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1. Insect population dynamics under Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility: Puzzle more than buzz in Drosophila suzukii

Author: Alexandra Auguste, Nicolas Ris, Zainab Belgaidi, Laurent Kremmer, Laurence Mouton, and Xavier Fauvergue
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Published: 2024

2. The genetic Allee effect: a unified framework for the genetics and demography of small populations

Author: Gloria M. Luque, Chloé Vayssade, Benoît Facon, Thomas Guillemaud, Franck Courchamp, and Xavier Fauvergue
Subjects: Allee effect, drift load, eco‐evolutionary feedback, extinction vortex, inbreeding depression, migration load, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Abstract The Allee effect is a theoretical model predicting low growth rates and the possible extinction of small populations. Historically, studies of the Allee effect have focused on demography. As a result, underlying processes other than the direct effect of population density on fitness components are not generally taken into account. There has been heated debate about the potential of genetic processes to drive small populations to extinction, but recent studies have shown that such processes clearly impact small populations over short time scales, and some may generate Allee effects. However, as opposed to the ecological Allee effect, which is underpinned by cooperative interactions between individuals, genetically driven Allee effects require a change in genetic structure to link the decline in population size with a decrease in fitness components. We therefore define the genetic Allee effect as a two‐step process whereby a decrease in population size leads to a change in population genetic structure and, in turn, to a decrease in individual fitness. We describe potential underlying mechanisms and review the evidence for this original type of component Allee effect, using published examples from both plants and animals. The possibility of considering demogenetic feedback in light of genetic Allee effects clarifies the analysis and interpretation of demographic and genetic processes, and the interplay between them, in small populations.
Published: 2016
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3. Inbreeding depression in a parasitoid wasp with single-locus complementary sex determination.

Author: Chloé Vayssade, Céline de Fazio, Bastien Quaglietti, Alexandra Auguste, Nicolas Ris, and Xavier Fauvergue
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Inbreeding and inbreeding depression are key processes in small or isolated populations and are therefore central concerns for the management of threatened or (re)introduced organisms. Haplodiploid species of the order Hymenoptera have a particular status with regard to inbreeding depression. Although recessive deleterious alleles that are expressed in males should be purged, an alternative form of inbreeding depression exists in species with single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD). Under sl-CSD, genetically-related parents have a high probability of producing sterile sons instead of fertile daughters. In this article, we study inbreeding depression in Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid wasp with sl-CSD. We used a crossing design to manipulate relatedness according to three levels: within-family, between-family and between-population. For each level, several fitness components were measured on parents and female offspring. We found a 20% reduction in egg load at emergence for inbred crosses. Inbred crosses also yielded a higher proportion of males, as expected in a species with sl-CSD. Mating probability, presence of daughters among offspring, body size, symmetry and longevity were unaffected by inbreeding.
Published: 2014
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4. Host-parasitoid dynamics and the success of biological control when parasitoids are prone to allee effects.

Author: Anaïs Bompard, Isabelle Amat, Xavier Fauvergue, and Thierry Spataro
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: In sexual organisms, low population density can result in mating failures and subsequently yields a low population growth rate and high chance of extinction. For species that are in tight interaction, as in host-parasitoid systems, population dynamics are primarily constrained by demographic interdependences, so that mating failures may have much more intricate consequences. Our main objective is to study the demographic consequences of parasitoid mating failures at low density and its consequences on the success of biological control. For this, we developed a deterministic host-parasitoid model with a mate-finding Allee effect, allowing to tackle interactions between the Allee effect and key determinants of host-parasitoid demography such as the distribution of parasitoid attacks and host competition. Our study shows that parasitoid mating failures at low density result in an extinction threshold and increase the domain of parasitoid deterministic extinction. When proned to mate finding difficulties, parasitoids with cyclic dynamics or low searching efficiency go extinct; parasitoids with high searching efficiency may either persist or go extinct, depending on host intraspecific competition. We show that parasitoids suitable as biocontrol agents for their ability to reduce host populations are particularly likely to suffer from mate-finding Allee effects. This study highlights novel perspectives for understanding of the dynamics observed in natural host-parasitoid systems and improving the success of parasitoid introductions.
Published: 2013
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5. Extended Biocontrol

Author: Xavier Fauvergue, Adrien Rusch, Matthieu Barret, Marc Bardin, Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly, Thibaut Malausa, Christian Lannou, Xavier Fauvergue, Adrien Rusch, Matthieu Barret, Marc Bardin, Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly, Thibaut Malausa, and Christian Lannou
Subjects: Agricultural pests--Biological control
Abstract: This book presents an exhaustive overview of the theoretical foundations and practical applications of biocontrol in agriculture. It encompasses all kinds of nature-based approaches for crop protection: introduction and conservation of natural enemies, release of sterile insects, enhancement of plant defenses, use of microorganisms, biopesticides, and semiochemicals. Cutting-edge knowledge in population biology, microbial ecology, epidemiology and chemical ecology is presented in accessible terms. The potential of field application is discussed with regard to practical aspects but also socioeconomic constraints. The 62 authors are researchers from a large panel of disciplines, from theoretical biology to social sciences.
Published: 2022

6. Effects of inbreeding on a gregarious parasitoid wasp with complementary sex determination

Author: Aurélie Blin, Thibaut Malausa, Teddy Urvois, Romina Retamal, Xavier Fauvergue, Tania Zaviezo, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), UMR 1355 ISA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Université de Bourgogne (UB), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico [1131145], Fondecyt [1131145], European Project: 612566,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IRSES,BIOMODICS(2014), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Zaviezo, Tania
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, biological control, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, diploid males, hymenoptera, ichneumonidae, inbreeding depression, Parasitoid wasp, Parasitoid, Inbred strain, Genetics, Inbreeding depression, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biology, Ecology, fungi, Original Articles, biology.organism_classification, Genetic load, 010602 entomology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Haplodiploidy, Original Article, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Inbreeding, Sex ratio
Abstract: Inbreeding and inbreeding depression are processes in small populations of particular interest for a range of human activities such as animal breeding, species conservation or pest management. In particular, biological control programs should benefit from a thorough understanding of the causes and consequences of inbreeding because natural enemies experience repetitive bottlenecks during importation, laboratory rearing, and introduction. Predicting the effect of inbreeding in Hymenopteran parasitoid wasps, frequently used in biological control programs, is nonetheless a difficult endeavor. In haplodiploid parasitoids, the purge of deleterious alleles via haploid males should reduce genetic load, but if these species also have complementary sex determination (CSD) abnormal diploid males will be produced, which may jeopardize the success of biological control introductions. Mastrus ridens is such a parasitoid wasp with CSD, introduced to control the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). We studied its life history traits in the laboratory under two conditions: inbred (full sib) and outbred (non-sib) crosses, across five generations, in order to examine the consequences of inbreeding in this species. We found that in inbred lines non reproducing females live less, the number of daughters produced was lower, and that sex ratio (proportion of males) and proportion of diploid males were higher. Diploid males were able to produce fertile daughters, but fewer than haploid males. Lineage survival was similar for inbred and outbred lines across the five generations. The most significant decrease in fitness was thus a consequence of the production of diploid males, but this effect was not as extreme as in most other species with CSD, due to the fertility of diploid males. This study highlights the importance of determining the type of sex determination in parasitoid wasps used for biological control, and the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in species with CSD when importation or augmentation is the goal. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Published: 2018
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7. Insects and incest: sib-mating tolerance in natural populations of a parasitoid wasp

