Search

IntroductionThe lighting environment significantly influences fish behavior. This study explores the impact of diverse lighting conditions on the behavior of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to illuminate the mechanisms underlying their behavioral responses.MethodsThis experiment was set up with six treatments at a constant light intensity of 150 lx: 12h white light + 12h dark (12 W), 12h blue light + 12h dark (12B), 12h red light + 12h dark (12 R), 1.5h blue light + 9h red light + 1.5h blue light + 12h dark (3B9R), 3h blue light + 6h red light + 3h blue light + 12h dark (6B6R), total 12h of blue and red light + 12h dark (T12BR). A multiple object tracking method, YOLOv5 with SORT, was employed to capture the movement trajectory of each fish, quantifying three motion metrics: swimming velocity, swimming angular velocity, and generalized intersection over union.ResultsThe results revealed that fish exposed to 12R light environment showed significantly higher activity levels than other groups. The mixed light environments (3B9R, 6B6R) formed significant differences in behavioral metrics with 12R earlier than pure light environments (12B, 12W, T12BR), indicating sudden light color changes should be avoided. Fish in the 3B9R environment exhibited the lowest activity level but highest growth performance, with the highest specific growth rate of 1.91±0.12 d-1, a value significantly surpassing the lowest recorded rate, supported by a p-value of 0.0054, indicating it is suitable for steelhead trout cultivation.DiscussBehavioral significant differences were observed as early as week eight, much earlier than physiological differences, which became apparent by week 16. Overall, this paper employs computer vision methods to study the impact of different light colors on fish behavior, found that 3B9R is the optimal lighting condition tested and sudden light color changes should be avoided, offering a new perspective on light conditions and behavior in steelhead trout cultivation.

In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary lipids (DL) on the growth and lipid deposition of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) confined underwater using various equipment. Three diets formulated with 6%, 13%, and 20% DL (F6, F13, and F20) were fed to the fish. Fish (initial weight: 75.01 ± 1.36 g) in each dietary group were randomly cultured in three equipment groups: the control group; the submergence group, in which mesh and airstones were used to keep the experimental fish from the water surface; and the replenisher group, in which an air replenisher and airstones were utilized under the mesh. The results of this 70-day study showed that the growth and crude lipid content of the steelhead trout fish body increased significantly with increasing DL levels. No significant differences were observed in the liver among the different equipment groups, whereas the lipid contents in the muscle and the viscerosomatic index significantly decreased in the submerged group fed F20. The fitted curve analysis showed that the energy expenditure of continuous swimming and the success of replenishing the swim bladder may determine the strategy adopted by trout to cope with negative buoyancy. If the swim bladder was easily replenished, steelhead trout tended to convert excess energy into lipid stored in muscles, thereby reducing body density and maintaining neutral buoyancy. Otherwise, trout must burn lipid in their muscles to ensure energy supply to keep swimming for lift. We concluded that a high-lipid diet compensated for the loss of the energy used in resistance to negative buoyancy, and growth performance of steelhead trout improved.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different rhythmic light spectra and intensities on growth performance and physiological and biochemical parameters of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Seven treatments were randomly assigned to 21 tanks using a single-flow system for 13 weeks (N = 3), namely blue–purple–red light (BPR), red–purple–blue light (RPB), blue light (VB), and red light (VR). These light treatments alternated at 300, 900, and 1,200 lx, as well as a constant 900 lx of blue light (CB), red light (CR), and white light (CW). Results showed that the highest feed intake (FI), final body weight (FBW), and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in the BPR treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the CW, CR, CB, and VB treatments. BPR treatment resulted in higher levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (FT4), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activities were found. Fish exposed to BPR showed significantly enhanced lipase (LPS) and trypsin (Trp) activity in the stomach and gut tissues which promoted digestion. Trout exposed to a constant light spectra and intensity environment showed decreased activities of antioxidant and gastrointestinal digestive enzymes. Our results indicate the positive influence of BPR light conditions on the growth, stress response, digestion, and metabolism of juvenile steelhead trout, which is likely related to its similarity to the light rhythm in natural water environments, and can be used to improve growth and physiological status in the aquaculture trout.

