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Ganglion cysts are the most common soft-tissue tumors observed in the finger. Some tumors could be easily confused clinically with ganglion cysts due to their localization, mobility, shape, and being soft in nature. In this article, two cases of schwannoma and superficial acral myxoma that were clinically and radiologically confused with ganglion cysts are presented. Suspecting this tumor type in the preoperative diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary surgical approaches. Masses in close proximity to the nerve or nerve sheath are very important as they require preservation of the nerve during surgery. For these masses, surgeons should be prepared as these cases can have many intraoperative surprises in store.

Abstract Although Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have been approved in multiple diseases, including BRCA1/2 mutant breast cancer, responses are usually transient requiring the deployment of combination therapies for optimal efficacy. Here we thus explore mechanisms underlying sensitivity and resistance to PARPi using two intrinsically PARPi sensitive (T22) and resistant (T127) syngeneic murine breast cancer models in female mice. We demonstrate that tumor associated macrophages (TAM) potentially contribute to the differential sensitivity to PARPi. By single-cell RNA-sequencing, we identify a TAM_C3 cluster, expressing genes implicated in anti-inflammatory activity, that is enriched in PARPi resistant T127 tumors and markedly decreased by PARPi in T22 tumors. Rps19/C5aR1 signaling is selectively elevated in TAM_C3. C5aR1 inhibition or transferring C5aR1hi cells increases and decreases PARPi sensitivity, respectively. High C5aR1 levels in human breast cancers are associated with poor responses to immune checkpoint blockade. Thus, targeting C5aR1 may selectively deplete pro-tumoral macrophages and engender sensitivity to PARPi and potentially other therapies.

The aim of this study is to examine friendship perceptions of Syrian and Turkish children attending the Project of Support to Sport Education Project that aims to gather Syrian and Turkish children through sport and to encourage communication and understanding the tolerate the differences they may have. The research group consists 108 children aged between 5 and 17. The data were obtained through metaphor and pictures. The data were analyzed by content analysis and chi-square test. As a result it was seen that Turkish children had more negative attitudes than Syrian children did [x[superscript 2] (sd = 1, n = 96) = 4.27, p <0.05]. In addition, it was seen that the theme "spending time" included description of what children were doing with their Turkish/Syrian friends. The theme "description of feelings" included children's feelings about their Turkish/Syrian friends. No significant difference was found between the themes [x[superscript 2] (sd = 1, n = 88) = 2.09, p> 0.05].

ÖZ: Araştırmada meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin kişilik tipleri ile bireysel girişimcilik yönelimi ilişkisi üzerinde girişimcilik eğitiminin etkisi saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın özgünlüğü, analizlerin girişimcilik eğitim öncesi ve sonrası şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiş ve meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerine uygulanmış olmasıdır. Bu araştırma sayesinde girişimcilik eğitiminin etkisi hakkında bilginin elde edilmesi ile alana katkı sağlanacağı düşünülmektedir. Araştırmada girişimcilik dersi alan 194 öğrenciden hem yarıyıl başında hem de yarıyıl sonunda olmak üzere “tek grup ilk test ve son test tekniği” ile veri toplanmıştır. Kişilik tiplerini ölçmek için Rammstedt ve John (2007) tarafından geliştirilen beş faktör kişilik tipleri ölçeği ve bireysel girişimcilik yönelimini ölçmek için ise Bolton ve Lane (2012) tarafından geliştirilen ölçek kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada frekans, korelasyon ve regresyon analiz yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda beş faktör kişilik tipleri ile bireysel girişimcilik yönelimi arasında -bazı alt boyutlar hariç olmak üzere- anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Ek olarak ön test ve son test sonuçları karşılaştırıldığında girişimcilik eğitiminin kişilik tipleri ile bireysel girişimcilik yönelimi ilişkisini -bazı alt boyutlar hariç olmak üzere- etkilemediği görülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda meslek yüksekokullarında okutulan girişimcilik ders içeriklerinin, öğrencilerin girişimcilik yeteneklerini geliştirmeye ve yönelimlerini arttırmaya yönelik hazırlanmasına ve uygulamalı metotlara daha fazla ağırlık verilmesine gereklilik olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. ABSTRACT: In the research, it was tried to determine the effect of entrepreneurship education on the relationship between personality types and individual entrepreneurial orientation of vocational school students. The originality of the research is that the analyzes were carried out before and after entrepreneurship education and applied to vocational school students. It is thought that this research will contribute to the field by obtaining information about the effect of entrepreneurship education. In the research, data were collected from 194 students who took entrepreneurship courses, both at the beginning of the semester and at the end of the semester, using the “single group pre-test and post-test technique”. The five-factor personality types scale developed by Rammstedt and John (2007) was used to measure personality types, and the scale developed by Bolton and Lane (2012) was used to measure individual entrepreneurial orientation. Frequency, correlation and regression analysis methods were used in the research. As a result of the analyses, it was seen that there was a significant relationship between five factor personality types and individual entrepreneurial orientation, except for some sub-dimensions. In addition, when the pre-test and post-test results were compared, it was seen that entrepreneurship training did not affect the relationship between personality types and individual entrepreneurial orientation, except for some sub-dimensions. As a result of the research, it was concluded that entrepreneurship course contents should be prepared to develop students’ entrepreneurial skills and increase their orientation, and that more emphasis should be given to applied methods.