Author: Emmanuel Desouhant, Laurence Mouton, Marie Collet, Isabelle Amat, Alexandra Auguste, Xavier Fauvergue, Sandrine Sauzet, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Génétique et évolution des interactions hôtes-parasites, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), ANR-10-BLAN-1717,SEXTINCTION,Extinctions chez les Hyménoptères : gènes, comportements, et dynamique des populations goulotées(2010), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, 0106 biological sciences, inbreeding tolerance, Kin discrimination, Insecta, Wasps, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, parasitic wasp, 01 natural sciences, microsatellites, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Inbreeding depression, Inbreeding, Mating, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, 0303 health sciences, biology, Reproduction, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Biological Evolution, sl-CSD, Mate choice, Venturia canescens, behavior and behavior mechanisms, Microsatellite, Female, [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], Kin recognition, Genotype, Offspring, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Population, Zoology, 010603 evolutionary biology, [SDV.BDLR.RS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology/Sexual reproduction, Parasitoid wasp, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, Genetics, Inbreeding avoidance, Animals, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, kin recognition, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, social sciences, Mating Preference, Animal, biology.organism_classification, Hymenoptera, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, 030104 developmental biology, Incest, Evolutionary biology, Biological dispersal, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: This preprint has been reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology (http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100047) 1. Sib-mating avoidance is a pervasive behaviour that likely evolves in species subject to inbreeding depression. Laboratory studies have provided elegant demonstrations of sib-mating avoidance, but small-scale bioassays often minimize the costs associated with mate finding and choice, which could lead to spurious findings. 2. We used the hymenopteran parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens as a model organism, because previous laboratory studies revealed that sib-mating led to a 25% decrease in fertile offspring, and that sib-mating was partially avoided. 3. Our study consisted of a mate choice experiment in laboratory cages to determine if kin discrimination occurs in this species. We further performed a field study in which 86 wild-caught males, 155 wild-caught females and their 226 daughters were genotyped at eighteen microsatellite loci. With these data, we reconstructed the genotype of each female ′s mate and estimated the relatedness of each mating pair. 4. Mate choice experiments confirmed that females are capable of discriminating kin. Time to mating depended on the frequency of female encounters with related and unrelated males. Contrary to previously published results, however, no sib-mating avoidance was detected. In the field, the effective rate of sib-mating did not differ from the probability that sibs encounter one other at random, which corroborates the absence of sib-mating avoidance. We also detected a weak but significant male bias in dispersal, which could reduce encounters between sibs. 5. Our results suggest that, despite kin discrimination, V. canescens tolerates sib-mating in the field. The weak male-biased dispersal cannot explain entirely this pattern. This raises the question as to why kin discrimination is maintained in this species. It further calls into question the idea that inbreeding depression occurs in most species with single-locus complementary sex determination.
Published: 2018
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8. No inbreeding depression in laboratory-reared individuals of the parasitoid wasp Allotropa burrelli

Author: Isabelle Le Goff, Nicolas Ris, Thibaut Malausa, Alexandre Fleisch, Lucie Tamisier, Philippe Kreiter, Bastien Quaglietti, Géraldine Groussier, Xavier Fauvergue, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ANR-10-JCJC-1708, European Project: 324475,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IAPP,COLBICS(2013), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, carte génétique, haplodiploidy, biological control, Hymenoptera, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Parasitoid, Parasitoid wasp, 03 medical and health sciences, Inbred strain, Inbreeding depression, Allotropa burrelli, guêpe, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Original Research, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Ecology, biology, insecte parasitoide, lignée consanguine, dépression de consanguinité, fungi, genetic load, biology.organism_classification, haplodiploïdie, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Genetic load, 030104 developmental biology, inbred lines, Haplodiploidy, genetic mapping, captive populations, Inbreeding, contrôle biologique, inbreeding depression
Abstract: Inbreeding depression is a major concern in almost all human activities relating to plant and animal breeding. The biological control of pests with natural enemies is no exception, because populations of biocontrol agents experience a series of bottlenecks during importation, rearing, and introduction. A classical biological control program for the Comstock mealybug Pseudococcus comstocki (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was initiated in France in 2008, based on the introduction of an exotic parasitoid, Allotropa burrelli Mues. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a haplodiploid parasitoid imported from Japan. We evaluated the sensitivity of A. burrelli to inbreeding, to optimize rearing and release strategies. We compared several morphological and life‐history traits between the offspring of siblings and the offspring of unrelated parents. We took into account the low level of genetic variability due to the relatively small size of laboratory‐reared populations by contrasting two types of pedigree: one for individuals from a strain founded from a single field population, and the other generated by hybridizing individuals from two strains founded from two highly differentiated populations. Despite this careful design, we obtained no evidence for a negative impact of inbreeding on laboratory‐reared A. burrelli. We discussed the results in light of haplodiploid sex determination and parasitoid mating systems, and classical biological control practices.
Published: 2017
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9. Diploid male production correlates with genetic diversity in the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens : a genetic approach with new microsatellite markers

Author: Marie Collet, Laurence Mouton, Xavier Fauvergue, Thibaut Malausa, Alexandra Auguste, Chloé Vayssade, Emmanuel Desouhant, Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique et évolution des interactions hôtes-parasites, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Laboratoire Dynamique de la Biodiversité (LADYBIO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-2010-BLAN-1717], Federation de Recherche sur la Biodiversite [APP-IN-2009-052], Allen Moore, Andrew Beckerman, Jennifer Firn, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Collet, Marie
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], Zoology, Locus (genetics), Hymenoptera, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Venturia canescens, Parasitoid wasp, 03 medical and health sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Original Research, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Diploid males, microsatellite markers, sl-CSD, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Genetic diversity, Habitat fragmentation, Ecology, biology, Population size, fungi, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Genetic marker, Haplodiploidy, Microsatellite, Venturia canescens Correspondence, Ploidy, sl‐CSD, human activities
Abstract: Sex determination is ruled by haplodiploidy in Hymenoptera, with haploid males arising from unfertilized eggs and diploid females from fertilized eggs. However, diploid males with null fitness are produced under Complementary Sex Determination (CSD), whenindividuals are homozygous for this locus. Diploid males are expected to be more frequent in genetically eroded populations (such as islands and captive populations), as genetic diversity at the csd locus should be low. However, only a few studies have focused on the relation between population size, genetic diversity and the proportion of diploid males in the field. Here, we developed new microsatellites markers in order to assess and compare genetic diversity and diploid male proportion in populations from three distinct habitat types (mainland, island or captive), in the parasitoid waspVenturia canescens. Eroded genetic diversity and higher diploid male proportion were found in island and captive populations, and habitat type had large effect on genetic diversity. Therefore, diploid male proportion reflects the decreasing genetic diversity in small and isolated populations. Thus, Hymenopteran populations can be at high extinction risk due to habitat destruction or fragmentation.
Published: 2016
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10. Genetic analyses and occurrence of diploid males in field and laboratory populations of Mastrus ridens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of the codling moth

