is $\lesssim$ 10 for the majority of analysed discharges. Alphas are computed to contribute between ∼15% and 40% to the total electron heating in the core of highest performing D-T discharges. An alternative workflow to TRANSP was employed to model JET D-T plasmas with the highest fusion yield and dominant non-thermal fusion component because of the use of fundamental radio-frequency heating of a large minority in the scenario, which is calculated to have provided ∼10% to the total fusion power.
Published: 2023
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31. The single crystal diamond-based diagnostic suite of the JET tokamak for 14 MeV neutron counting and spectroscopy measurements in DT plasmas

Author: D. Rigamonti, A. Dal Molin, A. Muraro, M. Rebai, L. Giacomelli, G. Gorini, M. Nocente, E. Perelli Cippo, S. Conroy, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, V. Kiptily, Z. Ghani, Ž. Štancar, M. Tardocchi, and JET Contributors
Subjects: nuclear diagnostics, neutron spectroscopy, single crystal diamond detectors, tokamaks, nuclear fusion diagnostics, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The Joint European Torus (JET) has recently conducted its second deuterium–tritium (DT) experimental campaign DTE2, providing unique opportunity for studying both physics and engineering aspects of nuclear fusion plasmas. This also allowed the exploitation of new diagnostics and technologies that were not available during the first JET DT campaign held in 1997. Among these new instruments, the enhancement projects of the JET nuclear diagnostics lead to the development and installation of synthetic single crystal diamond detectors along different collimated line of sights. This paper describes the single crystal diamond-based diagnostic suite of the JET tokamak and the enhanced 14 MeV neutron diagnostic capabilities in terms of neutron yield and high resolution neutron spectroscopy. The diamond characterization measurements and the calibration procedure at JET are shown, together with performance of the diamond based neutron spectrometer as 14 MeV neutron yield monitor which allows the separation of 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons in trace tritium plasmas. The first high-resolution 14 MeV neutron spectroscopy measurements in neutral beam injection-heated DT plasmas are presented, allowing thermal and non-thermal neutron component separation. Prospects for the diagnose of DT burning plasmas such as ITER and SPARC will be presented.
Published: 2023
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32. Deep neural networks for plasma tomography with applications to JET and COMPASS