Objective: De Quervain's disease is a stenosing tenosynovitis of the first dorsal compartment. Treatment options include conservative measures, injections, and surgery. The main purpose of this study is to eliminate uncertainty in the choice of treatment and to recommend the appropriate treatment to the patient based on Michigan hand questionnaire. Material and Methods: The age, sex, and treatment modality of the patients were recorded retrospectively. Patients' Michigan outcomes were assessed, and patients were divided into three groups: Patients who benefited from conservative treatments (Group 1), from injections (Group 2), and from surgery (Group 3). Statistical analysis of the data was performed. Results: The mean age of the 56 patients (54 women, 2 men) was 35.1±11.4 years. There was a difference between all groups in total hand function and pain scores (p < 0.05). Patients in group 1 were significantly different from the other groups (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between group 2 and group 3 (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Various methods have been described for De Quervain's tenosynovitis’s treatment. Choosing the right therapeutic steps for the right patients is important. It is possible to select treatment options by assessing overall hand function and activities of daily living with the Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire

In this paper, comparison of somatotype characteristics and anthropometric proportional relations of elite wrestlers at the level of styles and weights and, contribution to improvement and orientation of sport is aimed. 57 elite wrestlers took place in the European Championship Preparatory Camp of Turkish National Adults Wrestling Team (31 greco-roman style with 7 light weight, 14 medium weight and 10 heavy weight--with av. height: 168.9 cm. and av. weight: 81.1 kg.; 26 free style with 8 light weight, 12 are medium weight and 6 heavy weight--with av. height: 173.0 cm. and av. weight: 87.9 kg), analyzed in this study. As a result of anthropometric measurements, there are no meaningful differences between free style and greco-roman elite wrestlers both in style and weigh. Wrestlers, as evaluated in somatotype, free and greco-roman styles are characterized as endomorphic mesomorphy, lightweight wrestlers are measured as balanced mesomorphy, medium-weight wrestlers are found endomorphic mesomorphy and heavy-weight wrestlers are characterized as endomorphic mesomorphy. Meaningful difference have found between weights. In spite of there is no differentiate effect of styles for wrestlers, partake in the similar training, nutrition and competition programs from childhood, weight, leaning on differentiates of somatotypes in the frame of the components like height, weight, length of bust and arm etc., emanates differences.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) on eating attitudes and emotional appetite in young females aged 18-24. Methodology: A cross-sectional study (n=306) was conducted on young females. A questionnaire including demographic characteristics, Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Emotional Eating Questionnaire (EMAQ), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was applied. Daily food consumption was obtained from the 24-hour- food records and used to calculate the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (MAI). The researchers measured the body weight (kg) and height (cm). Results: Half of the participants (50.7%) have low adherence to the MD, moderate in 25.2%, and high in 24.2%. There is no statistical difference in MAI scores between EAT-26 groups (p>0.05). The dieting status was higher (28.2%) in the disordered eating tendencies group compared to the group without disordered eating tendencies (11.1%) (χ2 =12.490, p