Author: Xavier Fauvergue, Thibaut Malausa, Isabelle Le Goff, Kazbek Toleubayev, Tania Zaviezo, Romina Retamal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Kazakh Research Institute for Plant Protection and Quarantine, Partenaires INRAE, Chilean Government through FONDECYT [1131145], and European Union grant Marie-Curie FP7-IRSES 'Biomodics' [612566]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Genetic diversity, biology, Ecology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population genetics, Zoology, Laboratory rearing, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Mastrus ridens, Ridens, 010602 entomology, Ichneumonidae, Genetic marker, Diploid males, Insect Science, Classical biological control, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Microsatellite, Microsatellites, Agronomy and Crop Science, Genotyping
Abstract: International audience; The parasitoid wasp Mastrus ridens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is a particularly well-suited biological model to document the history and evolution of populations used in classical biological control, repeatedly moved from laboratory to laboratory worldwide and introduced in various environments. This specialist ectoparasitoid of the codling moth was first imported from Kazakhstan to the USA in the 1990's, and then sent to Argentina, Chile and New Zealand. More recently, it was sent to Australia and France from other laboratory colonies, and imported again from field collections in Kazakhstan to Chile. Here, we used DNA sequencing to confirm the taxonomic identity of several populations used for biological control worldwide, and developed microsatellite markers for population genetics studies. A multiplex PCR amplifying 11 polymorphic markers was designed. These markers were used to compare the genetic diversity of laboratory and field populations and evaluate genetic differentiation between them. Results showed that laboratory populations with the longest rearing history had lower genetic diversity. Moreover, the geno-typing of males with the markers revealed the occurrence of diploid males, which was further confirmed by flow cytometry, suggesting complementary sex determination (CSD) in this species. The percentage of diploid males in the populations ranged from 4% to 25% and were negatively correlated with diversity indices, which is consistent with a single-locus CSD and genetic bottlenecks in laboratory rearings. Molecular tools proved to be suitable and reliable for genetic diversity analyses in M. ridens, and should be implemented more frequently in classical biological control programs.
Published: 2016
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11. Arrhenotokous parthenogenesis and mate-finding Allee effect in parasitoids

Author: Anaïs Bompard, xavier fauvergue, Isabelle Amat, Thierry Spataro, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), and Bompard, Anaïs
Subjects: Allee effect, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, mating failures, extinctions, fungi, population dynamics, modeling, parthenogenesis, parasitoids
Abstract: International audience; Mating failures at low density – a common type of Allee effect – can reduce the per capita reproductive rate and, if severe enough, doom small populations to extinction. Parasitoids frequently undergo low densities triggered by their typically cyclic dynamic and/or the bottlenecks they experience when introduced for the biological control of agricultural pests. However, most parasitoid species belong to the order Hymenoptera and reproduce via arrhenotokous parthenogenesis: unfertilized eggs develop into males. A common belief is therefore that parasitoids are immune to the mate-finding Allee effect because mating failures yields more males, which should in turn restore mating success. Yet, meta-analyses of biological control introductions suggest that hymenopteran parasitoids are as extinctionprone as non-parthenogenetic species. Here we developed a population dynamic model to investigate the advantage of arrhenotokous parthenogenesis for parasitoid species that experience a mate-finding Allee effect. We show that: i) the conditions for which mating failures drive parasitoids to extinction are marginally more restricted for parthenogenetic species than for non-parthenogenetic ones; ii) parthenogenesis increases the resistance of parasitoids to accidental decrease in density and to invasions by a competing species whether or not parthenogenetic; and iii) parthenogenesis favors population establishment in new environments, whether or not already occupied. Hence even if arrhenotokous parthenogenesis is not as effective as expected to limit parasitoid extinctions caused by mating failures, it provides a significant advantage for population establishment and persistence.
Published: 2016

12. Trophic interactions may reverse the demographic consequences of inbreeding

Author: Isabelle Amat, Thierry Spataro, Anaïs Bompard, Xavier Fauvergue, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AgroParisTech, Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-2010-BLAN-1717], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Food Chain, Population Dynamics, Population, Biology, Extinction, Biological, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, extinction vortex, Host-Parasite Interactions, 03 medical and health sciences, demo-genetic feedback, complementary sex determination, Inbreeding depression, Animals, Computer Simulation, Inbreeding, education, host-parasitoid system, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Trophic level, Extinction vortex, education.field_of_study, Extinction, Ecology, Population size, trophic interaction, fungi, Small population size, Hymenoptera, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, 030104 developmental biology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, inbreeding depression, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; Extinctions have no simple determinism, but rather result from complex interplays between environmental factors and demographic‐genetic feedback that occur at small population size. Inbreeding depression has been assumed to be a major trigger of extinction vortices, yet very few models have studied its consequences in dynamic populations with realistic population structure. Here we investigate the impact of Complementary Sex Determination (CSD) on extinction in parasitoid wasps and other insects of the order Hymenoptera. CSD is believed to induce enough inbreeding depression to doom simple small populations to extinction, but we suggest that in parasitoids CSD may have the opposite effect. Using a theoretical model combining the genetics of CSD and the population dynamics of host‐parasitoid systems, we show that CSD can reduce the risk of parasitoid extinction by reducing fluctuations in population size. Our result suggests that inbreeding depression is not always a threat to population survival, and that considering trophic interactions may reverse some pervasive hypotheses on its demographic impact.
Published: 2016
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13. Temporal autocorrelation in host density increases establishment success of parasitoids in an experimental system

Author: Xavier Fauvergue, Didier Crochard, Nicolas Ris, Ludovic Mailleret, Elodie Vercken, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biological control of artificial ecosystems (BIOCORE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], introduced populations, transitory dynamics, Parasitoid, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Abundance (ecology), environmental noise, propagule pressure, red noise, trichogramma, white noise, [INFO.INFO-AU]Computer Science [cs]/Automatic Control Engineering, Carrying capacity, Quantitative Biology::Populations and Evolution, [MATH]Mathematics [math], Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Original Research, Extinction, Ecology, biology, Propagule pressure, Population size, Autocorrelation, fungi, biology.organism_classification, Population variance
Abstract: International audience; Environmental variation is classically expected to affect negatively population growth and to increase extinction risk, and it has been identified as a major determinant of establishment failures in the field. Yet, recent theoretical investigations have shown that the structure of environmental variation and more precisely the presence of positive temporal autocorrelation might alter this prediction. This is particularly likely to affect the establishment dynamics of biological control agents in the field, as host–parasitoid interactions are expected to induce temporal autocorrelation in host abundance. In the case where parasitoid populations display overcompensatory dynamics, the presence of such positive temporal autocorrelation should increase their establishment success in a variable environment. We tested this prediction in laboratory microcosms by introducing parasitoids to hosts whose abundances were manipulated to simulate uncorrelated or positively autocorrelated variations in carrying capacity. We found that environmental variability decreased population size and increased parasitoid population variance, which is classically expected to extinction risk. However, although exposed to significant environmental variation, we found that parasitoid populations experiencing positive temporal autocorrelation in host abundance were more likely to persist than populations exposed to uncorrelated variation. These results confirm that environmental variation is a key determinant of extinction dynamics that can have counterintuitive effects depending on its autocorrelation structure.
Published: 2015
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14. The male mate search: an optimal foraging issue?

