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Despite the challenges in identifying earthquake precursors in intraplate (inland) earthquakes, various hydrological and geochemical measurements have been conducted to establish a possible link to seismic activities. Anomalous increases in radon ( 222 Rn) concentration in soil, groundwater, and atmosphere have been reported prior to large earthquakes. Although the radon concentration in the atmosphere is lower than that in groundwater and soils, a recent statistical analysis has suggested that the average atmospheric concentration over a relatively wide area reflects crustal deformation. However, no study has sought to determine the underlying physico-chemical relationships between crustal deformation and anomalous atmospheric radon concentrations. Here, we show a significant decrease in the atmospheric radon concentration temporally linked to the seismic quiescence before the 2018 Northern Osaka earthquake occurring at a hidden fault with complex rupture dynamics. During seismic quiescence, deep-seated sedimentary layers in Osaka Basin, which might be the main sources of radon, become less damaged and fractured. The reduction in damage leads to a decrease in radon exhalation to the atmosphere near the fault, causing the preseismic radon decrease in the atmosphere. Herein, we highlight the necessity of continuous monitoring of the atmospheric radon concentration, combined with statistical anomaly detection method, to evaluate future seismic risks.

Objective: Angiogenesis facilitates tumor survival and promotes malignancy. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling pathway is a key factor mediating angiogenesis, suggesting that this pathway may be a target for diagnosis and therapy. In this study, we aimed to develop small molecule radioiodinated probes applicable for in vivo VEGFR imaging considering the versatility and usefulness of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)., Methods: We designed and synthesized four radioiodinated anthranilate compounds (6a-d) based on the structure of an anticancer drug targeting VEGFR-TK. The inhibitory potencies of corresponding cold compounds 4a-d and in vitro stability of compounds 6a-d were assessed by cellular proliferation inhibition assays and radio thin-layer chromatography after incubation in neutral solution. In vivo biodistributions were evaluated by determining radioactivity in tissues of interest after intravenous injection of test compounds in tumor-bearing mice. In vitro and in vivo blocking experiments using a selective VEGFR-TK inhibitor and SPECT/computed tomography (CT) imaging were performed in tumor-bearing mice., Results: The radioiodinated compounds 6a-d were obtained with more than 68.0% radiochemical yield and more than 95% radiochemical purity. Because compounds 4a-d showed high inhibitory potencies and compounds 6c and 6d showed high in vitro stability, 6c ([ 125 I]m-NPAM) and 6d ([ 125 I]p-NPAM) were further evaluated. Analysis of the in vivo biodistribution revealed a tumor to blood radioactivity ratio of greater than 4 at 24 h after [ 125 I]p-NPAM administration. Accumulation of radioactivity in cultured tumor cells and tumor xenografts after [ 125 I]p-NPAM administration was significantly blocked by inhibitor pretreatment. Tumors were clearly imaged at 24 h after [ 125 I]p-NPAM injection with SPECT/CT in comparison to that in inhibitor-pretreated tumor-bearing mice., Conclusion: [ 125 I]p-NPAM may have potential applications as a lead compound for future development of a clinically usable VEGFR imaging probe for SPECT.

Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), predominantly expressed in glial cells, plays an important role in neurotransmitter regulation, and MAO-B activity relates to several neuronal diseases. Here, we aimed to develop a radiofluorinated MAO-B imaging probe based on the structure of a selective MAO-B inhibitor, MD-230254. We synthesized and evaluated a series of compounds in vitro and in vivo. A series of fluorinated analogs of MD-230254 were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory potency and selectivity toward MAO-B. 5-[4-(2-[ 18 F]Fluorobenzyloxy)phenyl]-3-(2-cyanoethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (2-[ 18 F]FBPO) was synthesized from a corresponding tributylstannyl precursor and [ 18 F]CH 3 COOF. Biodistribution after intravenous injection of 2-[ 18 F]FBPO was evaluated in male ddY mice with or without pretreatment by inhibitors. Among the compounds synthesized and evaluated, 2-FBPO showed high inhibitory potency and selectivity toward MAO-B comparable with MD-230254. 2-[ 18 F]FBPO was successfully synthesized by an electrophilic reaction with a high radiochemical purity of more than 99%. 2-[ 18 F]FBPO was efficiently taken up by the brain and showed rapid blood clearance, which provided a brain/blood radioactivity ratio of 3.7 at 90 minutes postinjection. The brain radioactivity was significantly decreased by pretreatment with an MAO-B selective inhibitor. The great potential of 2-[ 18 F]FBPO as an MAO-B imaging probe, applicable to a variety of diseases, is indicated., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Objective: p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (p38α) has drawn attention as a new target molecule for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer, and its overexpression and activation have been reported in various types of cancer. In this study, a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging probe of p38α was developed to noninvasively image p38α activity for effective qualitative diagnosis of cancer., Methods: Pyrrolepyridine derivatives, m-YTM and p-YTM, were designed and synthesized based on the structure of the p38α-selective inhibitor. Radioactive iodine-labeled m-YTM, [ 125 I]m-YTM, was synthesized because m-YTM greatly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38α upon examining the inhibitory effects of the compounds. After investigating the binding affinity of [ 125 I]m-YTM to the recombinant p38α, a saturation binding experiment using activated p38α and inactive p38α was performed to determine the binding site. Uptake of [ 125 I]m-YTM into various cancer cell lines was investigated, and the pharmacokinetics was evaluated using tumor-bearing mice., Results: The inhibitory activity of m-YTM was approximately 13 times higher than that of SB203580, a p38α-selective inhibitor. The binding site of [ 125 I]m-YTM was estimated to be the p38α activating site, similar to that of SB203580, because the [ 125 I]m-YTM bound strongly to both activated p38α and inactive p38α. Various different cancer cells incorporated [ 125 I]m-YTM; however, its accumulation was significantly reduced by treatment with SB203580. Pharmacokinetics study of [ 125 I]m-YTM in B-16 tumor-bearing mice was examined which revealed high accumulation of radioactivity in tumor tissues. The ratios of radioactivity in the B-16 tumor to that in blood were 3.1 and 50 after 1 and 24 h, respectively. The ratio of radioactivity in the tumor to that in blood in the tumor-bearing mice generated using other cancer cell lines was also ≥ 1 at 1 h after the administration of the probe., Conclusions: This study suggests that [ 123 I]m-YTM has potential as a p38α imaging probe effective for various cancer types.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TKIs) are used as molecular targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The therapy is applied to the patients having EGFR-primary L858R mutation, but drug tolerance caused by EGFR-secondary mutation is occurred within one and half years. For the non-invasive detection of the EGFR-TKIs treatment positive patients by positron emission tomograpy (PET) imagaing, fluorine-18 labeled thienopyrimidine derivative, [ 18 F]FTP2 was newly synthesized. EGFR inhibition assay, cell uptake study, and blocking study indicated [ 18 F]FTP2 binds with high and selective affinity for EGFR with L858R mutation, and not with L858R/T790M dual mutations. On animal PET study using tumor bearing mice, H3255 cells expressing L858R mutated EGFR was more clearly visualized than H1975 cells expressing L858R/T790M dual mutated EGFR. [ 18 F]FTP2 has potential for detecting NSCLC which is susceptible to EGFR-TKI treatment., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and protein expression levels are often increased in tumor regions. Since PI3K plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and proliferation, inhibiting PI3K-dependent pathways could be a promising approach for cancer treatment. In clinical practice, however, evaluation of PI3K expression levels is limited to immunohistochemistry of patient samples, which requires invasive biopsies. Here we report the synthesis of three candidate compounds, FMTA-1, 2 and 3, and evaluate their capacity to detect PI3K expression levels with positron emission tomography (PET). Among the three candidates, FMTA-2 showed a lower IC50 value for PI3K. (18)F Radiolabeling of FMTA-2 to produce [(18)F]FMTA-2 was accomplished and its capacity for detecting PI3K expression levels was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Cell uptake of [(18)F]FMTA-2 correlated well with cellular PI3K expression levels, and was suppressed by the ATP-competitive PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474. In an in vivo experiment using tumor-transplanted model mice, a higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was seen with [(18)F]FMTA-2 in animals transplanted with DMS114 cells (expressing high PI3K levels) relative to DU145 cells (expressing low PI3K levels). However, in vivo pharmacokinetics of [(18)F]FMTA-2 was undesirable and the absolute amount of this compound that accumulated at the tumor region was low. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first trial of a PET tracer for detecting PI3K. Although further improvement of the probe is required prior to clinical application, these results should encourage future work., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to determine whether the uptake of radioiodinated 6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)-7-ethoxy-4-(3'-iodophenoxy) quinazoline ([(125)I]PYK) could predict the response of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to radiotherapy in vitro. Four NSCLC cell lines, PC9, HCC827, A549, and H1975 were used. Cells were irradiated with doses ranging from 2 Gy to 8 Gy and/or exposed to 1 μM gefitinib. The effects of radiation and gefitinib were assessed by the CCK-8 assay and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoflorescence microscopy. The uptake of [(125)I]PYK was determined by incubating cells with a tracer. The cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. The expression of EGFR was measured by western blotting. The results obtained revealed that the uptake of [(125)I]PYK was higher in PC9 and HCC827 cells than in A549 and H1975 cells. PC9 cells and HCC827 cells were also more radiosensitive than A549 and H1975 cells. The gefitinib pretreatment reduced the S phase fraction and enhanced radiation effects in PC9 and HCC827 cells. These results indicate that the uptake of [(125)I]PYK is related to the effects of radiation in NSCLC cells. Radioiodinated PYK may be useful in predicting the response of NSCLC in patients to radiotherapy.