Author: J. Denis, M. Tardocchi, Kiptily, M. Koubiti, M. Ghate, R. Michling, G. De Masi, T. Tala, M. Bassan, R. McAdams, S. Dowson, Antoine Merle, Seppo Koivuranta, O. J. Kwon, S. Mahesan, P. Sparapani, A. Malaquias, M. Tsalas, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, M. Vecsei, Michal Stano, E. Lerche, Štefan Matejčík, Piergiorgio Sonato, S. D. Pinches, A. Dal Molin, O. McCormack, B. Colling, F. Mink, Ph. Mertens, P. Drewelow, Nuno Cruz, D. Iglesias, Alessandro Zocco, K. Rathod, S. Collins, F. Koechl, James Buchanan, Andrew West, Francesco Maviglia, E. Stefanikova, David Taylor, B. Graham, T. Lunt, S. Meshchaninov, Arturo Buscarino, G. L. Ravera, Maide Bucolo, J. P. Thomas, S. Foley, B. Wakeling, N. Ashikawa, D. W. Robson, N. J. Conway, V. P. Lo Schiavo, Stefan Buller, Sergey Popovichev, M. Saleem, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, M. Wheatley, Gabriele Croci, Hugo Bufferand, J.F. Artaud, R. C. Felton, O. Kovanda, D. Hepple, K. Dylst, Gabor Szepesi, M. Oberkofler, G.J. van Rooij, N. Teplova, Istvan Cziegler, K. K. Kirov, S. Vartanian, Y. Xue, D. Nina, J. Bernardo, Lorenzo Figini, Guglielmo Rubinacci, Peter Lang, R. Scannell, N. C. Hawkes, P. Denner, Istvan Pusztai, D. D. Carvalho, Salvatore Ventre, A. Lescinskis, Afanasev, C. Hamlyn-Harris, Panagiotis Tolias, R. Vale, T. O'Gorman, S. Lesnoj, I.E. Day, Karol Malinowski, D. Carralero, N. Balshaw, Massimo Angelone, Michaele Freisinger, I. Monakhov, Jesús Vega, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, H. Patten, P. A. Simmons, Y. Austin, Sehyun Kwak, J. Regana, Rohde, T. Eich, A. Alkseev, R. Lawless, C. G. Elsmore, Fusco, S. Hacquin, S. A. Silburn, A. Fernades, Luigi Fortuna, P. Bunting, R. Sartori, Yuji Hatano, D. Borodin, L. Colas, Daniele Marocco, M. Lennholm, Carlo Sozzi, J. J. Rasmussen, P. McCullen, Tommy Ahlgren, A. Kirschner, Thomas Johnson, M. Rack, Göran Ericsson, Hans Nordman, Jakub Bielecki, P. Merriman, M. Cavedon, G. Hermon, Geert Verdoolaege, K. J. Gibson, Daisuke Nishijima, R. Clarkson, Fuchs, M. Tomes, R. Zagórski, Gerald Pintsuk, W. Higginson, Daniel F. Valcarcel, R. Mooney, K. Dawson, A. Tallargio, T.H. Osborne, P. J. Carvalho, M. Gethins, R. Dux, Pierre Dumortier, G. Urbanczyk, Inessa Bolshakova, R. King, B. Tal, Daniel Tegnered, J. W. Coenen, Leena Aho-Mantila, Eva Belonohy, S. Schmuck, Kai Nordlund, Grégoire Hornung, G. Tvalashvili, M. De Bock, Y. Baranov, G. De Tommasi, A. Urban, L. Forsythe, I. Zychor, J. Dobrashian, E. Clark, Paolo Arena, Alessia Santucci, Ivan Lupelli, S. Nowak, M. Curuia, Jonathan Graves, J. C. Hillesheim, Claudio Verona, Zoita, S. Moon, C. Castaldo, A.V. Stephen, Karl Schmid, A. Sahlberg, C. Di Troia, R. Woodley, L. Garzotti, D. Sandiford, Matthew M. Knight, Juho Leppänen, S. Emery, O. G. Pompilian, M. Goniche, C. Luna, M. Mayer, M. Baruzzo, A. Weckmann, M. Kempenaars, S. Hazel, Fabio Pisano, Claudia Corradino, A. G. Meigs, P. Leichauer, S. Potzel, Stéphane Devaux, C. Piron, G. Saibene, David A Rasmussen, Bruce Lipschultz, A. Di Siena, E. Lazzaro, J. Deane, C. Meadowcroft, C. J. Rapson, K.-D. Zastrow, Ph. Duckworth, Tom Wauters, F. Nabais, T. Goerler, D. Brunetti, R. Ellis, David Moulton, L. Jones, E. Delabie, Anna Salmi, Luciano Bertalot, G. Burroughes, B. Kos, Laurent Marot, Daniel Primetzhofer, I Miron, N. Lam, F. Napoli, S. Rowe, E. Pajuste, Choong-Seock Chang, R.P. Doerner, D. Silvagni, C. Guillemaut, S. Warder, A.J. Thornton, Matthew Carr, A. Dempsey, Jorge Morales, Pramit Dutta, J. L. Herfindal, S. Maruyama, P. Camp, X. Lefebvre, Ye. O. Kazakov, Andrea G. Chiariello, Gabriele Manduchi, Andre Neto, T. Powell, J. Griffiths, José Vicente, C. Barcellona, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, L. Xiang, Dirk Reiser, H. Bergsåker, I. Duran, G. Giacometti, M. Kalsey, David Tskhakaya, A. Martin de Aguilera, T. Dittmar, Edmund Highcock, I. Uytdenhouwen, S. Soare, Giuseppe Prestopino, L. Chôné, W. Davis, G. De Temmerman, Basiuk, G. Learoyd, C. Guerard, A. Klix, M. Incelli, B. Viola, R. J. Robins, A. Burckhart, W. Leysen, Jochen Linke, M. Oberparleiter, A. Murari, M. Sertoli, S. D. Scott, A. Lazaros, R. Dejarnac, P. Buratti, H.R. Strauss, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Hajime Urano, Justine M. Kent, A. Kallenbach, D. Fagan, D. S. Darrow, Benedikt Geiger, A. Wynn, X. Sáez, B. Beckett, Horacio Fernandes, G. Ferro, B. Alper, George Wilkie, A. Uccello, T.C. Luce, S. Zoletnik, Petrzilka, Fulvio Auriemma, D. Guard, A. Ho, R. Henriques, I. T. Chapman, D. Butcher, Ph. Maquet, C. Crapper, S. Murphy, C. Ham, D. Brennan, S. Knott, Krasilnikov, D. Kogut, Cédric Pardanaud, K. Galazka, Nicolò Marconato, Daniele Bonfiglio, M. Sos, E. Militello-Asp, Nesenevich, Sean Conroy, S. Hall, L. F. Ruchko, L. Laguardia, O. Marchuk, F.P. Orsitto, I. S. Nedzelskiy, Eva Macusova, E. Andersson Sundén, C. Ayres, R. Prakash, C. Giroud, M. Parsons, R. Rodionov, M. Marin, A. P. Vadgama, A. Reed, Jacob