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The efficient acetate conversion from CO electroreduction is challenging due to the poor selectivity at high reaction rate, which requires the competition with H2 and other C2+ (i. e., ethylene, ethanol, n‐propanol) reduction products. Electrolyte engineering is one of the efficient strategies to regulate the reaction microenvironment. In this work, the adding of sulfite (SO32−) with high nucleophilicity in KOH electrolytes was demonstrated to enable improving the CO‐to‐acetate conversion via generating a S−O chemical bond between SO32− and oxygenated *C2 intermediates (i. e., *CO−CO, *CO−COH) compared with that in pure KOH system on both synthesized Cu(200)‐ and normal commercial Cu(111)‐facets‐exposed metallic Cu catalysts. As a result, the prepared Cu(200)‐facets‐exposed metallic Cu catalyst with surface ions modification showed an superior Faradaic efficiency of 63.6 % at −0.6 A ⋅ cm−2, and extraordinary absolute value of peak partial current density as high as 1.52 A ⋅ cm−2 with adding SO32− in KOH electrolytes, compared to the best reported values in both CO and CO2 electroreduction. Our work suggests an attractive strategy to introduce the oxyanion with high nucleophilicity in electrolytes to regulate the microenvironment for industrial‐current‐density electrosynthesis of acetate from CO electroreduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerogels present a huge potential for removing organic dyes from printing and dyeing wastewater (PDW). However, the preparation of aerogels with multiple dye adsorption capabilities remains a challenge, as many existing aerogels are limited to adsorbing only a single type of dye. Herein, a composite aerogel (CG/T‐rGO) with the addition of carboxymethyl chitosan, gelatin and tannic acid reduced graphene oxide (T‐rGO) was synthesized by freeze‐drying technology. The electrostatic interactions between dye molecular and GEL/CMCS (CG) networks, as well as the supramolecular interactions (H‐bonds, electrostatic interactions and π–π stacks) between T‐rGO, have endowed the aerogel with the ability to adsorb multiple types of dye, such as methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). Results exhibited that the prepared CG/T‐rGO aerogel possessed strong mechanical strength and a porous 3D network structure with a porosity of 96.33 %. Using MB and MO as adsorbates, the adsorption capacity (88.2 mg/g and 66.6 mg/g, respectively) and the mechanism of the CG/T‐rGO aerogel were investigated. The adsorption processes of aerogel for MB and MO were shown to follow the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, indicating the chemical adsorption of a monolayer. The proposed aerogel in this work has promising prospects for dye removal from PDW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical CO2 reduction to CH4 has been extensively demonstrated, but still suffers from relatively poor activity and requires high overpotentials especially at large electrolysis rates. Perovskite oxides (AxByO) are one type of promising electrocatalyst for the CO2 reduction due to their tunable electronic structures. In this work, a Ca2CuO3 perovskite oxide catalyst is developed with alkaline‐earth A‐sites, featuring an inherently strong basic strengthand outstanding capability for CO2 adsorption, as well as the undercoordinated Cu sites generated through partial surface Ca2+ cation leaching. The Ca2CuO3 catalyst exhibitsa high partial current density of 517 ± 23 mA cm−2 for producing CH4 at a low applied potential of −0.30 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, which further reached to a peak value of 1452 ± 156 mA cm−2. Density functional calculations show that the undercoordinated Cu sites allowed to promote the hydrogenation of *CO and subsequent *CHO intermediates, thus leading to the high CH4 activity. This work suggests an attractive design strategy for tuning the A‐sites in perovskite oxides to realize high‐rate CO2‐to‐CH4 electrosynthesis with low overpotentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bystander intervention can protect victims from harm in cyberbullying. Previous studies have found that the severity of cyberbullying incidents is one of the important factors affecting decisions to intervene. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this effect. Purpose: The current study explored the effect of the severity of cyberbullying incidents on bystander intention to intervene on social network sites (SNSs) among college students (Experiment 1), the mediating role of feelings of responsibility (Experiment 2) and the moderating role of empathy (Experiment 3). Patients and Methods: We presented cyberbullying incidents with different levels of severity through scenarios including fictive Weibo news reports and comments. Participants were exposed to a fictive cyberbullying incident and asked to complete a questionnaire including measures of the variables of interest. Results: Our results showed that the severity of incidents positively affected bystander