Fully substituted glucomannan (GM) acylates with acyl carbon numbers (n) of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 were prepared from konjac GM (KGM) in carboxylic acid/trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). GM acetate acylates (n=3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 16, and 18) were prepared from KGM in acetic acid/carboxylic acid/TFAA. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction revealed that the GM esters did not exhibit melting peaks and reflections derived from crystal, indicating they were amorphous. The glass-transition temperatures (Tgs) of the GM esters tended to decrease with increasing acyl carbon number, ranging from 174°C for GM acetate (GMAc) to 64°C for GM laurate (GMLa). Colorless and transparent GM ester films were obtained by solvent casting and thermo-pressing. The mechanical properties of the GM ester films were controlled by the acyl group structure., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is attractive target for tumor diagnosis and therapy, as it is specifically and abundantly expressed in tumor cells. EGFR-tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors such as gefitinib and erlotinib are widely used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we investigated whether radioiodinated 4-(3-iodo-phenoxy)-6,7-diethoxy-quinazoline (PHY), which is a candidate EGFR-TK imaging agent for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is able to predict gefitinib sensitivity. We used four NSCLC cell lines-A549 (wild-type EGFR), H1650 (mutant EGFR; del E746_A750), H1975 (mutant EGFR; L858R, T790M) and H3255 (mutant EGFR; L858R)-and one epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431 (wild-type EGFR). Cell proliferation assay and Western blotting revealed that A431 and H3255 with high EGFR expression showed high sensitivity to gefitinib. On the other hand, A549, H1650 and H1975 showed much lower sensitivity to gefitinib. The blocking study revealed that gefitinib decreased tumor uptake in (125)I-PHY in A431-bearing mice. Moreover, in vivo tumor uptake of (125)I-PHY was correlated with the IC50 of gefitinib for cell proliferation. In the present study, tumor uptake of (125)I-PHY was correlated with the gefitinib sensitivity and this uptake was based on expression levels of EGFR, but not on mutation status. Although the mutation status is the most important factor for predicting gefitinib sensitivity, the abundant expression of EGFR is essential for therapy with EGFR-TK inhibitors. Therefore, radioiodinated PHY is a potential imaging agent to predict gefitinib sensitivity based on EGFR expression levels though further modifications of the imaging agent is needed to accurately estimate the mutation status.

Improved radiopharmaceuticals for imaging cerebral acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are needed for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, (11)C-labeled (-)-galanthamine and its enantiomers were synthesized as novel agents for imaging the localization and activity of AChE by positron emission tomography (PET). C-11 was incorporated into (-)- and (+)-[(11)C]galanthamine by N-methylation of norgalanthamines with [(11)C]methyl triflate. Simple accumulation of (11)C in the brain was measured in an in vivo biodistribution study using mice, whilst donepezil was used as a blocking agent in analogous in vivo blocking studies. In vitro autoradiography of rat brain tissue was performed to investigate the distribution of (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine, and confirmed the results of PET studies in mice. The radiochemical yields of N-methylation of (-)- and (+)-norgalanthamines were 13.7% and 14.4%, respectively. The highest level of accumulation of (11)C in the brains of mice was observed at 10 min after administration (2.1% ID/g). Intravenous pretreatment with donepezil resulted in a 30% decrease in accumulation of (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine in the striatum; however, levels in the cerebellum were unchanged. In contrast, use of (+)-[(11)C]galanthamine led to accumulation of radioactivity in the striatum equal to that in the cerebellum, and these levels were unaffected by pretreatment with donepezil. In in vitro autoradiography of regional radioactive signals of brain sections showed that pretreatment with either (-)-galanthamine or donepezil blocked the binding of (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine to the striatum, while sagittal PET imaging revealed accumulation of (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine in the brain. These results indicate that (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine showed specific binding to AChE, whereas (+)-[(11)C]-galanthamine accumulated in brain tissue by non-specific binding. Thus, optically pure (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine could be a useful PET tracer for imaging cerebral AChE., (Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Our previous study showed that a newly designed tracer radioiodinated 6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)-7-ethoxy-4-(3'-iodophenoxy)quinazoline ([(125)I]PYK) is promising for the evaluation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status and prediction of gefitinib treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. EGFR is over-expressed and mutated also in glioblastoma. In the present study, the expressions and mutation of EGFR were tested with [(125)I] PYK in glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo to determine whether this could be used to predict the sensitivity of glioblastoma to gefitinib treatment., Methods: Glioblastoma cell lines with different expression of EGFR were tested. Growth inhibition of cell lines by gefitinib was assessed by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Uptake levels of [(125)I]PYK were evaluated in cell lines in vitro. Tumor targeting of [(125)I]PYK was examined by a biodistribution study and imaging by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)., Results: High concentrations of gefitinib were needed to suppress EGFR-mediated proliferation. The uptake of [(125)I] PYK in cell lines in vitro was low, and showed no correlation with EGFR expression or mutation status. Biodistribution study and SPECT imaging with [(125)I]PYK for xenografts showed no [(125)I]PYK uptake., Conclusion: The results showed prediction of gefitinib effectiveness was difficult in glioblastoma by [(125)I]PYK, which might be due to the complicated expression of EGFR status in glioblastoma. Thus, new tracers for sites downstream of the mutant EGFR should be investigated in further studies.