Aim of this study is to investigate effects of stem cells derived from the peripheral nerve and adipose tissues following the nerve crush injury in control and obese rats. For this aim, 41 Wistar Albino female rats were separated into eight equal groups; non-obese control (NOC) obese control (OC), non-obese injury (NOH), obese injury (OH), non-obese adipose (NOY), obese adipose (OY), non-obese nerve (NOPS), obese nerve (OPS). At the end of 8 weeks, all experimental animals without control groups were subjected to nerve crush procedure and sciatic nerve or fat stem cell homogenates were injected on the treatment group rats, and then, recovery process has been observed and histopathological, stereological, electrophysiological analyses and bioinformatic evaluation were made on removed sciatic nerves. Stereological results showed that adipose homogenate gave more successful results than peripheral nerve homogenates in the NOY group in comparison to the NOPS group in terms of myelinated axon number. Peripheral nerve homogenate has shown more successful results in the OPS group in comparison to the OY group. The number of unmyelinated axons was increased following treatment with adipose tissue homogenate in NOY and OY groups. In terms of myelin sheath thickness; we detected that treatments by peripheral nerve and especially adipose tissue homogenates lead to increase in the thickness of the axons of the peripheral nerves belong to the control and obese injury groups. All results showed that mesenchymal stem cell treatment by fresh tissue homogenates is successful in peripheral nerve regeneration and fat tissue is a considerable source of the stem cells for clinical applications.

Aim: Adding platelet-rich plasm (PRP) or mesenchymal stem cells are the most accepted methods to increase fat graft’s permanence. However, there is no consensus on timing and whether the effect of stem cells or PRP is observed more in the recipient area or in the donor area. It is aimed to present the application method and localization of PRP to be combined with fat graft to increase the survival. Material and Methods: in vitro part: Fat grafts were kept in a medium containing PRP. Cell output from the fat graft to the Petri dishes was examined every day. The time to recruit the maximum number of stem cells to the medium was determined (day 10). in vivo part: Eight group of rats were received PRP in different concentrations either to recipient or donor areas of fat grafts. After ten days, fat grafts were transferred to the recipient area. Ninety days after the transfer, histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Results: The group which had received the full-dose PRP to the recipient area showed the highest cellular integrity and vascularity (p< 0.05). Vascularity was superior in the half-dose PRP group compared to the control group (p< 0.05); cellular integrity did not increase. Donor site groups did not show increase in cellular integrity. Conclusion: Although PRP starts to increase fat graft permanence by increasing vascularity, it acts by preserving the cellular integrity of the fat cells as the concentrations increase. The PRP injection to the recipient area 10 days before fat grafting may provide higher survival rates.

Copyright of Necmettin Erbakan University School of Law Review is the property of Necmettin Erbakan University School of Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Health & Sport is the property of Turkish Journal of Health & Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public key algorithms are heavily used in many digital applications including key establishment schemes, secure messaging apps, and digital signature schemes in cryptocurrencies. Recent developments in the field of quantum computation have placed these algorithms at risk as they enable the implementation of more effective attacks to derive the secret key. Most notably Shor’s algorithm exponentially speeds up solving the factoring, discrete logarithm (DLP), and elliptic-curve discrete logarithm (ECDLP) problems. To address this challenge, NIST has initiated a process to develop and standardize a new quantum-resistant public-key cryptographic algorithm. However, asymmetric encryption schemes are known to be computationally intensive, hence energy demanding. The proliferation of energy-constrained internet of things devices, combined with the need to adopt higher complexity quantum resilient cryptographic algorithms, makes it more challenging to continue to use public-key algorithms for all applications. One approach to address these challenges is to adopt symmetric key systems, which are known to be more energy-efficient and more resilient to quantum computers-based attacks. This work performs a comprehensive comparison of energy costs between asymmetric and symmetric key schemes. This comparison is performed using two methods. The first approach uses the energy cost of data usage (ECDU) metric to evaluate the global energy costs associated with internet data usage. It was found that the annual energy consumed by applications associated with public-key cryptography globally is sufficient to provide electricity for 1000 UK households for a year. The second method uses an experimental technique based on constructing a small-scale network of wireless embedded devices. This is subsequently used to compare two key establishment schemes, symmetric and asymmetric, which allows for comparing the computation and communication costs of each solution in a controlled environment, and more importantly estimating the energy consumed by each device participating in the protocol. Our results show that a 58% saving in global energy costs of public key-based applications can be achieved by adopting symmetric key systems. It was also found that a 20% reduction of the energy consumed by a wireless device during a key agreement protocol, can be achieved if symmetric key encryption is used.