intention to intervene through the mediation of feelings of responsibility. Empathy moderated the effect of incident severity on bystander intention to intervene. Conclusion: The results of the current study help to understand the behavior of bystanders in cyberbullying and they provide a practical reference for intervention in cyberbullying incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction features a promising approach to realize carbon neutrality. However, its competitiveness is limited by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at anode, which consumes a large portion of energy. Coupling value‐added anodic reactions with CO2 electroreduction has been emerging as a promising strategy in recent years to enhance the full‐cell energy efficiency and produce valuable chemicals at both cathode and anode of the electrolyzer. This review briefly summarizes recent progresses on the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, and the economic feasibility of different CO2 electrolysis systems is discussed. Then a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the coupled electrolysis of CO2 and potential value‐added anodic reactions is provided, with special focus on the specific cell designs. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities for the coupled electrolysis systems are proposed, which are targeted to facilitate progress in this field and push the CO2 electrolyzers to a more practical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) limitation is a significant factor restricting crop production in agricultural systems, and enhancing the internal P utilization efficiency (PUE) of crops plays an important role in ensuring sustainable P use in agriculture. To better understand how P is remobilized to affect crop growth, we first screened P-efficient (B73 and GEMS50) and P-inefficient (Liao5114) maize genotypes at the same shoot P content, and then analyzed P pools and performed non-targeted metabolomic analyses to explore changes in cellular P fractions and metabolites in maize genotypes with contrasting PUE. We show that lipid P and nucleic acid P concentrations were significantly lower in lower leaves of P-efficient genotypes, and these P pools were remobilized to a major extent in P-efficient genotypes. Broad metabolic alterations were evident in leaves of P-efficient maize genotypes, particularly affecting products of phospholipid turnover and phosphorylated compounds, and the shikimate biosynthesis pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that P-efficient genotypes have a high capacity to remobilize lipid P and nucleic acid P and promote the shikimate pathway towards efficient P utilization in maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical CO2 reduction to CH4 is a promising approach for producing highly specific combustion fuel but has relatively poor selectivity and activity at high‐current‐density electrolysis. In this work, ultrathin CuGaO2 nanosheets with highly exposed single‐interlayered Cu edges are synthesized via an induced anisotropic growth strategy. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the exposed single‐interlayered Cu(I) edges on the (001) surface of CuGaO2 present a high‐density of single‐atomic Cu sites, which feature excellent CO2 electroreduction catalytic activity toward CH4. The CuGaO2 nanosheet catalysts exhibit efficient and stable CO2‐to‐CH4 electroreduction with Faradaic efficiency (FECH4) of 71.7% at a high current density of –1 A cm−2, corresponding to a superior CH4 partial current density of 717 ± 33 mA cm−2. This work suggests an attractive design strategy for tuning both the crystal facets and Cu–Cu distance to promote the CH4 electrosynthesis at high‐current‐density CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymer materials have several obvious advantages such as energy conservation, emission reduction, and waste reuse, so they can become substitutes for cement materials. In this study, geopolymer mortars made from blast furnace slag and steel slag reinforced by basalt fibre and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre were prepared to explore the effect on their strength and shrinkage properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to characterize the reaction mechanism of the geopolymer mortars. The results show that both PVA fibre and basalt fibre can improve the mechanical properties of geopolymer mortars during the late curing period. The geopolymer reinforced by basalt fibre manifested a better toughness. A proper content of PVA fibres and basalt fibres can effectively reduce the drying and autogenous shrinkage of geopolymer mortars. The optimal content of basalt fibres and PVA fibres to reduce the drying shrinkage was 0.4%. The SEM results show that the fibres can effectively alleviate the stress concentration and prevent crack propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymers have distinct advantages such as having energy-saving properties, being an environmentally protective material, and having high