Guided by the known molecular recognition interactions between N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) and certain synthetic substrates, we synthesized a radiolabeled double-stranded glycolipid composed of a long-chain alkyl unit and a radioiodinated phenylalkyl unit, [(125)I]-2-[N-(2-hydroxy-3-hexadecyloxy)propyl-15-(4-iodophenyl)pentadecanecarboxamido]ethyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside ([(125)I]2), as a novel intravital glycolipid mimic substrate of GnT-V. The radioactive iodine ((125)I) was incorporated via iododestannylation of the phenyltributyltin derivative, 2-[N-(2-acetoxy-3-hexadecyloxy)propyl-15-(4-tributylstannylphenyl)pentadecanecarboxamido]ethyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-3,4,6-O-acetyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (26). Subsequent deacetylation at the final step afforded [(125)I]2., (Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Objective: Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) represents an attractive target for tumor diagnosis agents. Previously, radioiodinated 4-(3-iodophenoxy)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline (PHY) was reported to possess good characteristics as a tumor imaging agent. We have explored the feasibility of developing tumor diagnosis ligands superior to radioiodinated PHY., Methods: New phenoxyquinazoline derivatives were designed with various side chains introduced to the 6th position of PHY. The IC50 values of the new derivatives to interrupt EGFR-TK phosphorylation were evaluated and compared to well-known EGFR-TK inhibitors. Tumor uptake studies of the new (125)I-labeled derivatives were conducted with A431 tumor-bearing mice. Selectivity and binding characteristics were analyzed by in vitro blocking studies and a binding assay. Furthermore, SPECT/CT scans were performed using A431 tumor-bearing mice., Results: Six quinazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized, and among these, 6a-d were found to have relatively high EGFR-TK inhibitory potency. In tumor uptake studies, [(125)I]6a ([(125)I]PYK) was found to have the highest tumor uptake and longest retention in tumors. In contrast, [(125)I]PYK was rapidly cleared from peripheral tissues, resulting in a high tumor-to-tissue ratio 24 h after injection. Moreover, the EGFR-TK selectivity of [(125)I]PYK was confirmed by pretreatment experiments with specific EGFR-TK inhibitors. Furthermore, [(125)I]PYK provided clear SPECT images of tumors., Conclusions: Radioiodinated PYK, one of the newly synthesized quinazoline derivatives, was found to be a desirable ligand for EGFR-TK SPECT imaging. [(125)I]PYK showed high tumor accumulation and selective EGFR-TK binding and also succeeded in delivering high contrast imaging of tumors. These favorable characteristics of [(125)I]PYK suggest that the (123)I-labeled counterpart, [(123)I]PYK, would have great potential for diagnostic SPECT tumor imaging.

Fully substituted glucomannan triacetate (GMTAc) (degree of substitution (DS)=3.0) was prepared from konjac glucomannan (KGM) treated with acetic acid and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). The peaks in the (1)H- and (13)C NMR spectra of GMTAc were assigned in detail based on two-dimensional (DQF-COSY, HSQC and HMBC) NMR analysis. Glucomannan acetate samples (GMAc) with different degrees of substitution (DS=1.3, 1.7, 2.0 and 2.8) were prepared by partial deprotection of GMTAc. Thermal properties of GMAcs including GMTAc were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their decomposition temperatures were higher than that of KGM, and increased with increase in DS. DSC measurements revealed that GMAc had a high glass transition temperature in the range of 178-219 °C, which decreased with increase in DS. The samples did not exhibit melting peaks, indicating that the GMAcs were amorphous. All GMAcs formed transparent films upon solvent casting, and tensile tests revealed that GMAc had a higher tensile strength and elongation to break at lower DS (1.3 and 1.7) compared to higher DS (2.0, 2.8 and 3.0). This means that the mechanical properties of GMAc could be controlled by DS., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) represents an attractive target for tumor diagnosis agents. Previously, the radioiodinated 4-(3-iodoanilino)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline ([(125)I]m-IPQ) has been reported to possess good characteristics as a tumor imaging agent; however, it was also found to have low in vivo stability. To improve the in vivo stability, m-IPQ derivatives, 4-(3-iodophenoxy)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline (PHY) and 4-(3-iodobenzylamino)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline (BAY) were designed and synthesized, and the biological studies of [(125)I]PHY and [(125)I]BAY were performed to evaluate these new ligands as in vivo tumor diagnosis agents., Methods: PHY and BAY were synthesized according to previous reports. The EGFR-TK inhibitory potency of these new compounds was measured and compared to other EGFR-TK inhibitors. Radiolabeled [(125)I]PHY and [(125)I]BAY were synthesized by an iododestannylation reaction. Biodistribution studies of these radioligands were conducted in normal mice and tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, selectivity and binding characteristics of [(125)I]PHY were analyzed by in vitro blocking studies and a binding assay., Results: The new derivatives were found to have high inhibitory potency against EGFR-TK (PHY: IC50 = 12.7 ± 7.2 nM, BAY: IC50 = 51.0 ± 8.9 nM). [(125)I]PHY and [(125)I]BAY were conveniently synthesized from tributylstannyl precursors. In in vivo biodistribution studies, [(125)I]PHY and [(125)I]BAY were observed to have lower uptake in the stomach, an indication of deiodination, than [(125)I]m-IPQ. Moreover, [(125)I]PHY showed high uptake and prolonged retention in tumors and low accumulation in blood and muscle tissue resulting in a good tumor-to-blood ratio (0.94-1.50) and tumor-to-muscle ratio (1.02-1.95). The EGFR-TK selectivity of [(125)I]PHY was confirmed by pretreatment experiments with specific EGFR-TK inhibitors., Conclusion: New radioiodinated quinazoline derivatives were synthesized, which were found to have improved in vivo stability. In particular, [(125)I]PHY showed higher tumor accumulation than the other ligands which was indicative of selective binding to EGFR-TK. These desirable characteristics for [(125)I]PHY suggest that the (123)I-labeled counterpart, [(123)I]PHY, could be a possible candidate for cancer diagnosis radiopharmaceutical.