Eriksson, P. Macheta, R. Neu, J. Orszagh, L. Gil, Riccardo Maggiora, M. Peterka, P. Devynck, M. Price, J. Likonen, Andrew M. Edwards, P. Dalgliesh, I. Vinyar, Andrea Malizia, A. Brett, Jane Johnston, A. Kappatou, P. Blatchford, B. Lloyd, P. Vincenzi, A. Mauriya, A. Garcia-Carrasco, Z. Stancar, D. B. Gin, Gediminas Stankunas, J. Edwards, Giuseppe Ambrosino, A. Goodyear, M. Lungaroni, M. Gardener, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, E. Ivings, Marek Rubel, L. Calacci, Ivo S. Carvalho, M. Afzal, M. Gherendi, D. Schworer, C. Watts, A. M. Messiaen, E. Safi, P. David, A. Petre, J. Uljanovs, U. von Toussaint, H. Greuner, D. Del Sarto, A.C.A. Figueiredo, D. Gallart, R. Bilato, M. Enachescu, P. Monaghan, M. S. J. Rainford, A. Boboc, M. Reinhart, Hiroyasu Utoh, B. P. Duval, L. Hackett, M. Halitovs, G. De Dominici, B. Lomanowski, P. Cahyna, Aslanyan, T. May-Smith, M. Richiusa, A. Goussarov, M. Okabayashi, R. Howell, T. Tadic, M. E. Manso, J. F. Rivero-Rodriguez, Wayne Arter, Ivan Calvo, U. Losada, H. Weisen, A. Teplukhina, Marica Rebai, R. Andrews, C. H. A. Hogben, M. Klas, A. E. Shevelev, J. McKehon, F. Reimold, Enrico Zilli, R. Maingi, M.F. Stamp, A. Rakha, H. T. Kim, D. Ciric, Eric Nardon, A. Somers, I. Igaune, E. Laszynska, S. Saarelma, A. Cullen, Mǎdǎlina Vlad, D. Nodwell, S. Griph, T. Donne, T. Boyce, M. Tyshchenko, Paulo Carvalho, Elena Bruno, Ion E. Stamatelatos, A. Patel, E. de la Luna, F. Causa, Robin Barnsley, Michael Lehnen, F. Belli, N. Jones, B. Bauvir, M. Tokitani, I. Turner, Y. Zhou, J. Simpson, A. Vitins, D. Rendell, Alberto Milocco, Benjamin P. Brown, F.G. Rimini, C. Lamb, V. Thompson, E. Alessi, S. Arshad, J. Rzadkiewicz, P. Prior, J. Moran, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, Igor Bykov, M. Weiszflog, Annette M. Hynes, Gennady Sergienko, J. Lönnroth, T. C. Hender, M.-L. Mayoral, Mattia Frasca, R. Coelho, J-J Honore, A. Jackson, A. Sirinelli, M. D. Axton, Hyun-Tae Kim, F. P. Keenan, H. J. Boyer, Elisabeth Rachlew, T. Szabolics, J. Ongena, Braic, Sandra C. Chapman, Anders Nielsen, John E. Marsh, J. Jansons, S. Gloeggler, Nengchao Wang, Naulin, M. Porton, D. Falie, P. Welch, G. T. Jones, N. Fil, M. Vincent, U. Kruezi, R. Pereira, L. Horvath, M. F. F. Nave, Lorella Carraro, N. Fonnesu, Davide Flammini, P. V. Edappala, G. M. D. Hogeweij, K. Krieger, P. Card, G. Poulipoulis, W. Studholme, Didier Mazon, T. Odupitan, D. Young, F. J. Casson, N. Muthusonai, I. Jepu, Olivier Sauter, Dimitri Voltolina, Sara Carcangiu, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, D. Tskhakaya Jun, O. Bogar, E. Viezzer, Shane Cooper, Fabio Villone, Florin Spineanu, H. Doerk, E. Cecil, J. Goff, F. Nespoli, F. Schluck, G. Ciraolo, Jennifer M. Lehmann, Jan Mlynar, H. J. C. Oliver, M. Marinucci, N. Krawczyk, J. Buch, M. Dreval, G. Possnert, C. Angioni, C. P. Lungu, Marco Ariola, S. Breton, Christopher N. Bowman, A. Kundu, J. Mailloux, I. Stepanov, D. Sprada, J. Zacks, G. Ramogida, E. Wolfrum, N.W. Eidietis, A. Pires dos Reis, Barbara Cannas, Robert E. Grove, A. Huber, Giuliana Sias, A. Baron Wiechec, Markus Airila, M. Berry, P. Huynh, R. Kovaldins, R. Bastow, Darren Price, S. Abduallev, P. Tsavalas, N. Aiba, Plyusnin, Ion Tiseanu, James Williams, M. Beckers, M. Weiland, S.N. Gerasimov, Alessandra Fanni, L. D. Horton, T. Xu, L. Joita, N. Reid, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, D. I. Refy, Jerry Hughes, Clarisse Bourdelle, J. E. Boom, G. Hancu, K. M. Aggarwal, F. Crisanti, M. Poradziński, A. Loarte, P. Vallejos Olivares, T. Mrowetz, Teddy Craciunescu, R. Guirlet, M. Valentinuzzi, J. Stephens, J. Stober, Michael Barnes, Isabel L. Nunes, Mario Pillon, P. Batistoni, G. Verona Rinati, Fabio Moro, R. Lucock, R. Olney, Jari Varje, B. Butler, A. Mariani, M. Hamed, Skvara, C. Terry, Larisa Baumane, T. Alarcon, Mike Kotschenreuther, T. M. Biewer, O. Hemming, N. Marcenko, Z. Kollo, B. Slade, J. Garcia, T. R. Blackman, Simone Peruzzo, N. den Harder, S. Ng, P. Siren, K. G. McClements, Rita Lorenzini, Y. Yakovenko, Lorenzo Frassinetti, J. Hawes, A. Kirk, C. Noble, Nicola Bonanomi, Y. Martynova, A.E. Shumack, F. Di Maio, H. R. Koslowski, N. Pomaro, G. Nemtsev, M. I. K. Santala, Richard George, E. Giovannozzi, T. Giegerich, C. Woodley, G. Pucella, D. Hopley, P.J. Knight, Michela Gelfusa, Francesca Poli, G. Petravich, G. Kocsis, S. Lanthaler, J. A. Wilson, D. Coombs, F. Köchl, G. Stables, Silvia Spagnolo, D. Rigamonti, W. Van Renterghem, Mike Dunne, H. Betar, W. Pires de Sa, Stjepko Fazinić, M. Nocente, G. Birkenmeier, L. Avotina, A. Horton, P. Heesterman, Larry R. Baylor, C. Stavrou, L. Appel, Amosov, J. Fessey, J. Flanagan, C. Paz Soldan, G. Kaveney, R. Young, Shimpei Futatani, U. Samm, R. Naish, P. Strand, E. Lascas Neto, S. Wheeler, Daisuke Shiraki, S. P. Hotchin, D. M. Witts, A. Cobalt, C. Waldon, Davide Galassi, I. Jenkins, S. Panja, C. Gurl, A. Lukin, R. Albanese, Andrea Pavone, A. Davies, J. Hawkins, N. Vianello, C. Besiliu, F. Domptail, Bruno Santos, Y. Li, T. Kaltiaisenaho, O. N. Kent, X. Litaudon, B. Lescinskis, M. Faitsch, Otto Asunta, F. Eriksson, Pericoli, M. Beldishevski, G.A. Rattá, C. D. Challis, Z. Ghani, M. Juvonen, A. C. C. Sips, João M. C. Sousa, Boris Breizman, P. Finburg, Henrik Sjöstrand, Slawomir Jednorog, Ewa Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, A. Martin, R. O. Dendy, B. Lepiavko, D. Croft, Goloborod'ko, A. V. Krasilnikov, M. Wischmeier, K. Gal, R. Ragona, Petter Ström, N. Parsons, G. Calabrò, Jean-Stéphane Joly, A. Capat, Linwei Li, T. Nakano, Paulo Rodrigues, L. Moser, João P. S. Bizarro, L. Piron, K. Pepperell, P. Aleynikov, Ambrogio Fasoli, S.