Abstract Background Rainbow trout is an economically important fish in aquaculture and is a model species in environmental physiology. Despite earlier research on the seawater adaptability of rainbow trout at different temperature regimes, the influence on the liver and intestine in this species is still unknown. Two trials were conducted to investigate the effects of constant and diel cyclic temperatures on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition in the liver and intestine of rainbow trout during seawater acclimation. Results At the end of growth trial 1, fish at 9 and 12.5 °C showed significantly higher ratios of unsaturated to saturated (U/S) and unsaturation index (UI) than those at 16 °C in liver and intestine phospholipids. After day 1 of seawater acclimation, the U/S, UI, and average chain length (ACL) of liver and intestinal phospholipids in fish at 16 °C significantly increased. Two weeks after seawater acclimation, the liver and intestinal PLFA composition adapted to salinity changes. In trial 2, significantly higher U/S, UI, and ACL were found in intestinal phospholipids at 13 ± 2 °C. On the first day after seawater acclimation, UI and ACL in liver phospholipids significantly increased at 13 °C, while fish at 13 ± 2 °C showed significantly decreased U/S, UI, and ACL in the intestine. At the end of growth trial 2, liver PLFA compositions were stable, whereas intestinal PLFA at 13 and 13 ± 1 °C showed significantly decreased U/S, UI, and ACL. A two-way analysis of variance and principal component analysis revealed significant effects of different constant temperatures, seawater acclimation, and their interaction on the liver and intestinal phospholipids, a significant effect of diel cyclic temperature on intestinal phospholipids, and the effects of seawater acclimation and its interaction with diel cyclic temperature on liver phospholipids. Conclusion Temperatures of 9 and 12.5 °C could elevate membrane fluidity and thickness in the liver and intestine of rainbow trout in freshwater, whereas no significant effects were found with diel temperature variations. After seawater acclimation, constant and diel cyclic temperatures significantly influenced the membrane fluidity and thickness of the liver and intestine. Compared with constant temperature, diel temperature variation (13 ± 2 °C) can enhance the adaptability of rainbow trout during seawater acclimation.

To examine the growth and immune response of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under conditions of differing light color, we investigated the effects of different red and blue light color combinations on plasma non-specific immunity, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and GH/IGF-1 axis gene expression in juvenile steelhead trout (initial weight: 34.67 ± 2.69 g). The 16-week trial was set up with six treatments in which light color varied at a constant light intensity of 150 lx: 12 h white light + 12 h dark (12 W), 12 h blue light + 12 h dark (12B), 12 h red light + 12 h dark (12 R), 1.5 h blue light + 9 h red light + 1.5 h blue light + 12 h dark (3B9R), 3 h blue light + 6 h red light + 3 h blue light + 12 h dark (6B6R), total 12 h of blue and red light + 12 h dark (T12BR). The results revealed that the 12B and 3B9R light environments significantly enhanced plasma immunoglobulin M levels in steelhead trout, and that the 3B9R light environment also promoted significant increases in the gene expression of hepatic growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein. The 3B9R light environment was also found enhance the antioxidant capacity of trout by increasing hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. In contrast, trout exposed to the 6B6R light environment showed significant reductions in growth and immune performance, and there were similar reductions in hepatic antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, fish exposed to the 12R light environment were found to be characterized by elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde, which are indicative of hepatic stress. In addition, we observed that in response to light variation, there were elevations in the activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in the plasma of steelhead trout, thereby indicating an inhibition of cardiomyocyte function. In summary, our findings indicate that a 3B9R light environment simulates the blue-red-blue daily rhythm of light color variation in natural underwater environments, which is beneficial with respect to enhancing the growth and immunity of steelhead trout, and could accordingly be used to provide suitable light conditions in commercial trout production. However, sudden changes in light color should be avoided in the aquaculture of trout.