New orally bioavailable 5-(thiophen-2-yl)-substituted 2-aminobenzamide-series histone deacetylase inhibitors were synthesized. These compounds possess a morpholine or piperadine-derived moiety as an aqueous soluble functional group. Among them, 8b, having a 4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazine-1-carboxamide group as a surface recognition domain, showed promising inhibitory activities against HCT116 cell growth and HDAC1/2. Notably, unlike MS-275, this compound did not induce apoptosis in the cell cycle tests. We therefore conducted antitumor tests of 8b and MS-275 against HCT116 cell xenografts in nude mice. Compound 8b reduced the volume of tumor mass to T/C: 60% and 47% at 45 and 80mg/kg over 16days, respectively. These values were comparable to the rate (T/C: 51% at 45mg/kg) for MS-275. Furthermore, 8b, at neither 45 nor 80mg/kg, induced the weight loss which was observed in the mice given MS-275 at 45mg/kg., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

(99m)Tc-tricarbonyl [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)] complexes have been conventionally synthesized by heating [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)](+) and a tridentate chelating ligand under atmospheric pressure; however, this method is poor in terms of chemical yield and reproducibility. Moreover, since the half-life of (99m)Tc is very short (6 h), the development of facile and rapid methods of synthesizing (99m)Tc-labeled compounds, which could be used as radioactive tracers for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), is required. Thus, we initiated a study on the application of a microwave reaction to the synthesis of (99m)Tc(CO)(3)-2-picolylamine monoacetic acid (PAMA) [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)-PAMA] complexes on the basis of the fact that synthesis of metal complexes proceeds rapidly by microwave irradiation owing to an efficient exothermic phenomenon and heat conduction effect. Formation of by-products could be markedly suppressed by comparison with that in conventional methods. In the present study, rhenium (Re), an element belonging to the same group in the periodic table as technetium (Tc), and which also forms bipyramidal complexes, was first used to investigate the synthetic reaction because no stable isotopes exist for Tc. As a result, when water was used as the solvent under the irradiation of microwaves within 1 min, the Re(CO)(3)-PAMA complex could be directly synthesized from ethyl ester of PAMA (PAMAEE) and [Re(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)]Br in one step and with a high yield (94%). Finally, the (99m)Tc(CO)(3)-PAMA complex was successfully synthesized at a high radiochemical yield (>99%) within 1 min of reaction using (99m)Tc instead of Re under the same conditions.

Objective: A radioiodinated analog of PD153035 (m-IPQ) was evaluated as a potential epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) activity imaging ligand for SPECT., Methods: The 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) value of m-IPQ for EGFR-TK phosphorylation inhibition was evaluated and compared to various EGFR-TK inhibitors. [(125)I]m-IPQ was synthesized by iododestannylation reaction. Biodistribution study of [(125)I]m-IPQ was conducted in normal mice and tumor-bearing mice. The selectivity and binding characteristics (B(max) and K(d)) were analyzed., Results: The quinazoline derivative m-IPQ was found to have high inhibitory potency (IC₅₀: 50.5 ± 3.5 nM) and selectivity toward EGFR-TK. In vivo biodistribution studies of [(125)I]m-IPQ demonstrated its rapid clearance and low retention in normal tissue. On the other hand, high tumor uptake was observed. However, the increase in [(125)I]m-IPQ uptake in the stomach as a deiodination parameter was found. Thus, [(125)I]m-IPQ showed low in vivo stability. The selectivity toward EGFR-TK of m-IPQ was confirmed by the pretreatment experiment with EGFR-TK specific inhibitors, PD153035, Genistein. [(125)I]m-IPQ bound to single population of binding sites with high affinity and kinetic parameter. In addition, [(125)I]m-IPQ was bound to EGFR-TK according to the amount of EGFR-TK expression in the tumor., Conclusions: [(125)I]m-IPQ showed a relatively high tumor accumulation with selective EGFR-TK binding. Moreover, the tumor uptake of [(125)I]m-IPQ might be reflected in the amount of EGFR-TK expression in the tumor. These good characteristics of [(125)I]m-IPQ suggested that a ¹²³I-labeled counterpart, [¹²³I]m-IPQ, would have great potential for EGFR-TK imaging with SPECT. However, the in vivo stability of this compound needs to improve.

Radioiodinated 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(2-iodophenylpropyl)piperazine (o-BON) and 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-iodophenylpropyl)piperazine (m-BON) were evaluated as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiopharmaceuticals for tumor imaging by visualization of sigma receptors. In vivo biodistribution studies of [125 I]o-BON and [125 I]m-BON in tumor-bearing mice showed a high tumor uptake and prolonged retention of radiolabeled compounds in the tumor. In contrast with these factors, the blood and muscle accumulations were low, which resulted in a good tumor-to-blood ratio and tumor-to-muscle ratio. In peripheral organs, [125 I]o-BON showed rapid clearance in comparison with [125 I]m-BON. Selective interactions of [125 I]o-BON and [125 I]m-BON with sigma receptors on tumor cell membranes were confirmed by pretreatment experiments with various sigma and other receptor ligands. [125 I]o-BON possesses higher specific binding toward sigma receptors than does [125 I]m-BON; thus, [125 I]o-BON was chosen for further evaluations. High uptake of [125 I]o-BON was observed in various tumors, and a good linear correlation (R2=0.70) was found between accumulation of [125 I]o-BON and the sigma receptor expression level. Furthermore, the accumulation of [125 I]o-BON in tumors reflected their proliferation rate. These results suggest that it is feasible to use radioiodinated o-BON as a marker for measuring the proliferative status associated with sigma receptor expression.