-P. Pehkonen, Giuseppe Gorini, C. Taliercio, M. E. Puiatti, J. Svensson, H. R. Wilson, John Wright, S. Wiesen, O. Asztalos, R.V. Budny, A. Withycombe, P. Piovesan, Jonathan Gaspar, B. D. Stevens, P. Trimble, Vinodh Bandaru, F. S. Zaitsev, H. Sheikh, G. F. Matthews, Daniele Carnevale, K. Schoepf, L. McNamee, A. Czarnecka, P. Blanchard, Erik Fransson, J.P. Coad, Daniel Dunai, Carolina Björkas, A. Manzanares, M. Reich, A. Lahtinen, L. Giacomelli, Mirko Salewski, E. de la Cal, T. D. V. Haupt, T.T.C. Jones, M. Anghel, Kyriakos Hizanidis, J. M. Fontdecaba, Huber, A. Shaw, A. Cufar, A. Muraro, M. Clark, A. Meakins, Roland Sabot, A. Owen, K. Valerii, A. L. Esquisabel, Petr Vondracek, Maria Teresa Porfiri, Walid Helou, S. E. Sharapov, D. Terranova, M. Skiba, Konstantina Mergia, Frank Leipold, Francisco L. Tabarés, M. Zerbini, Ken W Bell, Marco Marinelli, Marco Riva, R. Martone, Bobkov, B. Magesh, A. Ash, Parail, M. Hook, Amanda Hubbard, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Ulrich Fischer, G. Liu, Nick Walkden, R. Otin, P. Santa, P. Abreu, Demerdzhiev, Roberto Zanino, T. Spelzini, António J.N. Batista, P. G. Smith, L. Meneses, S. S. Medley, M. J. Mantsinen, K. Vasava, G. Gervasini, Surya K. Pathak, Kristel Crombé, G. Ellwood, P. Raj, Robert Hager, Ch. Linsmeier, C. Stokes, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, G. Pautasso, C. R. Nobs, S. Sridhar, P. Chmielewski, David Hatch, Luca Boncagni, I. Balboa, C. Stan-Sion, Nobuyuki Asakura, R. McKean, L. Pigatto, João Figueiredo, Roberto Cavazzana, Juri Romazanov, M. Beurskens, C. Christopher Klepper, Maryna Chernyshova, O. Biletskyi, D. Karkinsky, A. Eksaeva, S. Dalley, Pasquale Gaudio, J. Benayas, J. Dankowski, S. Korolczuk, R. Buckingham, F. Parra Diaz, E. Wang, A. Cardinali, J. Naish, R. O. Pavlichenko, Kalle Heinola, Hiroshi Tojo, Miles M. Turner, Brett Chapman, A. Lyssoivan, F. Militello, E. Matveeva, T. Kobuchi, I. Ksiazek, P. Bohm, Cody Jones, W. Yanling, T. Jackson, P. Gohil, D. Alegre, Tim D. Bohm, F. Jaulmes, L. Zakharov, Peter J. Pool, C.G. Lowry, M. Passeri, D. Testa, Igor Lengar, A. Formisano, C. M. Roach, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Drenik, S. Meiter, William Tang, Carlos B. da Silva, Diogo R. Ferreira, P. J. Lomas, M. McHardy, Gunta Kizane, Angela Busse, S. Jachmich, Corneliu Porosnicu, Stanislas Pamela, Yavorskij, Eduardo Alves, Saskia Mordijck, Boniface Nkonga, J. Morris, Dean A. J. Whittaker, S. Ertmer, A. Hollingsworth, T. Barnard, R. Tatali, S. Reynolds, S. Mistry, Sergio Galeani, Torbjörn Hellsten, V.S. Neverov, David Dickinson, T. M. Huddleston, D. Baiao, F. Salzedas, D. Willoughby, M. Tripsky, Emmanuele Peluso, J. R. Harrison, C. Mazzotta, R. Zarins, M. Maslov, X. Bonnin, T. E. Gebhart, S. Fietz, K. Flinders, C. Hidalgo, Yann Corre, Aqsa Shabbir, A. B. Kukushkin, A. Shepherd, M.L. Walker, R. Clay, T. Vasilopoulou, Paolo Innocente, I. H. Coffey, P. Lalousis, Italo Predebon, R. Bravanec, P. Papp, D. Sytnykov, Ewa Pawelec, M. Bernert, G. Corrigan, Lutsenko, M. Romanelli, Gergely Papp, S. Romanelli, R. Salmon, J. Risner, M. T. Ogawa, A. M. Whitehead, E. Fable, H. Dabirikhah, Juan Manuel López, M. Turnyanskiy, A. Baciero, S. Meigh, M. Garcia-Munoz, Massimiliano Mattei, J.-M. Noterdaeme, N. Hamilton, S. Minucci, I Wilson, A. Muir, A. V. Chankin, C. Clements, Matthias Hoelzl, Francesco Romanelli, S. Gee, R. J. E. Smith, P. de Vries, L. Fittill, S. Menmuir, K. Cave-Ayland, P. Curson, Richard Fridström, D. Grist, S. A. Robinson, Rodney Walker, Michael Loughlin, S. Aleiferis, W. Broeckx, Clayton E. Myers, S. F. Smith, D. Harting, W. Zwingmann, F. Binda, Mark R. Gilbert, Rajnikant Makwana, Richard Goulding, D. Van Eester, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Bowden, I. Kodeli, Tomasz Czarski, Peter Hawkins, S. S. Henderson, M. Koeppen, D. Ricci, Ondrej Ficker, Carl Hellesen, D. Yadikin, Fabio Subba, Luka Snoj, Anthony Laing, E. R. Solano, M. Stephen, P. Staniec, C. Appelbee, M. Newman, Susan Leerink, M. Nicassio, P. P. Pereira Puglia, M. Brombin, Wouter Tierens, C. Perez von Thun, Cédric Boulbe, Ya. I. Kolesnichenko, Taina Kurki-Suonio, S. Hallworth-Cook, R. P. Johnson, B. B. Carvalho, Anna Widdowson, Alessandro Pau, R. Price, B. Gonçalves, D. L. Keeling, Kazantzidis, Michael Fitzgerald, M. Hughes, K. D. Lawson, M. Brix, Raffaele Fresa, Juha Karhunen, S. Esquembri, K. Purahoo, Matthew Reinke, Gerd Meisl, M. Valovic, J. Horacek, D. King, H. Maier, Philipps, Kenji Tanaka, M. Kresina, M. Valisa, L. Omoregie, Gábor Cseh, Seppo Sipilä, Scott W. Mosher, Filippo Sartori, J. Kaniewski, Jan Weiland, Giuseppe Chitarin, Coccorese, A. R. Field, P. Beaumont, Robert Skilton, D. C. Campling, Mitul Abhangi, S. Villari, Roberta Lima Gomes, G. D. Ewart, S. Wray, A. Broslawski, A. Sinha, Roberto Paccagnella, S. Hollis, R. D. Wood, Albert Gutierrez-Milla, E. Jonasson, L.