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Smut fungi secrete effector proteins that suppress host plant immunity. Here the authors show that the corn smut effector Erc1 has 1,3-β-glucanase activity and promotes virulence in maize leaves by attenuating β-glucan-induced defense responses.

Square-shaped and large moon-shaped faces are commonly observed in Asians, and the contour of the mandible is associated with the shape of the lower part of the face. Mandible contouring surgery is performed to create a softer impression for East Asians. Currently, most surgeries are performed using an intraoral approach. External approaches have not been cosmetically attempted because of possible damage to the facial nerve and visible scarring and have been limited to mandible bone fracture reduction. This study included 42 patients who underwent mandibular angle reduction via classical intraoral incision and retroauricular incision between April 2019 and October 2021. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale and Visual Analog Scale. Surgery was successful in all cases, with no significant complications. An appropriate mandibular contour was achieved postoperatively. All patients were satisfied with the outcome. Some patients experienced short-term complications, such as hematoma and wound disruption of the skin above the incision line. However, these improved within 3 weeks, and no serious long-term complications were observed. Mandible angle resection with the retroauricular approach is a promising alternative for patients, allowing speedy recovery and the resumption of routine daily life.

The purpose of this study was to explore the mothering experiences of children with disabilities. The theory of ambiguous loss was applied to interpret the meanings that mothers give to the process of caregiving and the ways they stay proactive in the midst of challenges. Eleven mothers of children ages 6 to 35 with various disabilities participated in in-depth interviews to talk about their child’s educational history, their family’s routine, and the rewards and challenges of raising a child with disabilities. Findings illustrate that the mothers faced different experiences of ambiguity depending on the visible or invisible nature of their child’s disabilities. However, regardless of the nature of the disabilities, the mothers had learned to live with ambiguity in the face of new and continuous challenges. They did this by redefining their lives through maintaining valued identities as mothers and redefining the meaning of family. Findings also imply that the scope of ambiguous loss needs to be expanded.

Background In Asian women who undergo facelift surgery, satisfactory results are typically achieved with regard to facial rhytides, but concerns have been reported regarding the postoperative appearance of the malar prominence region. Anatomically, compared to Caucasians, Asians have thick skin and a wide and short facial geometry. Asians generally exhibit zygomatic protrusion; accordingly, bone contouring surgery, which alters the base frame used in a facelift, should be considered. We aimed to investigate the effects of simultaneous reduction malarplasty and facelift to achieve appropriate malar repositioning and a youthful-looking face. Methods We assessed 16 Asian women who underwent simultaneous reduction malarplasty and facelift between March 2014 and March 2018. The clinical results were assessed based on preoperative and postoperative photographs and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores. Results Surgery was successful in all cases. Postoperative improvement with regard to facial rhytides and appropriate malar repositioning were achieved. All patients were satisfied with the outcomes. Some patients experienced short-term complications, but their conditions improved. Serious long-term complications were not noted. Conclusions Highly satisfactory outcomes can be achieved with combined reduction malarplasty and facelift for Asian women with wide faces.

Background In Asian women who undergo facelift procedures, satisfying results are achieved for facial rhytides, but sometimes there are postoperative complaints concerning the mandibular angle. Unlike Caucasians, Asians generally have a prominent mandibular angle. Accordingly, bone contouring surgery must be considered, since the bones of the face serve as the frame for facelift surgery. We investigated the effects of simultaneously performing mandibular angle reduction and facelift to achieve an oval facial contour and a youthful face. Methods We evaluated 17 Asian women who simultaneously underwent mandibular angle reduction and facelift between April 2016 and May 2018. The clinical results were assessed based on preoperative and postoperative photographs and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. Results Surgery was successful in all cases. Postoperatively, improvements in facial rhytides and appropriate mandibular contours were achieved. All patients were satisfied with the outcomes. Some patients experienced short-term complications, such as hematoma and numbness of the skin above the incision line; however, these complications improved. Serious long-term complications were not noted. Conclusions Highly satisfying outcomes can be achieved with combined mandibular angle reduction and facelift for Asian women with a wide and rectangular face.

The purpose of this study is to describe the lived experiences of teachers of color with disabilities. We anchored our study in the construct of funds of identity and the theory of intersectionality to explore how their lived experiences and multilayered identities transformed into resources and strengths for teaching children of color with disabilities. We collected our data using the model of phenomenological interviewing. Our findings demonstrate how the women's intersecting funds of identity have positively impacted their aspirations of becoming and being special education teachers and the unique ways they perform teaching. Implications for teacher training are discussed.

The study reports the preparation of dicubyl disulfide from dimethyl 1-1, 4- cubanedicarboxylate. Density functional theory and nuclear magnetic resonance are used to suggest a diminished barrier as compared to other disulfides.