New series of radioiodinated analogues of 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-[3-(2-iodophenyl)propyl]piperazine (o-BON) and 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-[3-(3-iodophenyl)propyl]piperazine (m-BON) were evaluated as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiopharmaceuticals for mapping sigma receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs. In vivo biodistribution studies of [125I] o- and m-BON in mice demonstrated high initial uptakes and prolonged retention in the brain. In contrast to high brain uptake and retention, the blood accumulations were low, resulting in good brain-blood ratios (7.9-9.2). In the other tissues, high uptake of [125I] o- and m-BON were observed in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, and pancreas. Moreover, selective interactions of [125I] o- and m-BON with sigma receptors were confirmed by pretreatment experiments with various sigma and other receptor ligands. Haloperidol posttreatment induced decreases in the accumulation of [125I] o- and m-BON. These data suggest that [125I] o- and m-BON binding to sigma receptors is reversible and competitive. Furthermore, ex vivo autoradiograms of [125I] o- and m-BON in rats showed high uptake in the parietal cortex, vestibular nucleus, and pons nucleus and moderate uptake in the thalamus, inferior colliculus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and temporal cortex. These ex vivo autoradiograms were comparable with the histochemical distribution of sigma receptors. Furthermore, the uptake of [125I] o- and m-BON reflected quantitative amounts of sigma receptor in the brain. These results demonstrated that radiolabeled o- and m-BON have good characteristics for mapping sigma receptors in the CNS and the peripheral organs with SPECT.

A new series of radioiodinated analogues of 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (SA4503) was synthesized and evaluated as a potential brain sigma-1 receptor imaging ligands by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Iodinated analogues of SA4503 (4a-c) were prepared from piperazine in a high yield. The in vitro competition binding studies using [3H] DTG (sigma-1, 2), [3H] (+)-pentazocine (sigma-1), and [3H] DTG in the presence of carbetapentane (sigma-2) as sigma receptor selective radioligands were revealed that iodinated analogues 4a-c possess high affinities to sigma receptors (IC50: 4a=7.1, 4b=31.0, and 4c=77.3 nM). In particular, the affinity of 4a, bearing iodine at ortho position on the phenyl ring, was 4.4 times greater than SA4503, and 3 times greater than that of haloperidol. The meta-iodo analogue 4b was the same to SA4503, the lead compound. The radioiodinated derivatives, [125I] 4a, 4b were synthesized no-carrier-added from the corresponding tributyltin precursors by the iododestannylation reaction with high yields. The binding of [125I] 4a, 4b have been characterized in the rat brain membranes. These compounds were indicated single population binding to sigma receptor with high affinity (4a: Kd=1.86+/-0.34 nM, Bmax=205+/-28.9 fmol/mg protein, 4b: Kd=3.30+/-0.51 nM, Bmax=231.5+/-13.8 fmol/mg protein). In vitro blocking studies were confirmed that the high specificity of 4a, 4b. These results suggest that radioiodinated 4a and 4b are promising sigma receptors imaging ligand for pursuing further in vivo studies.

Iodine is an important trace element in geological and biological processes. We summarize here recent results and new data of experiments and observations carried out to improve the understanding of concentration levels and behavior of natural and anthropogenic iodine nuclides in the global environment. The distribution of stable iodine in the Earth's crust was estimated using concentration data in a suite of representative samples and the influence of subduction on the marine iodine cycle was investigated using (129)I systematics on iodine-rich brines from Japan. The importance of microorganisms for the natural iodine cycle is shown in recent studies of iodine sorption on soil and of iodine volatilization from terrestrial and marine environments. Levels of anthropogenic (129)I were measured in samples collected around a spent fuel reprocessing plant in Japan.

A macroporous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer containing N-methylglucamine groups was selected for a new 68Ge/68Ga generator system. This resin packed into a column effectively adsorbed the parent nuclide 68Ge. The daughter 68Ga was eluted from the resin with a solution of a low-affinity gallium chelating ligand such as citric or phosphoric acid. The 68Ge leakage was less than 0.0004% of the 68Ge adsorbed on the resin. By simple mixing of transferrin and desferoxamine conjugated HSA and IgG with the eluate from the column, 68Ga-labeling was completed in high yield., (Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.)

A series of iodinated analogues of MD-230254 was synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory potency and selectivity toward monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Among them, 5-[4-(2-iodobenzyloxy)phenyl]-3-(cyanoethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)one (2-IBPO) was found to have high inhibitory potency and selectivity toward MAO-B (IC50=2.0 nM, MAO-A/MAO-B >50000). Analysis of the inhibition kinetics indicated that 2-IBPO acts in a two-step mechanism as a competitive, slow, and tight-binding inhibitor of MAO-B with a Ki value of 2.4 nM and an overall Ki* value at an equilibrium of 3.8 nM. The new radioligand for MAO-B, [125I]2-IBPO was conveniently synthesized from a tributylstannyl precursor by an iododestannylation reaction using sodium [125I]iodide and hydrogen peroxide with high radiochemical yield. The in vivo tissue distribution studies of [125I]2-IBPO demonstrated its high initial uptake and prolonged retention in the brain. A selective interaction of [125I]2-IBPO with MAO-B was confirmed by the pretreatment experiment with well known MAO specific inhibitors, l-deprenyl, Ro-16-6491, clorgyline, and Ro-41-1049. These very desirable characteristics of [125I]2-IBPO suggested that a 123I-labeled counterpart, [123I]2-IBPO, would have great potential in in vivo studies of MAO-B in the human brain with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

(S)-5-Iodonicotine (4a), an (S)-nicotine analog iodinated at the 5-position of the pyridine ring, was synthesized and evaluated as a potential radiopharmaceutical for investigating brain nicotine receptors by single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). [125I]-(S)-Iodonicotine ([125I]-4a) was synthesized by the iododestannylation reaction under no-carrier-added conditions and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The binding affinity of 4a for brain nicotine receptors was measured in terms of displacement of [3H]cytisine from binding sites in rat cortical membranes. The binding data revealed that the affinity of 4a was the same as that of (S)-nicotine and 80-fold higher than that of the (R)-enantiomer (4b). Biodistribution studies in mice disclosed that the brain uptake of [125I]-4a was rapid and profound. Regional cerebral distribution studies in rats by autoradiography disclosed that the accumulation of [125I]-4a was dense in the thalamus, intermediate in the cortex and striatum, and less marked in the cerebellum. Furthermore, the administration of (S)-nicotine reduced the uptake of [125I]-4a in the thalamus and resulted in a nearly identical level of radioactivity in the cerebellum. [125I]-(R)-5-Iodonicotine ([125I]-4b) showed more rapid washout from the brain and a less extensive regional cerebral distribution than the (S)-enantiomer ([125I]-4a). Thus, 4a bound to brain nicotine receptor in vivo, and therefore iodine-123-labeled 4a may be a potential radioligand for use in vivo cerebral nicotinic receptor studies by SPECT.