Author: Philippe Louâpre, Joan van Baaren, Xavier Fauvergue, Véronique Martel, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] ( ISA ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] ( ECOBIO ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -INEE-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes ( OSUR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and Université du Québec A Rimouski ( UQAR )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, Foraging, Perspective (graphical), Reproductive behavior, Biology, Mating system, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Optimal foraging theory, 03 medical and health sciences, Insect Science, [ SDV.EE.IEO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, Mating, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Cognitive psychology, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: 5 pages; International audience; Male insects must find and mate females to have some descendants; male fitness therefore depends on the number of females they inseminate. Males are for this reason expected to optimize the behaviors related to mate location, orientation and copulation. Although optimization of the reproductive behavior of males has long been neglected in the literature, recent studies suggest a renewed interest for this idea. Here we discuss the parallel between male mate-finding and mating strategies in insects and optimal foraging theory (OFT), a class of models which formalize the behavior of organisms seeking and exploiting resources, generally food. We highlight the different facets of male mating systems allowing such a parallel, and claim for a unifying approach of foraging behavior. Finally, we discuss novel research perspective emerging from the application of OFT to male reproductive behavior.
Published: 2015
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15. Intimate rendezvous in a tritrophic context? nothing but the girls for male Lysiphlebus testaceipes

Author: Alexandra Auguste, Xavier Fauvergue, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and INRA (Departement Sante des Plantes et Environnement)
Subjects: Aphid, biology, Ecology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], fungi, Zoology, Context (language use), herbivore-induced plant volatiles, biology.organism_classification, Mating system, Parasitoid, Sexual selection, Sex pheromone, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Pheromone, mating system, mate finding, Animal Science and Zoology, Mating, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: International audience; In insects, mating often occurs after natal dispersal, and hence relies on a coevolved combination of sexual communication and movement allowing mate encounter. Volatile sex pheromones are widespread, generally emitted by females and triggering in-flight orientation of conspecific males. In parasitoid wasps, unmated females can start laying unfertilized eggs via parthenogenesis so that host patches could serve as sites of rendezvous for mating. Males could therefore use cues associated with host patches to focus their search on females that have successfully found oviposition sites. We hypothesized that in parasitoids exploiting herbivorous hosts, sex pheromones, and herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) should act in synergy, triggering male orientation toward ovipositing females. We tested this hypothesis with the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes. Results from both field and laboratory experiments show that males are strongly attracted to virgin females, but that volatiles from aphid-infested plants have no effect on male orientation, neither has a cue, nor in interaction with the female sex pheromone. The absence of synergy between sex pheromones and HIPV contrasts with results on other species and raises interesting questions on mating systems and sexual selection in parasitoid wasps.
Published: 2015
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16. Sterile males in a parasitoid wasp with complementary sex determination: from fitness costs to population extinction

Author: Emmanuel Desouhant, Chloé Vayssade, Alexandra Auguste, Anna Chuine, Xavier Fauvergue, Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Sextinction project) [ANR-2010-BLAN-1717], Federation de Recherche sur la Biodiversite (VORTEX project) [APP-IN-2009-052], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Fauvergue, Xavier
Subjects: Male, Sex determination, Extinction vortex, Inbreeding, Inbreeding depression, Diploid males, Hymenoptera, Mate-choice, Population biology, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population Dynamics, Wasps, Haploidy, 01 natural sciences, Sexual Behavior, Animal, stérilité mâle, Environmental Science(all), General Environmental Science, détermination du sexe, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Ecology, Reproduction, dépression de consanguinité, Genetic load, Mate choice, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Female, Research Article, mâle diploïde, Population, Zoology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Parasitoid wasp, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, education, Infertility, Male, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, fungi, insecta, Small population size, Sex Determination Processes, biology.organism_classification, Diploidy, extinction d'espèce, Genetic Fitness
Abstract: Background Single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), which occurs in some insects of the order Hymenoptera, imposes a heavy genetic load that can drive small populations to extinction. The core process in these species is the development of individuals homozygous at the sex-determining locus into unfit diploid males. The risk of extinction of populations with sl-CSD is theoretically much higher if diploid males are viable and capable of mating but sterile, because diploid males then decrease the reproductive output of both their parents and the females with which they mate. Results In the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), diploid males resembled their haploid counterparts in most respects, but their mating success was nevertheless lower than that of haploid males, especially when the two types of males were placed in competition. Furthermore, although diploid males transferred viable sperm during copulation, they sired no daughters: the females with which they mated produced only sons, like virgin females. A simulation model combining behavior, genetics and demography demonstrated that for two alternative hypotheses concerning the fertilization success of diploid sperm, the mating success of diploid males strongly affected population dynamics. Conclusion The performance of diploid males should be estimated in competitive situations. It is a crucial determinant of the probability of extinction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-014-0032-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2015
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17. Inbreeding depression in a parasitoid wasp with single-locus complementary sex determination

Author: Bastien Quaglietti, Chloé Vayssade, Nicolas Ris, Alexandra Auguste, Xavier Fauvergue, Céline de Fazio, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-2010-BLAN-1717], and Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite [AAP-IN-2009-052]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Wasps, lcsh:Medicine, 01 natural sciences, Inbred strain, Ploidy, Inbreeding depression, Natural Selection, Body Size, Inbreeding, Animal Breeding, lcsh:Science, Animal Management, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, détermination du sexe, Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, dépression de consanguinité, Agriculture, Gene Pool, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Haplodiploidy, Female, France, Sex ratio, Research Article, consanguinité, Evolutionary Processes, Outbreeding depression, Longevity, 010603 evolutionary biology, Parasitoid wasp, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Parasites, Sex Ratio, Crosses, Genetic, 030304 developmental biology, Ovum, Evolutionary Biology, Genetic Drift, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, venturia canescens, allèle, Sex Determination Processes, biology.organism_classification, Ichneumonidae, Genetic Loci, Evolutionary Ecology, fécondite, Linear Models, Genetic Polymorphism, Veterinary Science, lcsh:Q, Zoology, Entomology, Population Genetics
Abstract: International audience; Inbreeding and inbreeding depression are key processes in small or isolated populations and are therefore central concerns for the management of threatened or (re) introduced organisms. Haplodiploid species of the order Hymenoptera have a particular status with regard to inbreeding depression. Although recessive deleterious alleles that are expressed in males should be purged, an alternative form of inbreeding depression exists in species with single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD). Under sl-CSD, genetically-related parents have a high probability of producing sterile sons instead of fertile daughters. In this article, we study inbreeding depression in Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid wasp with sl-CSD. We used a crossing design to manipulate relatedness according to three levels: within-family, between-family and between-population. For each level, several fitness components were measured on parents and female offspring. We found a 20% reduction in egg load at emergence for inbred crosses. Inbred crosses also yielded a higher proportion of males, as expected in a species with sl-CSD. Mating probability, presence of daughters among offspring, body size, symmetry and longevity were unaffected by inbreeding.
Published: 2014
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18. Host-Parasitoid Dynamics and the Success of Biological Control When Parasitoids Are Prone to Allee Effects