-G. Eriksson, R. Leach, L. W. Packer, M. Vuksic, H. J. Sun, C. Marchetto, Giuseppe Telesca, Dieter Leichtle, S. Cramp, Blaise Faugeras, M. Allinson, Yannis Kominis, R. Normanton, H. J. Leggate, Francesco Ghezzi, T. Schlummer, Tommaso Bolzonella, Jorge Ferreira, M. J. Walsh, C. Day, Philipp Drews, Steven J. Meitner, M. D. J. Bright, Per Petersson, D. L. Hillis, M. Webb, P. Wright, C. F. Maggi, B. Sieglin, A. Farahani, J. Strachan, M. Muraglia, M. Cecconello, F. Durodié, D. Callaghan, J. Waterhouse, R. J. Dumont, Sara Moradi, Patrick J. McCarthy, S. Feng, M. Balden, M. Kaufman, R. Warren, Brian Grierson, Harry M. Meyer, S.C. Bradnam, D. Kinna, A. Krivska, M. Lungu, E. Suchkov, A. Kantor, D. Conka, C. Penot, A. Zarins, Pierre Manas, D. F. Gear, J. Callaghan, L. Barrera Orte, Tomas Markovic, Yu Gao, A. Lunniss, Z. Vizvary, E. Khilkevich, Th. Puetterich, Dmitry Matveev, E. Perelli Cippo, T. Owen, N. Imazawa, A. Silva, H. P. Summers, Norberto Catarino, Roberto Pasqualotto, P. Muscat, K. Keogh, Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvao, P. Carman, M. Leyland, E. Veshchev, A. de Castro, M. Gruca, D. C. McDonald, L. Moreira, J. W. Banks, Sanjeev Ranjan, N. Sutton, Iris D. Young, Martin Imrisek, W. Zhang, J. K. Blackburn, Moiseenko, A. Parsloe, T. Loarer, D. N. Borba, S.J. Wukitch, D. P. Coster, J. Penzo, Jose Ramon Martin-Solis, P. Mantica, N. Bekris, M. G. O'Mullane, S. E. Dorling, Yunfeng Liang, S. Gulati, Roberto Ambrosino, J. Schweinzer, Cocilovo, D. Douai, M. A. Henderson, T. Suzuki, Gianluca Rubino, A. Peackoc, Yann Camenen, Y. Miyoshi, Ph. Jacquet, H. T. Lambertz, E. Tholerus, C. Sommariva, Prajapati, Yannick Marandet, F. Hasenbeck, Faa Federico Felici, M. Buckley, Kenneth Hammond, Daniele Milanesio, Cristian Ruset, Katsumichi Hoshino, D. Frigione, D. Chandra, I. Borodkina, P. Dinca, S. Brezinsek, J. Stallard, H. G. Esser, Matthew Sibbald, S. Knipe, Jorge Estrela da Silva, Kensaku Kamiya, P. A. Coates, J. C. Giacalone, Alfredo Pironti, Carvalho, D. D., Ferreira, D. R., Carvalho, P. J., Imrisek, M., Mlynar, J., Fernandes, H., and Formisano, A.
Subjects: Computer science, Feature extraction, Image processing, Computerized Tomography (CT) and Computed Radiography (CR), Plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging, 01 natural sciences, Convolutional neural network, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Compass, Plasma diagnostics-interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging, 0103 physical sciences, Computer vision, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Jet (fluid), Contextual image classification, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition, Plasma diagnostics - interferometry spectroscopy and imaging, Tomography, Artificial intelligence, business, plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging
Abstract: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have found applications in many image processing tasks, such as feature extraction, image classification, and object recognition. It has also been shown that the inverse of CNNs, so- called deconvolutional neural networks, can be used for inverse problems such as plasma tomography. In essence, plasma tomography consists in reconstructing the 2D plasma profile on a poloidal cross-section of a fusion device, based on line-integrated measurements from multiple radiation detectors. Since the reconstruction process is computationally intensive, a deconvolutional neural network trained to produce the same results will yield a significant computational speedup, at the expense of a small error which can be assessed using different metrics. In this work, we discuss the design principles behind such networks, including the use of multiple layers, how they can be stacked, and how their dimensions can be tuned according to the number of detectors and the desired tomographic resolution for a given fusion device. We describe the application of such networks at JET and COMPASS, where at JET we use the bolometer system, and at COMPASS we use the soft X-ray diagnostic based on photodiode arrays.
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33. A high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera for the SPARC tokamak based on the Jet European Torus deuterium-tritium experience.