mechanical strength and durability. However, the shrinkage of the geopolymer materials is one of the major problems to affect its practical application. In this study, blast furnace slag-based geopolymer pastes were prepared using sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as activators to investigate the effect of the activator concentration and solid/liquid ratio on strength and shrinkage properties. For a better understanding of the reaction mechanism and microstructure of the geopolymer pastes, a multitechnique approach including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectra was carried out. The results showed that the geopolymers compressive strength increased significantly as the activator concentration increased. The increase in activator concentration first increased the flexural strength and then decreased and reached the maximum when the activator concentration was 40%. A higher activator concentration, as well as a lower solid/liquid ratio, generally led to serious geopolymers drying shrinkage. These findings are expected to be ascribed from the changes in the content of the alkali-activated product (i.e., hydrate calcium aluminosilicate), which depends on the activator concentration. The increase in C-A-S-H gel (hydrate calcium aluminosilicate) compacts paste densifiers but causes shrinkage fracture concerns. These results provide an appropriate proportion for alkali-activated slag geopolymer pastes with better mechanical strength and antidry-shrinkage cracking properties, which are beneficial for the further applications of geopolymer materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Understanding how maize roots proliferate in phosphorus (P)-rich soil patches is critical for improving nutrient acquisition and crop productivity. This study explores the mechanisms of root adaptation to heterogeneous P availability, focusing on sucrose metabolism and the role of local P signals., Methods: A split-root system with chambers of differing Pi concentrations (0 and 500 μM) was used to examine maize root responses. Various physiological and biochemical parameters, including root growth, sucrose partitioning, enzyme activities, and gene expression, were measured to elucidate the underlying mechanisms., Key Results: Root proliferation, particularly of second-order lateral roots, was markedly enhanced in P-rich patches. Sucrose was preferentially allocated to the Pi-supplied side, as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. Sucrose content in these roots decreased, indicating active metabolism. Higher activities of cell-wall invertase and sucrose synthase were observed in the Pi-supplied roots, supporting enhanced carbohydrate utilization., Conclusions: Local P availability triggers significant adjustments in sucrose metabolism and allocation, enhancing the sink capacity of maize roots in P-rich patches. These changes facilitate efficient lateral root proliferation and Pi utilization, highlighting the critical role of local P signals in nutrient acquisition strategies. This research provides deeper insights into the adaptive responses of maize to heterogeneous P environments, offering potential strategies for improving crop nutrient efficiency., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

People implicitly generalize the actions of known individuals in a social group to unknown members. However, actions have social goals and evaluative valences, and the extent to which actions with different valences (helpful and harmful) are implicitly generalized among group members remains unclear. We used computer animations to simulate social group actions, where helping and hindering actions were represented by aiding and obstructing another's climb up a hill. Study 1 found that helpful actions are implicitly expected to be shared among members of the same group but not among members of different groups, but no such effect was found for harmful actions. This suggests that helpful actions are more likely than harmful actions to be implicitly generalized to group members. This finding was replicated in Study 2 by increasing the group size from three to five. Study 3 found that the null effect for generalizing harmful actions among group members is not due to the difficulty of detecting action generalization, as both helpful and harmful actions are similarly generalized within particular individuals. Moreover, Study 4 demonstrated that weakening social group information resulted in the absence of implicit generalization for helpful actions, suggesting the specificity of group membership. Study 5 revealed that the generalization of helping actions occurred when actions were performed by multiple group members rather than being repeated by one group member, showing group-based inductive generalization. Overall, these findings support valence-dependent implicit action generalization among group members. This implies that people may possess different knowledge regarding valenced actions on category-based generalization., (© 2024 Cognitive Science Society LLC.)