To obtain parameter values for the assessment of 129I transfer from the atmosphere to rice, deposition of CH3I to rice plants has been studied. The mass normalized deposition velocity (VD) of CH3I for rough (unhulled) rice was 0.00048 cm3 g-1 s-1, which is about 1/300 of that of I2. Translocation of iodine, deposited as CH3I on leaves and stems, to rice grain was negligibly small. Distribution of iodine between hull and inner part of the grain was found to depend also on the chemical forms of atmospheric iodine to be deposited. The ratio of the iodine distribution in a grain exposed to CH3I was as follows: rough rice:brown rice (hulled rice):polished rice = 1.0:0.49:0.38. The distribution ratio in polished grains for CH3I exposed rice was about 20 times higher than that for I2.

Ester bonds have been used as metabolizable linkages to reduce radioactivity levels in non-target tissues following the administration of antibodies labeled with metallic radionuclides. In this radiochemical design of antibodies, while the ester bonds should be cleaved rapidly in non-target tissues, high stability of the ester bonds in plasma is also required to preserve target radioactivity levels. To assess the structural requirements to stabilize the ester bond, a new benzyl-EDTA-derived bifunctional chelating agent with an ester bond, (1-[4-[4-(2- maleimidoethoxy)succinamido]benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N' -tetraacetic acid; MESS-Bz-EDTA), was developed. MESS-Bz-EDTA was coupled with a thiolated monoclonal antibody (OST7, IgG1) prepared by reducing its disulfide bonds to introduce the ester bond close and proximal to the antibody molecule. For comparison, 1-[4-(5- maleimidopentyl)aminobenzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EMCS-Bz-EDTA) and meleimidoethyl 3-[131I]iodohippurate (MIH) was coupled to OST7 under the same conjunction chemistry. When incubated in 50% murine plasma or a buffered-solution of neutral pH, OST7-MESS-Bz-EDTA-111In rapidly released the radioactivity, and more than 95% of the initial radioactivity was liberated after a 24 h incubation in both solutions, due to a cleavage of the ester bond. On the other hand, only about 20% of the radioactivity was released from OST7-MIH-131I in both solutions during the same incubation period. In mice biodistribution studies, while a slightly faster radioactivity clearance from the blood with less radioactivity levels in the liver and kidneys was observed with OST7-MIH-131I than with OST7-EMCS-Bz-EDTA-111In, OST7-MESS-Bz-EDTA-111In indicated radioactivity clearance from the blood much faster than and almost comparable to that of OST7-MIH-131I and succinamidobenzyl-EDTA-111In, respectively. These findings as well as previous findings on radiolabeled antibodies with ester bonds suggested that while an introduction of an ester bond close to an antibody molecule stabilized the ester bond against esterase access, chemical structures of the linkages and radiolabels attached to the ester bonds play a significant role in the chemical stability of the ester bond. This may explain the different stability of the ester bonds in radioimmunoconjugates so far reported.

An in vivo estimation of the newly synthesized MAO-A specific inhibitor, [125I]-labeled N-[3(2,4-dichloro-6-iodophenoxy)propyl]-N-methyl-2- propynylamine ([125I]-iodoclorgyline), was performed. Retention of the radioactivity of this radioligand was observed in the brain from 1 h post-injection. Pretreatments with clorgyline and l-deprenyl showed selective binding of [125I]-iodoclorgyline to MAO-A in the brain at 24 h post-injection. Moreover, a good correlation (r = 0.907) between the uptake of [125I]-iodoclorgyline and MAO-A enzyme activity in the cortex was observed in the pretreatment study with several doses of clorgyline. Although improvement to increase the brain/blood ratio is desirable because of slow blood clearance of the radioactivity, radioiodinated iodoclorgyline may serve as a useful SPECT radiopharmaceutical for quantitative analysis of MAO-A in the brain.

In pursuit of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with rapid urinary excretion of radioactivity from nontarget tissues, radioiodinated mAbs releasing a m-iodohippuric acid from the mAbs in nontarget tissues were designed. A novel reagent, maleimidoethyl 3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)hippurate (MIH), was synthesized by reacting N-(hydroxyethyl)maleimide with N-Boc-glycine before coupling with N-succinimidyl 3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzoate (ATE). MIH possessed a maleimide group for mAb conjugation and a butylstannyl moiety for high-yield and site-specific radioiodination, and the two functional groups were linked via an ester bond to release m-iodohippuric acid. To investigate the fate of radiolabels after lysosomal proteolysis, hepatic parenchymal cells were used as a model nontarget tissue and 131I-labeled MIH was conjugated with galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin (NGA). Further conjugation of [131I]MIH with a mAb against osteogenic sarcoma (OST7) after reduction of its disulfide bonds was followed up. In murine biodistribution studies, [131I]MIH-NGA exhibited rapid accumulation in the liver followed by radioactivity elimination from the liver at a rate that was identical to and faster than those of 131I-labeled NGA via direct iodination ([131I]NGA) and [131I]ATE-labeled NGA, respectively. While [131I]NGA indicated high radioactivity levels in the murine neck, stomach, and blood, such increases in the radioactivity count were not detectable by the administration of either [131I]MIH-NGA or [131I]ATE-NGA. At 6 h postinjection of [131I]MIH-NGA, 80% of the injected radioactivity was recovered in the urine. Analyses of urine samples indicated that m-iodohippuric acid was the sole radiolabeled metabolite. In biodistribution studies using [131I]-MIH-OST7 and [131I]ATE-OST7, while both 131I-labeled OST7s registered almost identical radioactivity levels in the blood up to 6 h postinjection, the former demonstrated a lower radioactivity level than [131I]ATE-OST7 in nontarget tissues throughout the experiment. Such chemical and biological characteristics of MIH would enable high target/nontarget ratios in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine using mAbs and other polypeptides.

A new radioligand for monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A), [11C]fluoroclorgyline, was synthesized from its desmethyl precursor by N-methylation reaction using [11C]methyl iodide with a radiochemical yield of 75-85%. The radiochemical purity of the product was more than 99% and the specific radioactivity was 7.4-18.5 GBq/micromol. The in vivo tissue distribution studies of [11C]fluoroclorgyline in mice demonstrated its high initial uptake and prolonged retention in the brain, comparable to those of [11C]clorgyline. A selective interaction with MAO-A in the accumulation of [11C]fluorclorgyline was confirmed by a competition experiment performed with the MAO-A specific inhibitor,clorgyline, and MAO-B specific inhibitor, l-deprenyl. These very desirable characteristics of [11C]fluoroclorgyline suggested that its 18F labeled counterpart, [18F]fluoroclorgyline, would have great potential as a longer-lived alternative to 11C labeled clorgyline for in vivo studies of MAO-A in the human brain with positron emission tomography (PET).