The light spectrum varies with the altitude of the sun and shows different light colors in clear water. In this study, we aimed to investigate the response of juvenile steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (34.67 ± 2.69 g initial weight) under different light color conditions. The effects of different blue and red light combinations on plasma biochemical parameters, digestive enzyme activity, and RNA/DNA ratio were assessed in trout over 16 weeks. Six treatments were randomly assigned to 24 tanks with four replicates per treatment: a constant light intensity of 150 lx: 12 h white light then 12 h dark (12W); 12 h blue light then 12 h dark (12B); 12 h red light then 12 h dark (12R); 1.5 h blue light, 9 h red light, 1.5 h blue light, then 12 h dark (3B9R); 3 h blue light, 6 h red light, 3 h blue light, then 12 h dark (6B6R); and 12 h of both blue and red light then 12 h dark (T12BR). Fish exposed to the 3B9R light environment showed significantly increased plasma levels of total protein (TP), enhanced activities of midgut lipase, trypsin, and gastric lipase; and increased RNA content in the liver and muscle tissue to promote protein synthesis efficiency, thereby improving digestive and anabolic performance compared to fish in the other treatments. This indicates that steelhead trout have adapted well to such variable light conditions during long-term evolution. In contrast, trout exposed to the 6B6R light environment showed significant reductions in plasma glucose, TP, and triglyceride levels, decreased activity of gastrointestinal digestive enzymes, and reduced protein synthesis capacity in the muscle and liver, resulting in weakened digestive and anabolic performance. Furthermore, despite the high RNA content and RNA/DNA ratio in fish exposed to a 12R light environment, relatively high plasma cholesterol and triglycerides levels were observed, which might indicate oxidative stress. Therefore, this light is not considered suitable for long-term cultivation. In conclusion, the 3B9R treatment was the optimal light condition tested and can be used to improve the digestive and anabolic performance of steelhead trout.

Transportation is common and necessary in aquaculture practice. A series of physiological changes in fish are caused by transportation stress. The present study investigated the effects of transportation of rainbow trout Onchorhynchus mykiss. Juvenile rainbow trout were placed in plastic bags, and sampled before transportation (P1), two hours after transportation (P2) and 48 h after transportation (P3). The water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2–-N) were analyzed. The relative expression of genes involved in stress and immunity (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, LYZⅡ, HSP70 and HSP90), hypoxia tolerance (hif-1α, GLUT-1) and NF-kB pathway related (NF-kB, Ikb and Ikb2) were analyzed by RT-QPCR. In addition, oxidative damage, antioxidant and immune parameters (the activity of malondialdehyde MDA, superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT and total antioxidant capacity T-AOC, acid phosphatase ACP, alkaline phosphatase AKP and total nitric oxide synthase NOS) were determined. The level of DO at P2 point was significantly decreased compared with P1 and P3 point. The NH4+-N concentration was significantly higher than that at P1 and P3. Further, there was a significant increase in HSP70 expression in gill and muscle during transportation. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-8 in gill and IL-1 β and IL-8 in muscle were significantly up regulated during transportation. The HSP70/90, TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-8 genes can be used as bio-indicators to monitor stress. Moreover, ACP enzyme activity in liver and muscle, AKP in gill and MDA contents in gill and muscle were significantly higher at P2. The activity of NOS and T-AOC in gill was significantly higher at P3, and showed an increasing trend. In general, this study provides basial information of transportation, and will be helpful to choose more suitable conditions for successful transportation of juvenile rainbow trout.