Introduction: Lower phosphorus (P) availability limits crop productivity in agroecosystems. The remobilization of P from the source to the sink organs plays an important role in enhancing the P-utilization efficiency of crops. During the grain filling stage, phosphorus flow to the developing grains, the primary sink, determines crop yield. However, the specific contributions of different organs to grain P throughout the post-silking period in maize remain unclear., Methods: In our study, three maize inbred lines (CIMBL89, Ji846, and CML118) with contrasting P statuses were selected and grown in a field with high P (HP, 150 kg ha-1 P2O5) and low P (LP, 0 kg ha-1 P2O5) conditions., Results: The grain yield of CIMBL89 was 69% and 169% greater under HP supply, and 83% and 309% greater than those of Ji846 and CML118 under LP supply, respectively. The ear length, ear diameter, and kernel row number of CML118 were lower than those of CIMBL89 and Ji846 under HP conditions. Most of the P (87%) in the grains of CIMBL89 came from P uptake at the LP supply, while almost all P (95%) came from P remobilization in various organs at the HP supply after silking. In contrast, 91% of the P found in the grain of CML118 came from P remobilization under LP supply, while 76% came from P uptake under HP supply after silking., Discussion: In conclusion, our findings suggest that CIMBL89, with greater P acquisition efficiency, contributes to grain formation and production during the post-silking period under LP conditions. Additionally, CIMBL89 can fully remobilize P and avoid the extravagant absorption of P in P-sufficient soil, which sets it apart from Ji846 and CML118., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Sun, Han, Xu, Zhang, Shen and Cheng.)

Electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction features a promising approach to realize carbon neutrality. However, its competitiveness is limited by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at anode, which consumes a large portion of energy. Coupling value-added anodic reactions with CO 2 electroreduction has been emerging as a promising strategy in recent years to enhance the full-cell energy efficiency and produce valuable chemicals at both cathode and anode of the electrolyzer. This review briefly summarizes recent progresses on the electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction, and the economic feasibility of different CO 2 electrolysis systems is discussed. Then a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the coupled electrolysis of CO 2 and potential value-added anodic reactions is provided, with special focus on the specific cell designs. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities for the coupled electrolysis systems are proposed, which are targeted to facilitate progress in this field and push the CO 2 electrolyzers to a more practical level., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Electrochemical CO 2 reduction to valuable multi-carbon (C 2+ ) products is attractive but with poor selectivity and activity due to the low-efficient CC coupling. Herein, a lithium vacancy-tuned Li 2 CuO 2 with square-planar [CuO 4 ] layers is developed via an electrochemical delithiation strategy. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the lithium vacancies (V Li ) lead to a shorter distance between adjacent [CuO 4 ] layers and reduce the coordination number of Li + around each Cu, featuring with a lower energy barrier for COCO coupling than pristine Li 2 CuO 2 without V Li . With the V Li percentage of ≈1.6%, the Li 2- x CuO 2 catalyst exhibits a high Faradaic efficiency of 90.6 ± 7.6% for C 2+ at -0.85 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode without iR correction, and an outstanding partial current density of -706 ± 32 mA cm -2 . This work suggests an attractive approach to create controllable alkali metal vacancy-tuned Cu catalytic sites toward C 2+ products in electrochemical CO 2 reduction., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Electrochemical CO 2 reduction to produce valuable C 2 products is attractive but still suffers with relatively poor selectivity and stability at high current densities, mainly due to the low efficiency in the coupling of two *CO intermediates. Herein, it is demonstrated that high-density nitrogen vacancies formed on cubic copper nitrite (Cu 3 N x ) feature as efficient electrocatalytic centers for CO-CO coupling to form the key OCCO* intermediate toward C 2 products. Cu 3 N x with different nitrogen densities are fabricated by an electrochemical lithium tuning strategy, and density functional theory calculations indicate that the adsorption energies of CO* and the energy barriers of forming key C 2 intermediates are strongly correlated with nitrogen vacancy density. The Cu 3 N x catalyst with abundant nitrogen vacancies presents one of the highest Faradaic efficiencies toward C 2 products of 81.7 ± 2.3% at -1.15 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (without ohmic correction), corresponding to the partial current density for C 2 production as -307 ± 9 mA cm -2 . An outstanding electrochemical stability is also demonstrated at high current densities, substantially exceeding CuO x catalysts with oxygen vacancies. The work suggests an attractive approach to create stable anion vacancies as catalytic centers toward multicarbon products in electrochemical CO 2 reduction., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)