Author: Tardocchi M, Rebai M, Rigamonti D, Tinguely RA, Caruggi F, Croci G, Dal Molin A, Ghani Z, Giacomelli L, Girolami M, Grosso G, Kushoro M, Marcer G, Mastellone M, Muraro A, Nocente M, Perelli Cippo E, Petruzzo M, Putignano O, Scionti J, Serpente V, Trucchi DM, Mackie S, Saltos AA, De Marchi E, Parisi M, Trotta A, de la Luna E, Garcia J, Kazakov Y, Maslov M, Stancar Z, and Gorini G
Abstract: Dedicated nuclear diagnostics have been designed, developed, and built within EUROFUSION enhancement programs in the last ten years for installation at the Joint European Torus and capable of operation in high power Deuterium-Tritium (DT) plasmas. The recent DT Experiment campaign, called DTE2, has been successfully carried out in the second half of 2021 and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the new nuclear diagnostics and for an understanding of their behavior in the record high 14 MeV neutron yields (up to 4.7 × 10 18 n/s) and total number of neutrons (up to 2 × 10 19 n) achieved on a tokamak. In this work, we will focus on the 14 MeV high resolution neutron spectrometers based on artificial diamonds which, for the first time, have extensively been used to measure 14 MeV DT neutron spectra with unprecedented energy resolution (Full Width at Half Maximum of ≈1% at 14 MeV). The work will describe their long-term stability and operation over the DTE2 campaign as well as their performance as neutron spectrometers in terms of achieved energy resolution and high rate capability. This important experience will be used to outline the concept of a spectroscopic neutron camera for the SPARC tokamak. The proposed neutron camera will be the first one to feature the dual capability to measure (i) the 2.5 and 14 MeV neutron emissivity profile via the conventional neutron detectors based on liquid or plastics scintillators and (ii) the 14 MeV neutron spectral emission via the use of high-resolution diamond-based spectrometers. The new opportunities opened by the spectroscopic neutron camera to measure plasma parameters will be discussed.
Published: 2022
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34. Fusion product measurements by nuclear diagnostics in the Joint European Torus deuterium-tritium 2 campaign (invited).