Reducing dependency on dietary fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) is extremely important for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. However, the metabolic consequences and mechanisms underlying the replacement of dietary FM and FO by terrestrial proteins (TPs) and lipids remain unclear. To reveal the effects of replacing dietary FM and/or FO on the metabolic changes, the integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics were employed to evaluate the changes in metabolites and genes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feeding different experimental diets. Four diets were formulated for the 84-day duration of the experiment: control group (FMFO), FM and vegetable oil (FMVO), terrestrial protein and FO (TPFO), and terrestrial protein and vegetable oil (TPVO). Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed the significant difference in the metabolic pathways of O. mykiss among the three replacement schemes, i.e., single replacement of dietary FM by TP, single replacement of dietary FO by VO, and combined replacement of FM by TP and FO by VO. The combined replacement of FM and FO by TP and VO, respectively, disturbed immune function, energy metabolism, cellular protein biosynthesis capacity, and lipid metabolism of O. mykiss. The reduction of antioxidant capacity was only observed in individuals feeding diets with replacement of FM by TP. Furthermore, as soon as the dietary FM and/or FO were reduced, cellular protein biosynthesis ability was suppressed and accompanied by higher energy consumption in response to fluctuations of dietary quality, resulting in reduced growth performance. Interestingly, adenylosuccinate and adenosine monophosphate involved in purine metabolism were induced by both individual and combined replacement of FM and FO by TPs and lipids, respectively. It suggested that these two metabolites might be potential biomarkers for O. mykiss fed diets with reduction of FM and/or FO. This study constitutes a new understanding of the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of O. mykiss in response to the replacement of dietary FM and/or FO by TP and/or VO, respectively, and built a theoretical basis for further improvement of aquafeed formulation and sustainable development of aquaculture.

A two-stage diet-switch experiment was conducted to examine the hypothesis that the changes in digestive enzyme activities of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) induced by historic diets might persist in the regenerated intestines. In stage I, A. japonicus were treated with two different diets for 56 days, including diet A with 11% crude protein, 1% crude lipid, and 40% carbohydrate, and diet B with 18% crude protein, 2% crude lipid, and 35% carbohydrate. In stage II, each treatment was subjected to evisceration with 0.35M KCl or not (eviscerated and non-eviscerated groups), half of which were then switched to different diets from diet A to B or vice versa for 112 days. The persistence of digestive enzyme activities was evaluated by measuring the changes in digestive enzyme activities before and after evisceration. In stage I, diets B and A increased trypsin and amylase activities, respectively. In stage II, the higher trypsin activities were observed in eviscerated and non-eviscerated A. japonicus that had consumed diet B in stage I. The higher amylase activities were observed only in eviscerated A. japonicus that had consumed diet A in stage I. It indicated that the historic diets showed long-term effects on the digestion of A. japonicus, which led to the persistence of changes in both trypsin and amylase activities in intestines, especially in the regenerated intestines. In addition, the specific growth rates (SGRs) and metabolic rates (MRs) of A. japonicus were affected by the long-term effects of historic diets. Meanwhile, the relationships between enzymic activities, SGRs, and MRs were observed in A. japonicus, indicating that the historic diets could produce long-term effects on the growth and metabolism of A. japonicus through their long-term effects of historic diets on digestive enzyme activities. In conclusion, the present study showed that the changes in digestive enzyme activities induced by different diets in stage I could persist in the intestines and regenerated intestines, leading to long-term effects of historic diets on the growth and metabolism of A. japonicus.

Forgiveness, as an important content in the field of morality, means that the offended person overcomes the negative emotion, cognition, and behavior toward the offender and replaces it with positive emotion, cognition, and behavior. Based on the theory of the limitation of psychological resources, ego depletion (ED) will lead to the weakening of self-regulation function, thus making some immoral behaviors, which is not conducive to individual forgiveness. In order to explore the influence of ED on individual forgiveness in different interpersonal offense situations, this study used the Stroop task to manipulate the level of ED and used imaginary situations to distinguish offending situations. We found that the level of forgiveness in a serious offense situation was significantly lower than that in a mild offense situation, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.158. In different interpersonal offense situations, ED has different effects on forgiveness. In the severe offense situation, the forgiveness level of high-ED individuals was significantly lower than that of the low-ED individuals, p = 0.023, partial η2 = 0.144; in the mild offense situation, the forgiveness level of high-ED individuals was significantly higher than that of low-ED individuals, p = 0.029, partial η2 = 0.140. The results showed that different levels of ED have no consistent effect on forgiveness in different interpersonal offense situations; high ED hinders individual forgiveness in serious offense situations but can promote individual forgiveness in mild offense situations.