Aim: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a disease developed after about eight weeks of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection in children. The underlying reason for MIS-C is still unknown. This study aims to assess the nasopharyngeal expressions of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the differentiation 147 receptor cluster (CD147), and the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors in the MIS-C population. Since these receptors are related to COVID-19 infection, children with previous COVID-19 history were included as a control group. This study is essential for future studies to see if there is any significant expression difference between these receptors in control and MIS-C populations. Materials and Methods: The prospective cohort study took place at Ondokuz Mayıs University. The participants of this study consisted of patients aged 0-18 years who were diagnosed with MIS-C due to COVID-19 infection or patients with only previous COVID- 19 pneumonia but without MIS-C development. A total of 79 cases were registered in this study. Nasopharyngeal samples of children were collected. Total RNA was isolated from all samples. The expression of ACE2, CD147, and TMPRSS2 genes was accessed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Results: Nasopharyngeal expression of CD147 and TMPRSS2 were not changed in COVID-19 (n=42) and MIS-C (n=37) cases. Expression of ACE2 was increased in the under 10-year-old MIS-C group (n=23) (p=0.004381). Conclusion: Future studies may exclude the nasopharyngeal expression of CD147 and TMPRSS2 to develop MIS-C. Further investigations are required to learn how ACE2 expression contributes to MIS-C development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The promising results of ML (machine learning) methods in various disciplines have led to the frequent use of these methods in health fields such as disease diagnosis, personalized medicine, medical image‐based diagnosis, and predicting the number of deaths and cases in a pandemic. However, a neglected area in the field of healthcare is the lack of study with ML to predict treatment outcomes for tuberculosis (TB) patients, particularly children experiencing failed treatment. This need has become more apparent as the coronavirus pandemic has reversed the gains of health institutions with TB disease, especially in children. Therefore, this article conducted a study using the stacked ensemble ML method to early predict the risk for children experiencing a failed treatment outcome of TB. To fulfill this need and determine the most appropriate technique, a two‐stage methodology was followed in this work. First, predictions were obtained by combining the information gain feature selection (IGFS) approach with a variety of single‐based ML algorithms, including logistic regression (LR), deep belief neural networks (DBN), random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT). Second, the proposed method, which includes a stacked ensemble ML technique, was used. The latter model uses LR as a meta‐learner and the aforementioned single‐based ML algorithms (DBN, LR, RF, and DT). The performance results of ML models used in the two stages were compared, and the proposed model which is the combination of the stack‐based ensemble learning model and the IGFS technique provided better ROC curves, accuracy, precision, and recall results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The optimal management of relapsed/refractory germ cell tumors remains unsettled. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as salvage therapy in patients who progressed after at least one line of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Methods: We retrospectively reported the results of 133 patients who underwent HDCT and ASCT as salvage therapy from 2016 to 2021. Patients received 3 cycles of paclitaxel, ifosfomide and cisplatin (TIP) regimen as induction and 1 cycle of carboplatin 700 mg/m2 on days 1–3 plus etoposide 750 mg/m2 on days 1–3, followed by ASCT. Demographic and clinicopathological features of patients, the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) risk group at diagnosis, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels before HDCT, treatment-related complications and survival outcomes were recorded. Results: The median age of the patients was 31 (range 18–62). The median follow-up was 31.1 months (95% CI, 28.9–33.3 months). During the median follow-up period, 74 of the 133 patients were still alive, and 63 of these were in complete remission. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 25.8 months (95% CI, 8.1–43.4 months). The 2-year PFS rate was 50.3% and the 2-year overall survival (OS) rate was 60.8%. Variables that remained statistically significant in multivariable analysis and were associated with poor prognosis were mediastinal primary tumor location, presence of brain metastases, and higher AFP and HCG levels at baseline. Conclusion: One course of HDCT and ASCT after induction with TIP is an effective and feasible treatment option for salvage treatment of relapsed/refractory germ cell tumors, with cure rates of up to 60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate how electroless nickel-phosphorus-coated Manganese Aluminum Bronze (MAB-CU4) alloys react to corrosion in a 0.5 M NaCl environment. Scanning electron microscopy examinations revealed that the coating layer has a cauliflower-like structure, and there are some porosities within the coating from the release of H2 gas during the coating's deposition. EDS analysis detected only Ni and P on the coating, while XRD analysis indicated that the coating has an amorphous and nanocrystalline structure. Electrochemical corrosion tests showed that the untreated MAB-Cu4 alloy's Ecorr value dropped to -0.47 V in 1000 seconds and then stabilized. Within 200 seconds, the Ni-P-coated MAB-Cu4 alloy's corrosion potential dropped to -0.425 V from -0.412 V. Then, a progressive increase brought the potential value to -0.395V around the 2000th second. Upon examination of the anodic polarisation curve for the Ni-P-coated MAB-Cu4 alloy, it was found that the Ecorr value was lower than that of the untreated alloy (-0.532 V). The Ni-P-coated sample exhibits higher intensity values at low and medium frequencies compared to the untreated sample, indicating that the corrosion mechanism is identical for both samples; however, the Ni-P-coated sample exhibits superior corrosion resistance. Considering the frequent exposure of MAB alloys to corrosive environments, the implementation of an electroless nickel phosphorus coating may potentially improve their resistance to corrosion and extend their operational lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis of the hand is rare; however, the most retained joint after the distal interphalangeal joint is the first carpometacarpal (1. CMC) joint. Pain in the rest and increased pain with opposition is the most serious symptom, which significantly decreases the quality of life. The aim of these patients is to obtain a painless and stable thumb. Experience of trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction tendon interposition technique for a Stage III patient was shared and diagnosis and treatment were discussed through the relevant literature. A 53-year-old female patient was admitted with complaints of pain in the right hand thumb root and unable to open the jar lid. In direct radiography, narrowing in the 1. CMC joint space and osteophytes were detected. After the trapeziectomy, 1st and 2nd metacarpals were fixed with K wire. Flexor carpi radialis tendon was passed from the first metacarpal base to the second metacarpal base in the form of a distal-based tendon flap to mimic the beak ligament. There was no pain at the postoperative 6th month, and the Kapandji opposition score was 10. When diagnosing 1. CMC osteoarthritis, pain during opposition and circumduction movements that is not relieved with analgesics and rest is the most important symptom for a clinician to look for. Many treatment principles have been defined according to the staging for the postdiagnosis period, despite the diagnosis is a challenging process.