Author: Nocente M, Kiptily V, Tardocchi M, Bonofiglo PJ, Craciunescu T, Molin AD, De La Luna E, Eriksson J, Garcia J, Ghani Z, Gorini G, Hägg L, Kazakov Y, Lerche E, Maggi CF, Mantica P, Marcer G, Maslov M, Putignano O, Rigamonti D, Salewski M, Sharapov S, Siren P, Stancar Z, Zohar A, Beaumont P, Crombe K, Ericsson G, Garcia-Munoz M, Keeling D, King D, Kirov K, Nave MFF, Ongena J, Patel A, and Perez von Thun C
Abstract: A new deuterium-tritium experimental, DTE2, campaign has been conducted at the Joint European Torus (JET) between August 2021 and late December 2021. Motivated by significant enhancements in the past decade at JET, such as the ITER-like wall and enhanced auxiliary heating power, the campaign achieved a new fusion energy world record and performed a broad range of fundamental experiments to inform ITER physics scenarios and operations. New capabilities in the area of fusion product measurements by nuclear diagnostics were available as a result of a decade long enhancement program. These have been tested for the first time in DTE2 and a concise overview is provided here. Confined alpha particle measurements by gamma-ray spectroscopy were successfully demonstrated, albeit with limitations at neutron rates higher than some 10 17 n/s. High resolution neutron spectroscopy measurements with the magnetic proton recoil instrument were complemented by novel data from a set of synthetic diamond detectors, which enabled studies of the supra-thermal contributions to the neutron emission. In the area of escaping fast ion diagnostics, a lost fast ion detector and a set of Faraday cups made it possible to determine information on the velocity space and poloidal distribution of the lost alpha particles for the first time. This extensive set of data provides unique information for fundamental physics studies and validation of the numerical models, which are key to inform the physics and scenarios of ITER.
Published: 2022
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1. Reconstruction of the fast-ion deuterium distribution in a tritium-rich plasma in the JET DTE2 campaign