Salinity is an important environmental factor that directly affects the survival of aquatic organisms, including fish. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of salinity adaptation at post-transcriptional regulation levels is still poorly understood in fish. In the present study, 18 RNA-Seq datasets were utilized to investigate the potential roles of alternative splicing (AS) in response to different salinity environments in the livers of three euryhaline teleosts, including turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A total of 10,826, 10,741 and 10,112 AS events were identified in the livers of the three species. The characteristics of these AS events were systematically investigated. Furthermore, a total of 940, 590 and 553 differentially alternative splicing (DAS) events were determined and characterized in the livers of turbot, tongue sole and steelhead trout, respectively, between low- and high-salinity environments. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these DAS genes in the livers of three species were commonly enriched in some GO terms and KEGG pathways associated with RNA processing. The most common DAS genes work as RNA-binding proteins and play crucial roles in the regulation of RNA splicing. The study provides new insights into uncovering the molecular mechanisms of salinity adaptation in teleosts.

In shallow lakes, water quality is mostly affected by weather conditions and some ecological processes which vary throughout the day. To understand and model diurnal-nocturnal variations, a deterministic, one-dimensional hourly lake water quality model MINLAKE2018 was modified from daily MINLAKE2012, and applied to five shallow lakes in Minnesota to simulate water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) over multiple years. A maximum diurnal water temperature variation of 11.40 °C and DO variation of 5.63 mg/L were simulated. The root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of simulated hourly surface temperatures in five lakes range from 1.19 to 1.95 °C when compared with hourly data over 4–8 years. The RMSEs of temperature and DO simulations from MINLAKE2018 decreased by 17.3% and 18.2%, respectively, and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency increased by 10.3% and 66.7%, respectively; indicating the hourly model performs better in comparison to daily MINLAKE2012. The hourly model uses variable hourly wind speeds to determine the turbulent diffusion coefficient in the epilimnion and produces more hours of temperature and DO stratification including stratification that lasted several hours on some of the days. The hourly model includes direct solar radiation heating to the bottom sediment that decreases magnitude of heat flux from or to the sediment.

As the fastest growing food production sector in the world, aquaculture may become an important source of nitrous oxide (N _2 O)—a potent greenhouse gas and the dominant source of ozone-depleting substances in the stratosphere. China is the largest aquaculture producer globally; however, the magnitude of N _2 O emission from Chinese aquaculture systems (CASs) has not yet been extensively investigated. Here, we quantified N _2 O emission from the CASs since the Reform and Opening-up (1979–2019) at the species-, provincial-, and national-levels using annual aquaculture production data, based on nitrogen (N) levels in feed type, feed amount, feed conversion ratio, and emission factor (EF). Our estimate indicates that over the past 41 years, N _2 O emission from CASs has increased approximately 25 times from 0.67 ± 0.04 GgN in 1979 to 16.69 ± 0.31 GgN in 2019. Freshwater fish farming, primarily in two provinces, namely, Guangdong and Hubei, where intensive freshwater fish farming has been adopted in the past decades, accounted for approximately 89% of this emission increase. We also calculated the EF for each species, ranging from 0.79 ± 0.23 g N _2 O kg ^−1 animal to 2.41 ± 0.14 g N _2 O kg ^−1 animal. The results of this study suggest that selecting low-EF species and improving feed use efficiency can help reduce aquaculture N _2 O emission for building a climate-resilient sustainable aquaculture.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of Core self-evaluations on job burnout of nurses, and especially to test and verify the mediator role of organizational commitment between the two variables. METHOD: Random cluster sampling was used to pick up participants sample, which consisted of 445 nurses of a hospital in Shanghai. Core self-evaluations questionnaire, job burnout scale and organizational commitment scale were administrated to the study participants. RESULTS: There are significant relationships between Core self-evaluations and dimensions of job burnout and organizational commitment. There is a significant mediation effect of organizational commitment between Core self-evaluations and job burnout. CONCLUSIONS: To enhance nurses' Core self-evaluations can reduce the incidence of job burnout.