Author: Xavier Fauvergue, Anaïs Bompard, Thierry Spataro, Isabelle Amat, Laboratoire Ecologie et évolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Ecologie des Populations et Communautés (EPC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AgroParisTech, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), [ANR-2010-BLAN-1717], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, Competitive Behavior, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Population Dynamics, lcsh:Medicine, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Population density, Models, Biological, Intraspecific competition, Competition (biology), Parasitoid, Host-Parasite Interactions, symbols.namesake, Animals, Parasites, Sex Ratio, Mating, lcsh:Science, education, Population Growth, Ecosystem, Allee effect, media_common, Population Density, education.field_of_study, Extinction threshold, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Reproduction, lcsh:R, fungi, biology.organism_classification, Hymenoptera, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], 010602 entomology, symbols, lcsh:Q, Female, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Algorithms, Research Article, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; In sexual organisms, low population density can result in mating failures and subsequently yields a low population growth rate and high chance of extinction. For species that are in tight interaction, as in host-parasitoid systems, population dynamics are primarily constrained by demographic interdependences, so that mating failures may have much more intricate consequences. Our main objective is to study the demographic consequences of parasitoid mating failures at low density and its consequences on the success of biological control. For this, we developed a deterministic host-parasitoid model with a mate-finding Allee effect, allowing to tackle interactions between the Allee effect and key determinants of host-parasitoid demography such as the distribution of parasitoid attacks and host competition. Our study shows that parasitoid mating failures at low density result in an extinction threshold and increase the domain of parasitoid deterministic extinction. When proned to mate finding difficulties, parasitoids with cyclic dynamics or low searching efficiency go extinct; parasitoids with high searching efficiency may either persist or go extinct, depending on host intraspecific competition. We show that parasitoids suitable as biocontrol agents for their ability to reduce host populations are particularly likely to suffer from mate-finding Allee effects. This study highlights novel perspectives for understanding of the dynamics observed in natural host-parasitoid systems and improving the success of parasitoid introductions.
Published: 2013
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19. Time-lag in extinction dynamics in experimental populations: evidence for a genetic Allee effect

Author: Elodie Vercken, Nicolas Ris, Ludovic Mailleret, Flora Vincent, Elisabeth Tabone, Xavier Fauvergue, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biological control of artificial ecosystems (BIOCORE), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), INRA, Département Santé des Plantes et Environnement 2001_1301_13, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, propagule size, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Population Dynamics, Wasps, inoculum size, adaptation, Biology, Extinction, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Models, Biological, extinction debt, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [MATH.MATH-GM]Mathematics [math]/General Mathematics [math.GM], Propagule, Genetic drift, negative density dependence, [INFO.INFO-AU]Computer Science [cs]/Automatic Control Engineering, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Genetic variability, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Allee effect, Population Density, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Stochastic Processes, Extinction, Trichogramma, Ecology, Propagule pressure, Theta-Ricker model, symbols, Animal Science and Zoology, Female, Population Ecology, Extinction debt, inbreeding depression
Abstract: International audience; Propagule pressure, i.e. the number of individuals introduced, is thought to be a major predictor of the establishment success of introduced populations in the field. Its influence in laboratory experimental systems has however been questioned. In fact, other factors involved in long-term population persistence, like habitat size, were usually found to explain most of the dynamics of experimental populations. To better understand the respective influence of short- and long-term factors and their potential interaction on extinction dynamics in experimental systems, we investigated the influence of propagule pressure, habitat size and genetic background on the early dynamics of laboratory-based populations of a hymenopteran parasitoid. The amount of demographic variance differed between establishment and persistence phase and was influenced by habitat size and genetic background (geographic strain), but independent of propagule pressure. In contrast, the probability of extinction within five generations depended on the genetic background and on the interaction between propagule pressure and habitat size. Vulnerability to extinction in small size habitats was increased when populations were founded with a small number of individuals, but this effect was delayed until the third to fifth generations. These results indicate that demographic stochasticity is influential during population establishment, but is not affected by the genetic variability of propagules. On the other hand, extinction might be influenced by a genetic Allee effect triggered by the combination of low propagule pressure and genetic drift. Finally, we documented consistent differences between genetic backgrounds in both deterministic and stochastic population dynamics patterns, with major consequences on extinction risk and ultimately population establishment.
Published: 2013
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20. Effet Allee comportemental chez les parasitoïdes : impacts démographiques et conséquences pour la lutte biologique

Author: Anaïs Bompard, Isabelle Amat, xavier fauvergue, Thierry Spataro, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest])-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay), ProdInra, Migration, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: National audience
Published: 2012

21. Intraspecific variability in the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma chilonis: can we predict the outcome of hybridization?

Author: Xavier Fauvergue, Etty Colombel, Nathalie Sorbier, Chiara Benvenuto, Elodie Vercken, Nicolas Ris, Sylvie Warot, Elisabeth Tabone, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), French Agency ANR [BIOINV4I - ANR-06-BDIV-008], and Scientific Department 'Sante des Plantes et Environnement' of INRA [2008-1254-01]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, intraspecific hybridization, Heterosis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], biological control, genetic improvement, heterosis, reproductive compatibilities, BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENTS, METASEIULUS-OCCIDENTALIS ACARI, GENETIC-IMPROVEMENT, SEXUAL ISOLATION, HETERORHABDITIS-BACTERIOPHORA, STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE, CARBARYL RESISTANCE, MATING FREQUENCIES, DIAMONDBACK MOTH, ARTHROPOD PESTS, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Intraspecific competition, Parasitoid wasp, Genetics, Inbreeding depression, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Hybrid, biology, business.industry, Pest control, food and beverages, Original Articles, Reproductive isolation, biology.organism_classification, Biotechnology, 010602 entomology, Trichogrammatidae, Evolutionary biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business
Abstract: International audience; In the framework of biological control, the selection of effective natural enemies determines the final pest control. Thus, the genetic improvement of biocontrol agents could enhance the efficiency of biocontrol programs. Although promising, this approach has rarely been applied in this field. At the intraspecific level, hybridization between divergent populations of biocontrol agents is expected to promote hybrid vigor (heterosis), but it is not clear to what extent. An even more difficult task is the ability to predict the fitness of hybrids from the biological characteristics of their parents. We investigated these general questions by crossing seven populations of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Our results show different levels of mating compatibilities among populations, including asymmetric or almost complete reproductive isolation. Hybrids' performance (fitness of the F 1 generation) ranges from inbreeding depression to heterosis. It was possible, to some extent, to predict hybrid fitness from pairwise genetic and phenotypic distances among parents, in accordance with the dominance hypothesis. This may provide general guidelines for the genetic improvement of biological control agents.
Published: 2012
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22. The biology of small, introduced populations, with special reference to biological control