Root-uptake of iodine by rice plants from two different soil types was studied using an 125I tracer. At harvest, the 125I concentration was lowest in brown rice (hulled rice) followed by the rachis, stem and leaves. The transfer factors of iodine for brown rice grown on Andosol and Gray lowland soil (fine texture) respectively were 0.007 and 0.002. The ratio of the radioiodine concentrations between flag leaf (first leaf blade) and brown rice was about 400. Transfer factors in plants grown on Andosol were higher than those grown on Gray lowland soil. This may be related to the high 125I concentration in the Andosol soil solutions, particularly after the flowering period. The adsorption and desorption of iodine in the soil was effected by flooding with water and also by the cultivation of rice plants. The radioiodine concentration in the soil solutions first increased in the upper soil layer than in the lower layer. The desorption pattern of iodine was influenced by the soil types.

High reactivity of [11C]-methyl iodide ([11C]CH3I) with the thiol group was demonstrated with cysteamine and other compounds containing a thiol and another functional groups in each structure. The methylation of the thiol group in cysteamine with [11C]CH3I was very rapid at 0 degree C with no catalyst, and gave a high radiochemical yield and purity without any detectable by-product. Moreover, this reaction was not disturbed by the other functional groups, such as -NH2, -OH and -COOH in the same structure. This S-methylation reaction is very useful for producing a new radiopharmaceutical labeled with the short lived positron emitting nuclide C-11.

A new series of iodinated analogues of N-(2-aminoethyl)benzamide was synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory potency and specificity toward monoamine oxidase type-B (MAO-B). Among them, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-chloro-4-iodobenzamide hydrochloride (2d) showed high inhibitory potency and selectivity against MAO-B. The type of MAO-B inhibition by 2d was non-competitive and the inhibition constant (Ki) was 0.80 microM. Strong and selective in vivo MAO-B inhibition by 2d was also confirmed. The brain MAO-B inhibition by 2d was reversible and the enzyme activity completely returned to the control value 24 h after administration. Compound 2d was, therefore, considered to be a candidate for advanced development as a radioiodinated ligand that may be useful for functional MAO-B studies in the living brain using single photon emission computer tomography.

A nicotine agonist, 11C-labeled (S)-nicotine, was synthesized by N-methylation of (S)-nornicotine with [11C]-methyl iodide in dimethylformamide-dimethylsulfoxide in order to study nicotinic receptors in the human brain by positron emission tomography. The radiochemical yield of this N-methylation reaction was more than 90% within 5 min. After purification by high performance liquid chromatography the radiochemical purity of the product was more than 99% and the specific radioactivity was 7.4-11.1 GBq/mumol. The regional distribution of (S)-[11C]nicotine in the mouse brain after intravenous injection was compared with that of (R)-[11C]nicotine. After injection of (S)-[11C]nicotine, the regional uptake of radioactivity was in the following order: cortex greater than thalamu approximately hippocampus greater than striatum greater than hypothalamus greater than cerebellum. Moreover, (S)-[11C]nicotine was displaced from the brain by unlabeled (S)-nicotine, but unlabeled (R)-nicotine caused no change in uptake. In contrast, (R)-[11C]nicotine showed a lower brain uptake and lesser regional differences in radioactivity.

Various analogues of benzyl 5-phenyl-2-oxazolecarbamate (1a) were synthesized, and the structure-activity relationship of these analogues as aldose reductase inhibitor was studied. The carbamate group was necessary for the inhibitory activity. The introduction of an alkyl group at the C-4 position of 1a enhanced the inhibitory activity, however, the N-carboxymethyl group on the carbamate moiety counteracted to a hydrophobic interaction between the alkyl group at the C-4 position and the enzyme molecule.

In developing 99mTc complexes as potential myocardial imaging agents, a new series of ligands based on a conformationally restricted N2S2 system were investigated. Using piperazine or homopiperazine as the starting material, two N2S2 ligands (4a and 4b) with additional conformation restriction between the two nitrogen donor atoms were synthesized. The 99mTc complexes were prepared by a direct labeling method with tin(II) tartrate as the reducing agent for [99mTc]pertechnetate. The resulting 99mTc complexes were purified through a sulfonpropyl Sephadex column and further purified by HPLC with a reverse-phase column eluting with a solvent system of acetonitrile/buffer. Biodistribution studies in rats showed initial uptake in the heart (0.21%, 0.42% dose/order for [99mTc]4a and 4b at 2 min postinjection). Carrier-added preparation of [99mTc]4b was successful. NMR, IR, UV, crystallographic, and elemental analysis of the [99Tc]4b complex suggest that it contains a TcVO3+ center core and is 1+ charged. The results suggest that this series of 1+ charged 99mTc complexes may have potential as myocardial imaging agents, and further study of the complexes is warranted.

A new radioiodinated monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) specific inhibitor, [125I]iodoclorgyline, was synthesized from its tin precursor by iododestannylation reaction using sodium [125I]iodide and hydrogen peroxide with high yield and site specificity. The product possessed a high radiochemical purity as well as high specific activity. The method can be readily applicable for labeling with 123I, a very suitable radioisotope for in vivo imaging with single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). Biodistribution studies of the [125I]iodoclorgyline in mice showed high initial uptake in the brain, and brain radioactivity reached a constant level at 60 min after intravenous injection. The results suggested that [125I]iodoclorgyline might have potential as a radiopharmaceutical for MAO-A studies in the brain with SPECT.

In order to obtain the biological half-life (Tb) of iodine deposited on rough rice grains, rice plants of four different growing stages--heading, milky, dough, and yellow ripe--were exposed to elemental gaseous iodine. After the exposure, the rough rice samples were collected at different intervals and analyzed for iodine to estimate the value of Tb. The average value of Tb obtained by the experiments at the dough and yellow ripe stages was about 200 d. This value is considerably larger than those for pasture grass and leafy vegetables.

A series of fluorine and iodine analogues of clorgyline was synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory potency and selectivity toward monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). Among them, N-[3-(2,4-dichloro-6-iodophenoxy)propyl]-N-methyl-2-propynylami ne (3d), N-[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-N-methyl-2-propynylamine (3f) and N-[3-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-N-methyl-2-propynylamine (3g) were found to have high inhibitory potency and selectivity toward MAO-A comparable to those of clorgyline itself. Thus, they were considered for advanced development as radiofluorinated and radioiodinated ligands that may be useful for functional MAO-A studies in the living brain with positron emission tomography and single photon emission computer tomography.

Development of radiopharmaceuticals for functional brain imaging has progressed rapidly in recent years. Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow in humans can be achieved by using [123I]-iodoamphetamine or [99mTc]-HMPAO. Several other lipid-soluble [99mTc]-technetium complexes are currently undergoing clinical trials. New 123I-labeled agents designed to measure central nervous system receptors, including D1 and D2 dopamine, serotonin, muscarinic, and benzodiazepine receptors, have been developed. In conjunction with single photon emission computed tomography, they may provide useful tools to evaluate brain function related to changes in receptor concentration.