Using an experimental research design, this study examined how consumer beliefs about the social roles assumed by corporations and businesses affect perceptions when those industries implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) proposals. Specifically, this study examined two CSR messages: 1) McDonald's obesity prevention initiative and 2) Miller Brewing Company's binge drinking prevention initiative. This study showed that when companies support CSR initiatives, consumers believed that the CSR contributed to society. Furthermore, a consumer's positive global schema had a lingering effect on the perception of CSR by companies. However, the lingering effects were found only among those who have socially-oriented schema, not business-oriented schema. The findings were discussed based on the theoretical framework of confirmation bias and the schema incongruity processing model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenylcarbosilane as a novel preceramic polymer for SiC was synthesized by thermal rearrangement of polymethylphenylsilane at around 350–430 °C. Characterization of the synthesized polyphenylcarbosilane was performed using 29Si NMR, 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and TG, XRD, and GPC analysis. From the FT-IR data, the band at 1035 cm−1 was very strong and was assigned to the CH2 bending vibration in the Si–CH2–Si group, indicating the formation of polyphenylcarbosilane. The average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyphenylcarbosilane synthesized was 2,500, and it was found to easily dissolve in an organic solvent. TGA data indicate that polyphenylcarbosilane is thermally stable up to 200 °C. However, rapid weight loss occurs above 200 °C because of the decomposition of polyphenylcarbosilane, and the diffraction peak of the pyrolysis residue at 1200 °C corresponds to β-SiC ceramic. The ceramic yield calculated from TGA is approximately 60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this practitioner research was to examine my role as a teacher in the context of children's conflicts in an early childhood special education classroom, reflecting on my reactions and choices of different intervention strategies. From videotaped observations and reflective journals I examined when I intervened and what strategies I used. The findings indicate that even though I was not conscious of my assumptions about individual children all the time, these assumptions were unconsciously translated into my daily practice and conflict resolution strategies. Through reflecting on my practices and beliefs I raised important issues concerning a teacher's role in children's conflicts. This study validates how important it is for teachers to reflect on specific issues within their practices and observe how these issues are addressed within the research process. Reflective practices, specifically conducting action research, not only heightens awareness of context but also enables one to take greater control over his/her own professional growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study describing the experiences of three toddlers with development delays and their caregivers in an inclusive child care center. Facts and information on the research processes; Concerns of parents and caregivers regarding specific concerns about children's behavioral differences and possibility of increased social opportunities in inclusive child care for children with disabilities; Implications for practice and future research.

Bismuth metal, activated by ammonium hydrogen fluoride, was found to reduce various α-halocarbonyl compounds efficiently and chemoselectively in aqueous media to give the dehalogenated reduction products in excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth metal, upon activation by zinc fluoride, can effect the crossed aldol reaction between α-bromocarbonyl compounds and aldehydes in aqueous media. The reaction was found to be regiospecific and syn-diastereoselective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the isolation of cubanethiol and the synthesis of dicubyl disulfide. Properties of cubane derivatives; Stability of ketones; Structure of C-S bond of dicubyl disulfide.

Using classroom observations and teacher interviews, this study examined how three young children, considered classroom leaders by their teachers, created complex dilemmas for their teachers through their interactions with teachers and peers. Findings showed that the children's powerful influence on their peers could be both positive and negative, and they could use their influence to agitate other children in ways that challenged teachers' thinking about building classroom community. The findings present an opportunity to address the influence of power dynamics in daily early childhood classroom practices and to expand on teachers' thinking about ways to negotiate power in relationships as they work to build classroom community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whole extract or isolated compounds of mushroom have shown biologic effects such as modulation of the immune system. The aim of the present study is to investigate hepatoprotective and immunomodulative activities of water extract from Grifola frondosa, a popular mushroom in Asia for its tasty flavor, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Administration of CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight for 3 days) caused liver injury revealed as increased the serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and local infiltration of inflammatory cells. CCl4 administration also induced immunosuppression as indicated by decreased expression of IL-6 and increased expression of MCP-1 and MMP-2. The pre-administration of water extract from Grifola frondosa for 14 days significantly prevented the changes in AST/ALT activity and altered expression of IL-6, MCP-1, and MMP-2 in liver tissue. In addition, water extract from Grifola frondosa blocked the local infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver. These results indicate that the water extract from Grifola frondosa may have a protective role against CCl4 toxicity in the liver of rat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of this study was to identify well-supported evidence to aid medical treatment of temporomandibular disorder or dysfunction (TMD) in Korea by analyzing the correlation between TMD and body posture in recent international research. Methods We looked for recent clinical studies on TMD and body posture in Korean and English databases. Bias risk was estimated using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-Randomized Studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for assessing randomized controlled studies. Results Nine clinical studies, published between 2005 and 2017, were analyzed. In each, TMD was assessed using the American Academy of Orofacial Pain diagnostic criteria and the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder. Six studies evaluated body posture using photographs, four studies used stabilometry, and one used both photographs and stabilometry. Conclusions Six of the nine studies found a correlation between TMD and body posture. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to provide more data to assess the validity of this correlation.

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of muscle energy techniques (MET) of upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles on Bell’s palsy. Methods In this retrospective study, we screened the medical records of patients with Bell’s palsy who had received inpatient and outpatient treatment at the Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Korean Medicine Hospital Dong-Eui University between November 28, 2016 and April 30, 2017. A total of 34 out of 93 Bell’s palsy patients met the inclusion criteria. The 34 patients were divided into two groups: Group A patients had undergone Korean–Western combination treatment and MET of upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles; Group B patients had undergone Korean–Western combination treatment only. MET of upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles had been performed three times a week during the inpatient period, and two to three times a week during the outpatient period. Yanagihara scores had been assessed at the first visit, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the first visit. Results Group A Yanagihara scores were significantly improved during each interval from the first visit to 4 weeks later. Group B Yanagihara scores were also significantly improved except during the first week. During every period, the improvements observed in Yanagihara score were significantly higher in Group A than in Group B. Conclusions These results suggest that MET of upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles may be effective treatment for Bell’s palsy.

Background: To date, much research has been conducted to measure needle manipulation quantitatively and objectively. This study was performed to quantitatively measure the differences in the amount of stimulation caused by various rotation frequencies and angles in twisting–rotating acupuncture needle manipulation. Methods: The torque Z force exerted on a tissue was measured at various rotation frequencies and angles by rotating a needle with a needle force measurement system attached to a needle insertion tissue model. Results: The results show that with rotation frequency at 60°, the torque Z force increased significantly from 0.023 N mm to 0.118 N mm as the rotation angle increased (p 0.88; p