Author: Ruth A. Hufbauer, Xavier Fauvergue, Elodie Vercken, Thibaut Malausa, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-2010-BLAN-1717], Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite, and National Science Foundation [0541673, 0949619]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Empirical data, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], NEW-ZEALAND, biological invasions, inbreeding, Metapopulation, Introduced species, ECO-EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS, adaptation, Biology, HOUNDSTONGUE CYNOGLOSSUM-OFFICINALE, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Allee effect, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, Synthesis, Genetic drift, Genetics, Population growth, demographic and environmental stochasticity, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Management science, Ecology, metapopulation, Small population size, classical biological control, CONTROL AGENT, DEVELOPMENTAL MORTALITY, PROPAGULE PRESSURE, COMPLEMENTARY SEX DETERMINATION, DEMOGRAPHIC STOCHASTICITY, genetic demographic interactions, genetic drift, MELINUS DEBACH HYMENOPTERA, ENVIRONMENTAL STOCHASTICITY, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, symbols, genetic × demographic interactions, Adaptation, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Populations are introduced into novel environments in different contexts, one being the biological control of pests. Despite intense efforts, less than half introduced biological control agents establish. Among the possible approaches to improve biological control, one is to better understand the processes that underpin introductions and contribute to ecological and evolutionary success. In this perspective, we first review the demographic and genetic processes at play in small populations, be they stochastic or deterministic. We discuss the theoretical outcomes of these different processes with respect to individual fitness, population growth rate, and establishment probability. Predicted outcomes differ subtly in some cases, but enough so that the evaluating results of introductions have the potential to reveal which processes play important roles in introduced populations. Second, we attempt to link the theory we have discussed with empirical data from biological control introductions. A main result is that there are few available data, but we nonetheless report on an increasing number of well-designed, theory-driven, experimental approaches. Combining demography and genetics from both theoretical and empirical perspectives highlights novel and exciting avenues for research on the biology of small, introduced populations, and great potential for improving both our understanding and practice of biological control.
Published: 2012
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23. Conséquences démographiques des Effets Allee comportementaux dans les systèmes hôte-parasitoïde

Author: Anaïs Bompard, Isabelle Amat, xavier fauvergue, Thierry Spataro, and ProdInra, Migration
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2011

24. Synergy in information use for mate finding: demonstration in a parasitoid wasp

Author: Carlos Bernstein, Emmanuel Desouhant, Xavier Fauvergue, Alexandra Auguste, Deborah Fischbein, Marie Metzger, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], Foraging, Zoology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, CUE, Parasitoid wasp, Parasitoid, Mating, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biology, Ecology, MATING SYSTEM, PARASITOID, Mating system, biology.organism_classification, WIND TUNNEL, SIGNAL, 010602 entomology, Sex pheromone, [SDV.SA.SPA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Animal production studies, SEX PHEROMONE, Biological dispersal, Pheromone, Animal Science and Zoology, VENTURIA CANESCENS
Abstract: International audience; In many animals, mating takes place after natal dispersal. Consequently, use of reliable information is required to increase the probability of encounters between the sexes. Most of the studies on mate finding in parasitoid insects have focused on the role of a single information source: a sex pheromone. Other sources have been mostly ignored. We studied the nature of olfactory information used for mate finding by the parasitoid Venturia canescens both at a distance and at host patch level, and investigated how this information is used. We tested which sex attracts the other and whether mate location is improved by combining different sources of information. We found that males simultaneously used two types of olfactory cues to find their mate: information directly related to females and an environmental cue provided by hosts. Male efficiency in locating virgin females was enhanced threefold by the association of females with hosts, whereas host patches, on their own, were unattractive to males. Our results also suggest that females emit a volatile pheromone. At the host patch level, males used chemical marks left by females foraging for hosts. These results led us to consider the distinction between signals and cues and we suggest that the volatile pheromone emitted by the females, always described as a signal, could rather be a cue. Although evidence for a volatile sex pheromone is pervasive in parasitoids, our study stresses the role of other cues in mate-finding strategies.
Published: 2010
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25. Response of the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, to host-plant resistance : evidence for high adaptive potential despite low genetic variability

Author: Jérôme Carletto, Xavier Fauvergue, Laurent Lapchin, Flavie Vanlerberghe-Masutti, Hervé Lecoq, Eric Lombaert, Christine Piotte, Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Pathologie Végétale (PV), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, MICROSATELLITES, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, HEMIPTERA, APHIDIDAE, VAT GENE, Aphis gossypii, Botany, Genetic variation, PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, APHIS GOSSYPII, Genetic variability, PEST CONTROL, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, RELATION HOTE-PARASITE, 2. Zero hunger, Genetics, COTTON APHID, Aphid, Phenotypic plasticity, GENE-FOR-GENE INTERACTION, biology, food and beverages, Aphididae, biology.organism_classification, 010602 entomology, Insect Science, PEST analysis, GENETIC POLYMORPHISM, Adaptation, OVERCOMING OF HOST PLANT RESISTANCE
Abstract: Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; International audience; In agrosystems, pests are submitted to strong human-imposed selective pressures to which they sometimes adapt rapidly, either through selection of genotypes resulting from mutation and/or recombination events, or through phenotypic plasticity. Understanding how insects respond to such selective pressures is of great importance for sustainable pest management strategies, such as the use of resistant plants. In this study, we investigated the genetic and phenotypic variability of anholocyclic Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) strains, in response to the resistance gene Vat that is present in melon crops. Forty-nine aphid colonies were sampled on several melon crops in southern France, genotyped using 15 microsatellite loci, and tested in phenotypic experiments using Vat or non-Vat melons. The level of genetic polymorphism between these colonies was low, as only seven multilocus genotypes were detected. In contrast, the phenotypic variability for life-history and behavioral traits between colonies, including those sharing the same genotype, was unexpectedly high, with a continuum of response to the Vat gene from complete susceptibility to strong virulence. The low genetic polymorphism associated with a strong phenotypic variability highlights the high adaptive potential of A. gossypii and the major role of environmental cues in shaping phenotypic responses of this aphid to pest management strategies
Published: 2009
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26. French wasps in the New World: experimental biological control introductions reveal a demographic Allee effect

Author: Keith R. Hopper, Xavier Fauvergue, Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, COMPETITION, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Population density, symbols.namesake, Population growth, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Allee effect, education.field_of_study, BIOLOGICAL INVASION, Ecology, Population size, Small population size, PROPAGULE PRESSURE, 010602 entomology, BOTTLENECK, SEX PHEROMONE, symbols, Biological dispersal, MATING, Sex ratio
Abstract: Many populations introduced into a novel environment fail to establish. One underlying process is the Allee effect, i.e., the difficulty of individuals to survive and reproduce when rare, and the consequently low or negative population growth. Although observations showing a positive relation between initial population size and establishment probability suggest that the Allee effect could be widespread in biological invasions, experimental tests are scarce. Here, we used a biological control program against Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the United States to manipulate initial population size of the introduced parasitoid Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) originating from France. For eight populations and three generations after introduction, we studied spatial distribution and spread, density, mate-finding, and population growth. Dispersal was lower in small populations during the first generation. Smaller initial population size nonetheless resulted in lower density during the three generations studied. The proportion of mated females and the population sex ratio were not affected by initial population size or population density. Net reproductive rate decreased with density within each generation, suggesting negative density-dependence. But for a given density, net reproductive rate was smaller in populations initiated with few individuals than in populations initiated with many individuals. Hence, our results demonstrate a demographic Allee effect. Mate-finding is excluded as an underlying mechanism, and other component Allee effects may have been overwhelmed by negative density-dependence in reproduction. Impact of generalist predators could provide one potential explanation for the relationship between initial population size and net reproductive rate. However, the continuing effect of initial population size on population growth suggests genetic processes may have been involved in the observed demographic Allee effect.
Published: 2009
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27. Inflexible wasps : the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes does not track multiple changes in habitat profitability