Indium-111-(111In) labeled monoclonal antibodies (Ab) prepared with a bifunctional chelating agent, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), have been used for the radioimmunoimaging of cancer. In the present experiment, using monoclonal Ab against human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a model, we have studied the effect of DTPA conjugation on the antigen binding activity and the biodistribution in nude mice transplanted with AFP-producing human testicular tumor. In Ab heavily conjugated with DTPA, the Scatchard plot analysis demonstrated that the maximum binding capacity rather than the affinity constant was affected. Under selected conditions, 111In-labeled Ab were made available with almost full retention of the antigen binding activity and scintigrams of nude mice clearly delineated the site of the tumor. However, the number of DTPA molecules incorporated per Ab molecule markedly influenced the in vivo biodistribution as well as the in vitro antigen binding activity.

A new efficient method has been developed for the labeling of various biologically important proteins with radiogallium, using deferoxamine (DF) as a bifunctional chelating agent. Human serum albumin (HSA) was chosen for studying the DF coupling reaction by a glutaraldehyde two-step method. The DF-HSA conjugate obtained was then easily labeled with Ga-67 with high efficiency and reproducibility. High stability of the Ga-67 DF-HSA was observed both in vitro and in vivo. In rats the half-time of blood clearance at the first phase was 234 min for the Ga-67 DF-HSA, whereas most conventional I-131 HSA gives 121 min. The excellent pharmacological and physiological properties were assessed by plasma clearance and plasma volume measurements in normal volunteers. Even at 2 hr after injection, (90.0 +/- 3.0)% of Ga-67 DF-HSA was retained within the vascular space. The mean plasma volume per kilogram of body weight, measured with Ga-67 DF-HSA, was 46.6 +/- 3.4 ml/kg, compared with 52.2 +/- 2.4 ml/kg as determined with I-131 HSA in the same men.

Gallium-67 labeled fibrinogen was prepared as a new deep-vein thrombus imaging agent, using deferoxamine (DF) as a bifunctional chelating agent. Excellent physicochemical and biological properties of 67 Ga-DF-fibrinogen were obtained. The isotopic clottability was 85.3%. High stability in vivo as well as in vitro was observed. Studies carried out in rabbits with induced thrombi in the femoral vein showed thrombus to blood radioactivity ration of 11.7, comparable to the value estimated with conventional 131I-fibrinogen 24 h after injection. Remarkable visualization of these thrombi with a scintillation camera provided good evidence for the selective mechanism of this new radiopharmaceutical.

In developing new brain imaging agents for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), we synthesized eleven radioiodinated phenoxyacetic acid derivatives and investigated the relationship between the chemical structure and in vivo characteristics. Biodistribution studies in mice revealed high initial brain uptake for all the compounds. Blood radioactivity level depended markedly upon the chemical stability of the compound. The alpha, alpha-dimethylester derivative (1e), amide derivatives (2a--c) and diamine derivatives (3a, b, 4), which were stable to hydrolysis, showed low blood activity levels following i.v. administration. Disappearance of the ester and amide compounds from the brain was rapid. However, the diamine derivatives displayed improved retention in the brain. Compounds 3a and 4 possessed the best combination of high brain uptake and sufficient retention to be useful as potential brain imaging radiopharmaceuticals with SPECT devices.

Highly purified high and low molecular weight urokinase (H-UK and L-UK) were labeled with 67Ga using deferoxamine (DF) as a bifunctional chelating agent. The labeling efficiency was 91.7% for the H-UK, and 90.4% for the L-UK, respectively. The 67Ga labeled UK (67Ga-DF-UK) fully retained the enzymatic activity of the parent UK. Studies on the in vivo behavior of the 67Ga labeled UK in rabbits showed a very rapid blood clearance with half-life of 4 min (67Ga-DF-L-UK) to 8 min (67Ga-DF-H-UK). Studies carried out in rabbits with induced thrombi in the femoral vein showed thrombus-to-blood 67Ga-DF-UK activity ratios, 2h after injection, of 2.00-3.08 for the H-UK, and 0.84-1.65 for the L-UK, respectively, with thrombi aged 4 to 3 days. A dose effect of the 67Ga-DF-H-UK on its thrombus accumulation was observed. Gel chromatographic analysis of plasma samples withdrawn from those animals injected with this radiopharmaceutical revealed a reduction of the 67Ga-DF-UK effectiveness due to complexation with protein inhibitors. This led to formation of high molecular weight complexes which was reflected in the very fast blood clearance. Its implication in thrombus accumulation is discussed. In conclusion, usefulness of DF for labeling UK with 67Ga or 68Ga with no alteration of UK enzymatic properties was demonstrated. The use of 67Ga-DF-UK as a diagnostic or therapeutic radiopharmaceutical is promising.

In normal and molar pregnancy, a morphological discrimination between nonvillous trophoblasts which lie scattered in the placental bed and surrounding maternal cells is considered to be difficult. We examined the reactivity of two monoclonal antibodies (Troma 1 and CAM 5.2) against cytokeratin by an immunoperoxidase technique and analyzed their usefulness as a histological trophoblast marker. Materials were taken from 42 uteri with normal pregnancy, 7 uteri with hydatidiform mole, 2 uteri with gestational choriocarcinoma, 1 fallopian tube with nongestational choriocarcinoma, 5 delivered term placentae of normal pregnancy, and 5 nongestational uteri. The reactivities of Troma 1 on frozen sections and those of CAM 5.2 on paraffin sections were identical. They reacted with surface epithelium and gland epithelium in the nongestational uterine corpus. In the implantation site of normal and molar pregnancy, they reacted with villous and nonvillous trophoblasts as well as endometrial gland epithelium. In gestational and nongestational choriocarcinoma, they reacted with carcinoma cells specifically. Since the histological detection of gland epithelium may not be difficult, it was concluded that the two antibodies were very beneficial as a histological marker for trophoblasts in normal pregnancy and trophoblastic disease.

Measurements were made of 131I, 137Cs, 134Cs and 103Ru in environmental samples collected from Ibaraki-Prefecture, Japan, after the Chernobyl accident. The highest values of 131I obtained in May 1986 were 98 Bq l-1 (2.7 nCi l-1) for rain water (collected at the beginning of the rainfall), 400 Bq kg-1 (11 nCi kg-1) for pine needles (wet), 160 Bq kg-1 (4.3 nCi kg-1) for vegetables (wet) and 52 Bq kg-1 (1.4 nCi kg-1) for seaweed (wet). Most of the radioiodine in rain water was present as IO3- and I-. The proportion of IO3- in fresh rain water was higher than that of I-, but the IO3- was converted to I- during storage. About 10% of 131I was removed from leaf vegetables by washing, and about 70% by boiling.