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miRNAs (miRNA) are small RNA molecules that are not to expressed to proteins. Their size is 20–22 nucleotides in length and they are highly conserved molecules among the species. miRNAs are synthesized in the nucleus as a primary miRNA. Primary miRNA is transferred to cytoplasm by Xpo5 protein (exportin-5) and then is processed by Dicer enzyme to a 22-nucleotide-sized long mature miRNA. miRNAs are differentially expressed in different diseases and are released into plasma by normal and tumor tissues during the cell metabolism. Ovarian carcinoma is the deadliest cancer among women. When the disease was diagnosed, the disease usually progressed. Currently, there is no biological marker to detect ovarian carcinoma at an early stage. Furthermore, there is a need for markers that are sensitive to chemotherapy changes and early detection of the disease. Because of this, miRNAs can be detected in plasma and can be used as highly significant biological markers and therapeutic targets for ovarian carcinoma. When the literature of the last 5 years is searched, there are many studies about miRNA and ovarian carcinoma. In this chapter, studies examining the relationship between ovarian carcinoma and miRNA from different angles are summarized under different sections.

The expression of the FOXO3a gene, and its role in acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia were investigated in the present study. We analyzed 101 patients diagnosed with AML, and CML, and 34 healthy individuals. The cDNAs obtained from the blood samples of patients, and healthy controls were analyzed by the Real-Time PCR using specific primers, and probes for the FOXO3a and ACTB genes. A 50-fold decrease in FOXO3a expression levels was detected in CML patients, and 8-fold decrease was detected in AML patients compared with the levels in the healthy controls. Significant difference was detected between the patients, and healthy controls (p= 0.000). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the CML and AML patient groups for FOXO3a expression level. The decrease in FOXO3a gene expression in all CML (51/51), and AML patients (50/50) was remarkable. The FOXO3a gene expression was downregulated in 91.8% (124/135) of all individuals included in the study. The present study might be an important report on emphasizing the expression profiles of FOXO3a gene in AML, and CML patients. Whether the FOXO3a gene is a valuable biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis in CML and AML patients need to be investigated in larger study groups. © 2021, UHOD - Uluslararasi Hematoloji Onkoloji Dergisi. All rights reserved. Istanbul Üniversitesi: BAP-14286 The study was approved by the Local and Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Istanbul University (Ethical approval no: 2010/1104-373); according to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki (JAMA 1997; 277:925-926). The written informed consent was obtained from all participants or from the parents of children below 18 years of age. This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University (Project number: BAP-14286).