Author: Cédric Tentelier, Xavier Fauvergue, Marie-Noëlle Lacroix, Ecologie Comportementale et Biologie des Populations de Poissons (ECOBIOP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, HERBIVORE-INDUCED VOLATILES, INFORMATION, IRREVERSIBLE LEARNING, Foraging, Marginal value theorem, PATCH, Bayesian inference, LEARNING, LYSIPHLEBUS TESTACEIPES, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Optimal foraging theory, Parasitoid, 03 medical and health sciences, MARGINAL VALUE THEOREM, PLASTICITY, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Aphid, biology, Ecology, biology.organism_classification, OPTIMAL FORAGING, Habitat, [SDV.SA.SPA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Animal production studies, Animal Science and Zoology, Profitability index
Abstract: Bayesian updating is a form of learning by which individuals can adapt their behaviour to uncertain environments. In the particular situation of optimal foraging in a patchy habitat, animals may estimate the profitability of the patches they encounter to update their estimate of the profitability of the habitat as a whole, and adjust their foraging decisions accordingly. Recent studies have suggested that parasitoid insects may have such abilities, but were based on too few patches for clear conclusions on Bayesian updating. We studied how females of an aphid parasitoid update their estimate of habitat profitability, by recording their behaviour on a series of seven consecutive host patches, each serving both as a potential cue for habitat profitability and as a means to measure the behavioural response to previously collected information. The experiment was designed to test specific predictions based on Bayesian updating with different memory dynamics. The parasitoids clearly perceived the profitability of the patches, but the effect of previous experience on current patch use was different from our predictions. The reinterpretation of previous studies in the light of our results suggests that foraging parasitoids give more weight to early experience.
Published: 2009
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28. Virgins in the wild: mating status affects the behavior of a parasitoid foraging in the field

Author: Xavier Fauvergue, Mirella Lo Pinto, Alessandro Genco, Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Università degli Studi di Palermo, FAUVERGUE X, LO GENCO A, and LO PINTO M
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, animal structures, Offspring, Foraging, Marginal value theorem, Zoology, Marginalvalue theorem, haplodiploidy, constrained model, dispersal, sex ratiio, Biology, LYSIPHLEBUS TESTACEIPES, APHID, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Host-Parasite Interactions, Parasitoid, Sexual Behavior, Animal, DISPERSAL, Animals, MARGINAL VALUE THEOREM, FORAGING BEHAVIOR, Mating, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, reproductive and urinary physiology, SEX RATIO, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Ecology, HAPLODIPLOIDY, Reproduction, food and beverages, biology.organism_classification, 010602 entomology, Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata, CONSTRAINED MODEL, Aphids, Haplodiploidy, Female, Braconidae, Sex ratio
Abstract: In haplodiploid organisms, virgin females can produce offspring, albeit only sons. They may therefore face a trade-off between either: (1) searching for hosts and producing sons immediately; or (2) searching for mates and perhaps producing both sons and daughters later in life. Although this trade-off raises a theoretical interest, it has not been approached experimentally. The objective of this article is thus to document the effect of mating status on the foraging behavior of a haplodiploid parasitoid. For this, we recorded the behavior of virgin and mated female Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) after being released, in the field, on a colony of their aphid hosts. Half of the virgin females were mated by a wild male after less than 10 min of foraging. Evidently, virgin females attract males while foraging on host patches, so that the two activities are not mutually exclusive. Nonetheless, virgin females stayed motionless more often and for longer periods than mated females. Consequently, they attacked aphids at a lower rate, and in turn, attacked fewer aphids on each patch. Moreover, contrary to mated females, virgins did not aggregate their progeny on large patches. We conclude that in L. testaceipes, the trade-off may not be as hypothesized. By dispersing across patches more than mated females, virgins could promote future mating opportunities for their sons and increase their inclusive fitness. However, by moving too frequently, females may lose immediate mating opportunities for themselves and the immediate advantage of producing offspring of both sexes. The observed behavior of virgin L. testaceipes females on host patches could reflect an optimal solution to such a trade-off.
Published: 2008
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29. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles as cues for habitat assessment by a foraging parasitoid

Author: Cédric Tentelier, Xavier Fauvergue, Réponse des Organismes aux Stress Environnementaux (ROSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, Foraging, Wasps, LYSIPHLEBUS TESTACEIPES, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Optimal foraging theory, Parasitoid, Host-Parasite Interactions, PATCH RESIDENCE TIME, Animals, SYNOMONE, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, BAYESIAN UPDATING, Aphid, Herbivore, biology, Ecology, Host (biology), [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, fungi, MEMORY, food and beverages, Feeding Behavior, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Attraction, 010602 entomology, Habitat, Aphids, Animal Science and Zoology, Cucumis sativus, Cues, Volatilization
Abstract: 1. Animals usually require information about the current state of their habitat to optimize their behaviour. For this, they can use a learning process through which their estimate is continually updated according to the cues they perceive. Identifying these cues is a long-standing but still inveterate challenge for ecologists. 2. The use of plant cues by aphid parasitoids for the assessment of habitat profitability and the adaptation of patch exploitation was studied. Grounding on predictions from optimal foraging theory, we tested whether parasitoids exploited host patches less intensively after visiting heavily infested plants than after visiting plants bearing fewer aphids. 3. As predicted, after visiting heavily infested plants parasitoids reduced their residence time and attacked fewer hosts in the next patch. This was the case regardless of whether the aphids were actually present on the first plant, indicating that the cue came from the plant. Moreover, the level of infestation of a plant at some distance from the first plant visited affected parasitoid patch exploitation on the second plant in a similar manner, indicating that the cue was volatile. 4. These results highlight a novel role of herbivore-induced volatiles in parasitoid foraging behaviour, different from the widely studied attraction at a distance.
Published: 2007
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30. Habitat assessment by parasitoids: consequences for population distribution

Author: Roger Boll, Jacques Rochat, Eric Wajnberg, Xavier Fauvergue, Carlos Bernstein, Laurent Lapchin, Ecologie comportementale (EC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Réponse des Organismes aux Stress Environnementaux (ROSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Insectarium de la Réunion, Partenaires INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Ecologie comportementale ( EC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Thery, Marc
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], aggregation, density dependence, ideal free distribution, interference, learning, Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Population, Time allocation, LEARNING, LYSIPHLEBUS TESTACEIPES, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Parasitoid wasp, Parasitoid, 03 medical and health sciences, [ SDV.OT ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, DENSITY DEPENDENCE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, INTERFERENCE, 0303 health sciences, Aphid, education.field_of_study, Ideal free distribution, biology, [SDV.OT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], Ecology, Host (biology), AGGREGATION, biology.organism_classification, INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR, Density dependence, IDEAL FREE DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, Animal Science and Zoology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; The ideal free distribution (IFD) is a stable distribution of competitors among resource patches. For equally efficient competitors, equilibrium is reached when the per capita rate of intake equalizes across patches. The seminal version of the IFD assumes omniscience, but populations may still converge toward the equilibrium provided that competitors 1) accurately assess their environment by learning and 2) remain for an optimal (rate-maximizing) time on each encountered patch. In the companion article (Tentelier C, Desouhant E, Fauvergue X. 2006. Habitat assessment by parasitoids: mechanisms for patch time allocation. Behav Ecol. Forthcoming), it is shown that the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus testaceipes adapts its exploitation of aphid host colonies based on previous experience, in a manner consistent with these two conditions. We therefore predicted that a randomly distributed population of initially naive wasps should converge toward the IFD. We tested this prediction by introducing 1300 L. testaceipes females into a 110-m(2) greenhouse containing 40 host patches. Just after introduction, the parasitoid rate of gain was positively affected by host number and negatively affected by parasitoid number but, as predicted, these effects vanished in the course of the experiment. Six hours after introduction, the expected rate of gain reached a constant. Surprisingly, this passage through equilibrium was not accompanied by a decrease in the coefficient of variation among gain rates or by a shift from a random to an aggregated distribution of parasitoids. These results challenge our understanding of the link between individual behavior and population distribution.
Published: 2006
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31. Parasitoids use herbivore-induced information to adapt patch exploitation behaviour