2. Corrigendum: Simultaneous measurements of unstable and stable Alfvén eigenmodes in JET (2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 112008)

3. Stability optimization of energetic particle driven modes in nuclear fusion devices: the FAR3d gyro-fluid code

4. Overview of the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation programme in support of ITER and DEMO

5. Interpretative 3D MHD modelling of deuterium SPI into a JET H-mode plasma

6. Analysis of fusion alphas interaction with RF waves in D-T plasma at JET

7. Observation of alpha-particles in recent D–T experiments on JET

8. Detection of alpha heating in JET-ILW DT plasmas by a study of the electron temperature response to ICRH modulation

9. JET machine operations in T&D-T

10. Characterisation of divertor detachment onset in JET-ILW hydrogen, deuterium, tritium and deuterium–tritium low-confinement mode plasmas

11. The JET hybrid scenario in Deuterium, Tritium and Deuterium-Tritium

12. Experiments in high-performance JET plasmas in preparation of second harmonic ICRF heating of tritium in ITER

13. Modelling performed for predictions of fusion power in JET DTE2: overview and lessons learnt

14. Impact of interaction between RF waves and fast NBI ions on the fusion performance in JET DTE2 campaign

15. Beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes and geodesic acoustic modes in the presence of strong tearing activity during the current ramp-down on JET

16. Gamma-ray measurements in D fusion plasma experiments on JET

17. Energy-selective confinement of fusion-born alpha particles during internal relaxations in a tokamak plasma

18. Overview of T and D–T results in JET with ITER-like wall

19. EUROfusion contributions to ITER nuclear operation

20. Fuelling of deuterium–tritium plasma by peripheral pellets in JET experiments

21. Exploring the physics of a high-performance H-mode scenario with small ELMs at low collisionality in JET with Be/W wall

22. Alpha particle loss measurements and analysis in JET DT plasmas

23. The core–edge integrated neon-seeded scenario in deuterium–tritium at JET

24. JET D-T scenario with optimized non-thermal fusion

25. Stability analysis of alpha driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes observed in JET deuterium-tritium internal transport barrier plasmas

26. Experiments on excitation of Alfvén eigenmodes by alpha-particles with bump-on-tail distribution in JET DTE2 plasmas

27. Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes observed in low power JET deuterium–tritium plasmas

28. Tritium neutral beam injection on JET: calibration and plasma measurements of stored energy

29. L-H transition studies in tritium and deuterium–tritium campaigns at JET with Be wall and W divertor

30. Overview of interpretive modelling of fusion performance in JET DTE2 discharges with TRANSP

31. The single crystal diamond-based diagnostic suite of the JET tokamak for 14 MeV neutron counting and spectroscopy measurements in DT plasmas

32. Deep neural networks for plasma tomography with applications to JET and COMPASS

33. A high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera for the SPARC tokamak based on the Jet European Torus deuterium-tritium experience.

34. Fusion product measurements by nuclear diagnostics in the Joint European Torus deuterium-tritium 2 campaign (invited).

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