Close proximity between different catalytic sites is crucial for accelerating or even enabling many important catalytic reactions. Photooxidation and photoreduction in photocatalysis are generally separated from each other, which arises from the hole-electron separation on photocatalyst surface. Here, we show with widely studied photocatalyst Pt/TiO2 as a model, that concentrating abundant oxygen vacancies only at the metal-oxide interface can locate hole-driven oxidation sites in proximity to electron-driven reduction sites for triggering unusual reactions. Solar hydrogen production from aqueous-phase alcohols, whose hydrogen yield per photon is theoretically limited below 0.5 through conventional reactions, achieves an ultrahigh hydrogen yield per photon of 1.28 through the unusual reactions. We demonstrated that such defect engineering enables hole-driven CO oxidation at the Pt- TiO2 interface to occur, which opens up room-temperature alcohol decomposition on Pt nanoparticles to H2 and adsorbed CO, accompanying with electron-driven proton reduction on Pt to H2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the neuro-mechanism of the time course of processing a hurt situation, we analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) generated in the brain in response to stimuli in individuals with different degrees of forgiveness. Participants were 216 university students. Of the early ERP components, the negative-deflecting N1 was modulated neither by degree of forgiveness nor by the hurt situation, and the positive-deflecting P2 was larger for low-for-giveness than for high-forgiveness participants, and for low-hurt than for high-hurt situations. The N2, which identifies and encodes stimulus, was enhanced in the high-forgiveness group and for high-hurt situations. Importantly, the late positive component (LPC) stage of stimulus evaluation was larger in the high-forgiveness group for high-hurt situations, but in the low-forgiveness group was evident for low-hurt situations. These data indicate that the modulation of forgiveness on processing hurt situations occurs at the late stage of information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoarchitecture of bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoanodes for effectively increasing light harvesting efficiency and simultaneously achieving high charge separation efficiency is the key to approaching their theoretic performance of solar-driven water splitting. Here, we developed hierarchical BiVO4 nanoporous sphere arrays, which are composed of small nanoparticles and sufficient voids for offering high capability of charge separation. Significantly, multiple light scattering in the sphere arrays and voids along with the large effective thickness of the BiVO4 photoanode induce efficient light harvesting. In addition, attributed to ultrathin two-dimensional Bi2WO6 nanosheets as the precursor, the synergy of various enhancement strategies including WO3/BiVO4 nanojunction formation, W-doping, and oxygen vacancy creation can be directly incorporated into such a unique hierarchical architecture during the one-step synthesis of BiVO4 without complex pre- or post-treatment. The as-obtained photoanode exhibits a water splitting photocurrent of 5.5 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V versus RHE under 1-sun illumination, among the best values reported up-to-date in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study we compared the inversion and mirror effects on the N170 component, an event-related potential related to the neural processing of faces, in Chinese characters and faces. Faces displayed an obvious inversion effect on N170 latency and amplitude, whereas characters only showed a slight inversion effect on N170 latency. Moreover, both faces and characters were tolerant to mirror reversal for the N170 component despite a robust behavioral mirror cost for characters. These data indicate dissociation between processing faces and characters during the early perceptual stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pb3O4 could react with organic dyes in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation, in which Pb3O4 was transformed into Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 along with oxidation of the organic dyes. Cu2+ has considerable effect on the reaction. In the presence of Cu2+, MO (20 ppm) and RhB (10-5 mol L-1) were completely degraded under visible light within 6 and 20 min, respectively, while both Pb3O4 and Cu2+ keep almost stable during photo-degradation. The mechanisms of the reactions with and without Cu2+ ions were studied. The photochemical system of Pb3O4 cooperating with Cu2+ ions is probably used for the treatment of organic pollutants in water under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By deposition of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) onto BiOCl (BOC) nanosheet with different facets, in the reaction of decomposing Orange II, we systematically investigated the preferred transfer orientation (PTO) of photo-generated electron--hole pairs in BOC under UV light irradiation. Also, the active oxidative intermediates during the degradation process were also studied. Moreover, the Au NPs successfully brought about visible light response to the wide gap BOC, while the exposed different facets were found to be influential on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. The present work may contribute to a deeper sight of the relationship between specific facets and photocatalytic performance, together with a further understanding of SPR-induced photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]