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The microwave-assisted hydrogen peroxide-citric acid desulfurization of coal was optimized by response surface methodology, and the samples were characterized before and after desulfurization by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, sulfur forms determination, X-ray diffraction (×RD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (×PS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and so on. The quantum chemical calculations were selected to investigate desulfurization mechanism of microwave-assisted hydrogen peroxide-citric acid, and data analysis shows that the citric acid dose is the main factor affecting the desulfurization rate. Under optimized conditions, the actual desulfurization rate can reach 72.23%, the sulfur removal rate of pyrite up to 92.19%. The mineral content of the coal sample was significantly reduced. The oxygen-containing functional groups in the coal sample increased, and more inorganic sulfur and sulfoxide in the low valence state were oxidized to sulfone and sulfate in the high valence state. The microwave effect of pyrite will react with hydrogen ions to produce Fe2+, Fe2+ and citric acid reaction to form a complex. Quantum chemical calculations prove that the addition of an applied electric field can reduce the energy required for the coordination reaction and facilitate the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of visible light irradiation on oxidative desulfurization. Three kinds of coals (SM, YYH and GZ) and four sulfur model compounds were selected as research objects. The effects of different irradiation time (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) and light source power (150, 220 and 300 W) of coal desulfurization were investigated. The samples before and after desulfurization were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that when coal:H2O2 = 1:5 (g:mL), light source power is 220 W and irradiation is 60 min, the desulfurization rate of SM, YYH and GZ can reach the maximum, which were 27.97%, 56.28% and 66.22%, respectively. According to the characterization of samples before and after desulfurization, it was found that the low-valence sulfur changes into the high-valence sulfur with a more stable structure through a certain transition state during the desulfurization process. Coal responds to visible light, which can promote the generation of electron–hole pairs in the system, so as to enhance the oxidative desulfurization ability of the system. Visible light irradiation can promote the production of strong oxidation active group HO·, thereby improving the desulfurization rate of coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desulfurization effect of Ningxia Shuangma coal (SM) with an acetic acid-hydrogen peroxide system assisted by microwave, ultrasonic and ultraviolet light was compared. The results show that microwave-assisted desulfurization has the best effect. When the microwave power is 900W, the irradiation time is 5 min, and the volume ratio of acetic acid to hydrogen peroxide is 1:10, the desulfurization rate can reach 55.82%. Moreover, microwave-assisted desulfurization can effectively improve the removal effect of organic sulfur. XRD, XPS, SEM and other characterization showed that microwave assisted can effectively reduce the mineral content, expose more sulfur-containing groups, and improve the desulfurization effect. The desulfurization rate of three sulfur-containing compounds is: dibenzyl sulfide > diphenyl sulfoxide > benzothiophene. With the increase of intensity of the applied electric field, the C–S bond gets easier to fracture, the applied electric field can reduce the reaction energy barrier, is a benefit to the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Microwave‐assisted and Fenton reagents were combined to enhance the removal effect of sulfur from coal. The coal samples before and after desulfurization were characterized by various testing methods such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The microwave–Fenton system showed the best desulfurization effect with a desulfurization rate of 77.52% at a microwave power of 800 W and irradiation time of 5 min, which was 82.96% higher than the maximum desulfurization rate of Fenton reagents alone. The desulfurization rates of pyrite sulfur, organic sulfur and sulfate sulfur can reach 88.76%, 58.77% and 59.33%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The minerals in the treated coal samples were significantly reduced. The microwave–Fenton system can generate a large number of hydroxyl radicals to break the CS bond, while exposing more sulfur‐containing groups to the reagents, resulting in more oxidation of low‐valent sulfur and sulfoxide to high‐valent sulfone and sulfate sulfur. The model compound removal effect was measured, dibenzyl sulfide > diphenyl sulfoxide > diphenyl sulfoxide > dibenzothiophene, while the microwave–Fenton system could significantly enhance the desulfurization effect of the above four model compounds. It was found that with the increase in applied electric field, the reaction energy barrier decreased and the CS bond was more easily broken, which was favorable to the reaction. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the extraction rate of coal by solvent extraction, Lianhuatang lignite (LHT) was pretreated with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid([Bmim]PF6) firstly. Then, the Soxhlet extraction (SE), ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) were carried out to obtain extracts (ES1‐3, EU1‐3, and EM1‐3) and residues (RS1‐3, RU1‐3, and RM1‐3) from the Lianhuatang lignite pretreated with ionic liquid (BLHT), respectively, and CS2, acetone, and ethanol were used as solvents. The coal samples before and after the ionic liquid pretreatment were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). The residues were characterized by FTIR, and the extracts were characterized by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). According to the results, ionic liquid can crack coal particles, increase the contact area of coal surface with solvent, and destroy part of the hydrogen bonds and intermolecular forces in coal, enabling easy extraction of the active small molecules. The macromolecular structure of coal is not destroyed in the three sequential extraction experiments. The types of extracts are similar under different methods, but the specific substances are very different. The total extraction rate by MAE was the highest, which was 48.70%. Microwave radiation can promote the extraction of oxygen‐containing substances, especially esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To research the efficient and economical desulfurization of Lingshi high sulfur coal (LS), the influence of acid and alkaline additives on an ultraviolet (UV) light oxidation desulfurization system was assessed. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and oxalic acid (OA) were selected as the alkaline and acid additives, respectively, to investigate whether acid and alkaline additives could promote oxidative desulfurization in the UV–H2O2 system. The coal samples were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brannuer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET), contact angle analysis (CA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the desulfurization mechanism, including sulfur removal, sulfur conversion, and change of coal surface morphology on the reaction, was investigated. The results demonstrated that the surface morphology and the pore structure in coal improved; the wettability and oxygen-containing functional groups increased after the action of NaOH and OA, which indicated that the oxidation was enhanced during the reaction. This study proved that strong oxidation promoted the efficient removal of sulfur from coal samples, where NaOH reacted strongly with pyrite, and OA influenced the removal of organic sulfur, which played a directional desulfurization effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time pedestrian volume data are becoming increasingly important to business strategy adjustment and guiding measures of shopping malls, tourist attractions, and transportation hubs. Wi-Fi probes are widely used to capture and study the media access control layer information of mobile devices but often with low detection and precision. This article mainly proposes an enhanced method to increase detection rate and precision under Wi-Fi-based system. Device test was first introduced to guarantee the performance of probes. Based on the theoretical analysis on the influences of probes’ relative locations, four layout schemes of multi-probes were compared, and the optimal one with the highest detection rate was identified experimentally. Based on the optimal layout, an estimation model between actual and detected volume was established after data cleaning. In total, two correction parameters were introduced to modify the model and shows a high estimation accuracy (root mean square error is 15.32 persons) in the experiment at Tongji University. The results of experiment proved that the proposed optimal layout scheme of multiple probes and estimation model can effectively improve the detection performance and precision of pedestrian volume and help increase the reliability and application value of Wi-Fi-based detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemo-mechanical coupling effect has been widely investigated due to its important impact on many areas, such as Li-ion batteries, biomechanical engineering, hydrogen embrittlement, etc. Meanwhile, the chemo-mechanical coupling effect on the high temperature oxidation process is drawing increasing attention. During oxidation, stress can be induced in the oxide film and will in turn influence the diffusion process and oxidation kinetics. Understanding the coupling effect between stress and oxidation helps to illuminate the mechanism of material degradation and failure. In this work, a concise physical model is developed for oxidation kinetics at elevated temperatures considering the diffusion-stress coupling effect, where both the inward and outward diffusion are considered. The model prediction shows an excellent agreement with the experimental observation. Based on this physical model, we also proposed a parameter to characterize the effects of cation/anion diffusion as well as a phase diagram to describe the universal diffusion–oxidation growth process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synchronous measurement of temperature and the deformation field can be achieved through reasonable assignment of R, G, and B channels of a CCD camera in a high-temperature environment. The R and G channels are used for colorimetric temperature measurement, and the B channel is adopted for deformation measurement. However, the external blue compensation light source may cause crosstalk of the R and G channels, leading to inaccurate measurement. To eliminate such an interference phenomenon, we first use the function relationship between the illumination of the object surface and the exposure time to calibrate the camera parameters at room temperature, thus removing the initial gray level of the R and G channels in the high-temperature image. This contributes to improving the low-temperature measurement accuracy for the temperature field, with a calculation error of <5 %. In contrast, an experiment shows that the temperature deviation of the low-temperature region calculated using the uncorrected image is up to hundreds of degrees. Then, the radiation intensity of channel B is removed using the temperature balance relationship, which increases the calculation accuracy by 15% in comparison to the uncorrected result. The algorithm is validated by the heating experiment of C/SiC material with an oxy-acetylene flame. The results suggest that the proposed improved algorithm is of great significance for the evaluation of materials at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]