Background The largest data on the epidemiology of primary glomerular diseases (PGDs) are obtained from the databases of countries or centers. Here, we present the extended results of the Primary Glomerular Diseases Study of the Turkish Society of Nephrology Glomerular Diseases (TSN-GOLD) Working Group. Methods Data of patients who underwent renal biopsy and received the diagnosis of PGD were recorded in the database prepared for the study. A total of 4399 patients from 47 centers were evaluated between May 2009 and May 2019. The data obtained at the time of kidney biopsy were analyzed. After the exclusion of patients without light microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy findings, a total of 3875 patients were included in the study. Results The mean age was 41.5 +/- 14.9 years. 1690 patients were female (43.6%) and 2185 (56.3%) were male. Nephrotic syndrome was the most common biopsy indication (51.7%). This was followed by asymptomatic urinary abnormalities (18.3%) and nephritic syndrome (17.8%). The most common PGD was IgA nephropathy (25.7%) followed by membranous nephropathy (25.6%) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (21.9%). The mean total number of glomeruli per biopsy was 17 +/- 10. The mean baseline systolic blood pressure was 130 +/- 20 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure was 81 +/- 12 mmHg. The median proteinuria, serum creatinine, estimated GFR, and mean albumin values were 3300 (IQR: 1467-6307) mg/day, 1.0 (IQR: 0.7-1.6) mg/dL, 82.9 (IQR: 47.0-113.0) mL/min and 3.2 +/- 0.9 g/dL, respectively. Conclusions The distribution of PGDs in Turkey has become similar to that in other European countries. IgA nephropathy diagnosed via renal biopsy has become more prevalent compared to membranous nephropathy. C1 [Turkmen, Aydin; Yazici, Halil] Istanbul Univ, Istanbul Med Fac, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Sumnu, Abdullah] Istanbul Medipol Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Cebeci, Egemen; Ozturk, Savas] Haseki Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Eren, Necmi] Kocaeli Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Kocaeli, Turkey. [Seyahi, Nurhan] Istanbul Univ, Cerrahpasa Med Fac, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Dilek, Kamil] Uludag Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Bursa, Turkey. [Dede, Fatih] Ankara Numune Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Ankara, Turkey. [Derici, Ulver] Gazi Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Ankara, Turkey. [Unsal, Abdulkadir] Hamidiye Sisli Etfal Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Sahin, Garip] Eskisehir Osmangazi Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Eskisehir, Turkey. [Sipahioglu, Murat] Erciyes Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Kayseri, Turkey. [Gok, Mahmut; Sahin, Gulizar Manga] Sultan Abdulhamit Han Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Tatar, Erhan] Izmir Bozyaka Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Izmir, Turkey. [Dursun, Belda] Pamukkale Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Denizli, Turkey. [Sipahi, Savas] Sakarya Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Adapazari, Sakarya, Turkey. [Yilmaz, Murvet] Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Suleymanlar, Gultekin] Akdeniz Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Antalya, Turkey. [Ulu, Sena] Afyon Kocatepe Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Afyon, Turkey. [Gungor, Ozkan] Sutcu Imam Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. [Kutlay, Sim] Ankara Univ, Ibni Sina Hosp, Med Fac, Nephrol, Ankara, Turkey. [Bahcebasi, Zerrin Bicik] Dr Lutfi Kirdar Kartal Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Sahin, Idris] Inonu Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Malatya, Turkey. [Kurultak, Ilhan] Trakya Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Edirne, Turkey. [Turkmen, Kultigin] Necmettin Erbakan Univ, Meram Med Fac, Nephrol, Konya, Turkey. [Yilmaz, Zulfikar] Dicle Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Diyarbakir, Turkey. [Kazancioglu, Rumeyza Turan] Bezmialem Vakif Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Cavdar, Caner] Dokuz Eylul Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Izmir, Turkey. [Candan, Ferhan] Cumhuriyet Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Sivas, Turkey. [Aydin, Zeki] Darica Farabi Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Kocaeli, Turkey. [Oygar, Duriye Deren] Doktor Burhan Nalbantoglu State Hosp, Nicosia, Cyprus. [Gul, Cuma Bulent] Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Bursa, Turkey. [Arici, Mustafa] Hacettepe Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Ankara, Turkey. [Paydas, Saime] Cukurova Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Adana, Turkey. [Taymez, Dilek Guven] Kocaeli State Hosp, Nephrol, Kocaeli, Turkey. [Kucuk, Mehmet] Okmeydani Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Trablus, Sinan] Istanbul Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Turgutalp, Kenan] Mersin Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Mersin, Turkey. [Koc, Leyla] Taksim Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Sezer, Siren] Baskent Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Ankara, Turkey. [Duranay, Murat] Ankara Numune Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Ankara, Turkey. [Bardak, Simge] Batman State Hosp, Nephrol, Batman, Turkey. [Altintepe, Lutfullah] Selcuk Univ, Selcuk Med Fac, Nephrol, Konya, Turkey. [Arikan, Izzet Hakki] Marmara Univ, Med Fac, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey. [Azak, Alper] Balikesir Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Balikesir, Turkey. [Odabas, Ali Riza] Goztepe Training & Res Hosp, Nephrol, Istanbul, Turkey.

We still do not know the cause(s) of Behçet syndrome. Most probably several, separate disease mechanisms are involved. I, like some others, propose we call it not a disease but a syndrome, a construct with a list of strong and weak elements. I like to think that this frank admission of our ignorance of its cause(s) will be an important semantic stimulus for more meaningful research. © TÜBİTAK.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to inform the update of European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Recommendations for the management of Behçet's syndrome (BS), on the evidence for the treatment of skin, mucosa and joint involvement of BS. Methods: A systematic literature search, data extraction, statistical analyses and assessment of the quality of evidence were performed according to a pre-specified protocol using the PRISMA guidelines. Studies that assessed the efficacy of an intervention in comparison to an active comparator or placebo for oral ulcers, genital ulcers, papulopustular lesions, nodular lesions or arthritis were included. Where possible, risk ratios were calculated for binary outcomes and mean difference for continuous outcomes. Results: Among the 3927 references that were screened, 37 were included in the analyses. Twenty-seven of these assessed mucocutaneous and 17 assessed joint involvement. Twenty-one of these studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs with colchicine, azathioprine, interferon-alpha, thalidomide, etanercept and apremilast showed beneficial results with some differences according to lesion type and gender. These agents were generally well tolerated with few adverse events causing withdrawal from the study. Conclusions: RCTs comprised more than a half (21/37, 57%) of the sources included in the evidence synthesis related to skin, mucosa and joint involvement applicable for the EULAR Recommendations for the management of BS. Differences in the outcome measures that were used across the included studies often made it difficult to combine and compare the results. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.