As an academic discipline, the philosophy of sport has been in existence for a relatively short period. Although the philosophy of sport as an academic endeavour is relatively young, the philosophical view of sport itself is not new. Although sport was a major activity according to the Greeks and Romans, it lost its importance during the Middle Ages. After the Renaissance, education came to be seen as a necessity. With its incorporation and utilisation in the educational curriculum, physical education obviously became more common in the curricula of the Renaissance and Reformation than it had been in the Middle Ages. Opinions about the sport of ancient times have influenced those of the modern era. The aim of this study is to examine the evolution of physical training from the renaissance to enlightenment, which is important because this period has laid the foundations of modern physical training and sport perception. In this study, the literature is reviewed from ancient times to the enlightenment, and the revolutions and developments that have occurred are emphasised.

Ganglion cysts are the most common soft‑tissue tumors observed in the finger. Some tumors could be easily confused clinically with ganglion cysts due to their localization, mobility, shape, and being soft in nature. In this article, two cases of schwannoma and superficial acral myxoma that were clinically and radiologically confused with ganglion cysts are presented. Suspecting this tumor type in the preoperative diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary surgical approaches. Masses in close proximity to the nerve or nerve sheath are very important as they require preservation of the nerve during surgery. For these masses, surgeons should be prepared as these cases can have many intraoperative surprises in store. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Externalizing social beliefs and values, the rituals are of vital importance since they make individuals feel as a part of society. The rituals of transition (during death, birth, and marriage) make people’s lives meaningful by reinforcing the relationships among them, even though these rituals have changed from past to present within the social structure. The rituals of transition are procedures allowing the individuals to feel secure during status changes and occur when they demonstrate behaviour patterns belonging the society. It is accepted in international literature that the structure of the rituals is also changing according to changeover from the traditional social structure to modern social structure especially considering the context of consumption society. The daily life practices getting the matter of consumption from folkloric culture connected to traditions has been evolving to a structure sustained from popular culture elements in modern societies. The rituals are also affected similarly from this change in a society tending towards more exaggerated consumption elements in daily life practices under the name of modernisation. The main problem of this study is to analyse if the rituals reveal any differences during implementation in Turkey as it preserves the traditional structure as well as showing the modern social structure characteristics. The mass media reproducing the consumption-oriented lifestyle, inured people to these changes. The Turkish TV drama in this sense offers a practical area in which the clues of the social changes can be traced. For this purpose, the content analysis method is conducted to 34 henna night scenes appearing in the top TV drama of rating lists between 2003-2019. The findings of the research indicate that the traditional henna night rituals are maintained along with the modern elements. When the TV dramas are examined according to their broadcasting date, it is determined that the henna night ritual has been drifted apart from traditional and has become consumption-oriented. Also, it is determined that the sceneries of the henna nights in recent TV drama, are extravagant in the context of consumption society without diverging from traditionality.

Context: Scientific studies are often presented primarily to a group of colleagues at annual scientific meetings. All year rounds are turned into products in congresses. Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate the extent of the hand surgery in plastic surgery and plastic surgeons' papers related with hand surgery in national congresses; the past eight plastic surgery congresses were classified and presented. Settings and Design: The abstract books of Turkish National Congresses of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery between 2011 and 2018 have been evaluated retrospectively. Subjects and Methods: Distribution of hand surgery according to the topics was evaluated according to the European White Book rules and standards. Distribution of oral and posters and distribution by years were shown. Results: The ratio of hand surgery reports to all reports was 17.3%. Hand and upper extremity surgery topics were presented at 19.7% in the 38th congress, which is the most hand surgery-included congress. The most frequently presented subjects were tumors, flaps, trauma, congenital anomalies, and replantation. Conclusions: Although there are arguments that plastic surgeons have disregarded hand surgery, there is no similar situation for Turkish plastic surgeons in the national platform. It has been found that the most common topics such as tumor excision and repair of the tissue defect were the most presented issues rather than arthroscopy, paralytic hand, and arthritis, which are specific to the hand surgery. Increasing the number of plastic surgery specialists who have been trained with hand surgery as a subspecialty will bring up the subjects that have not been presented in the hand surgery so far, in the future congresses.

Objective: Endoscopic-assisted mandibular subcondylar fracture repair is a different way of performing open reduction internal fixation and also includes surgical equipment and manipulations other than those used in the classical methods. The criteria for patient selection should be different from that of the classical methods. Materials and Methods: Between April 2012 and June 2017, treatment protocols which were applied to 56 patients with mandibular subcondylar fracture were evaluated retrospectively. The first step of this study was to evaluate why patients with mandibular subcondylar fractures were not operated endoscopically. In 34 patients, methods other than endoscopic methods were used. Characteristics of these patients and fractures were demonstrated. Results: Twenty-four patients were followed conservatively. Twenty-two patients were treated with transoral endoscopic method while ten patients were treated with the conventional open surgery. This open surgical treatment was reported by determined the patient records for why the endoscopic method was not preferred. The determined criteria were; condyle with excessive medial deviation, patient age, fracture type, general condition/anesthesia risk, and time of injury. Conclusion: In accordance with clinical experience, some criteria have been defined for patient selection preoperatively in mandibular subcondylar fractures. It believes that with the right patient selection, it will be possible to achieve better results and reduce complications.