Author: Eric Wajnberg, Xavier Fauvergue, Cédric Tentelier, Réponse des Organismes aux Stress Environnementaux (ROSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Foraging, PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL, Context (language use), PATCH, LYSIPHLEBUS TESTACEIPES, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Parasitoid, Optimal foraging theory, RELATION PLANTE-INSECTE, APHIS GOSSYPII, TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS, PATCH TIME ALLOCATION, INCREMENTAL EFFECT, RELATION HOTE-PARASITE, Herbivore, Aphid, Ecology, biology, Host (biology), fungi, PARASITOID, food and beverages, SYNOMONES, CHEMICAL CLUE, PLANT RESPONSE, biology.organism_classification, OPTIMAL FORAGING, 010602 entomology, Insect Science, Braconidae
Abstract: International audience; 1. Optimal foraging models ultimately predict that female parasitoids should exploit rich host patches for longer than poorer ones. At the proximate level, mechanistic models and experimental studies show that parasitoids use both chemicals produced by their hosts and direct encounters with their hosts to estimate patch quality. Although it has been extensively studied in the context of host location, the use of herbivore-induced plant response by insect parasitoids has never been considered in the context of patch time allocation. 2. In this study, the respective roles of herbivore-induced plant response and direct contact with hosts on the foraging behaviour of Lisiphlebus testaceipes females on an aphid patch were quantified. For this, the level of herbivore-induced plant response and the number of aphids on the leaf bearing the patch were manipulated independently. Different levels of plant response were obtained by varying the duration of infestation on another leaf. 3. Parasitoid residence time and number of attacks increased with both the level of plant response and the number of aphids. 4. These results suggest that L. testaceipes females use the combination of herbivore-induced response of plants and direct encounters with hosts to assess patch quality and adjust their patch use behaviour
Published: 2005
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32. OPTIMAL PATCH RESIDENCE TIME IN EGG PARASITOIDS:INNATE VERSUS LEARNED ESTIMATE OF PATCH QUALITY

Author: Boivin, G., xavier fauvergue, Wajnberg, E., Ecologie comportementale (EC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Ecologie comportementale ( EC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and Thery, Marc
Subjects: [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], [SDV.OT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], [ SDV.OT ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2004

33. Oviposition behaviour and patch-time allocation in two aphid parasitoids exposed to deltamethrin residues

Author: Sophie Privet, Nicolas Desneux, Laure Kaiser, Eric Wajnberg, Xavier Fauvergue, Réponse des Organismes aux Stress Environnementaux (ROSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Laboratoire de neurobiologie comparée des invertébrés, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), INRA, Développement, évolution et plasticité du système nerveux (DEPSN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard (INAF), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Homoptera, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Parasitoid, Toxicology, MYZUS PERSICA, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, parasitic diseases, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Aphid, Diaeretiella rapae, fungi, food and beverages, Aphididae, biology.organism_classification, 010602 entomology, Deltamethrin, chemistry, EFFET SECONDAIRE, Insect Science, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Myzus persicae, Braconidae
Abstract: Neurotoxic insecticides are widely used for crop protection. One consequence is that changes in behaviour can be expected in surviving beneficial insects because of an impairment of host perception and motor abilities. Under laboratory conditions, we studied the impact of deltamethrin, a pyrethroid, on the oviposition behaviour of two hymenopterous parasitoids of aphids, Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) and Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). They both para- sitize Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae), which is the preferred host of A. matricariae, regardless of the host plant, whereas D. rapae is a major parasitoid of aphids on Cruciferae crops, including M. persicae. After exposure to deltamethrin, the different items of oviposition behaviour and the total time spent on the patch were recorded. The results showed that the patch time allocation by both parasitoid species was not significantly affected by deltamethrin treatment, when compared with the controls. Nor were the frequencies and sequences of behavioural items modified (e.g., frequency of sting). It therefore appeared that the patch use of A. matricariae and D. rapae on new colonies of M. persicae was not disturbed by deltamethrin at the three doses tested. The possibility that parasitoid strains are partially tolerant to deltamethrin is discussed.
Published: 2004
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34. Olfactory response of two aphid parasitoids, Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Aphidius colemani, to aphid-infested plants from a distance

Author: Mirella Lo Pinto, Stefano Colazza, Eric Wajnberg, Xavier Fauvergue, Christine Curty, LO PINTO M, WAJNBERG E, COLAZZA S, CURTY C, FAUVERGUE X, Réponse des Organismes aux Stress Environnementaux (ROSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Aphid, biology, Homoptera, Aphididae, Aphis gossypii, flight behaviour, olfactory stimuli, plant-host complex, wind tunnel, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Parasitoid, 010602 entomology, Horticulture, INSECTE, Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata, RELATION PLANTE INSECTE, Insect Science, Aphis gossypii, Botany, Braconidae, Cucumis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The role of volatile stimuli in the host-searching behaviour of the two parasitoid species Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson and Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied in relation to the host Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cucumber plants, Cucumis sativa L. (Cucurbitaceae). Experiments were carried out in the laboratory in a wind tunnel, exposing individual parasitoids to signals from three sources simultaneously: (1) a complex of cucumber plants, Cucumis sativa , and A. gossypii ; (2) uninfested cucumber plants; and (3) dummy cardboard plants. The flight response of the female parasitoids was considered oriented when they landed on plants and non-oriented when the females landed elsewhere (tunnel floor, sides, or top). Results showed that the proportion of oriented flights was significantly higher than non-oriented flights. A comparison between the two wasp species suggested that A. colemani females may be better able to locate plants than L. testaceipes , as the proportion of females that made an oriented flight was higher in this species . For females of both wasp species which made an oriented flight, landing was more often observed on real plants (i.e., with no difference between infested and uninfested plants), than on dummy plants. A description of the flight behaviour of the two parasitoid species is presented. One difference between the species was that flight duration was higher in L. testaceipes than in A. colemani . This work shows that the two parasitoid species respond to stimuli from the host-plants of A. gossypii in a similar way to parasitoids of aphid pests in other crops.
Published: 2004

35. Optimal patch residence time in egg parasitoids: innate versus learned estimate of patch quality

Author: Eric Wajnberg, Guy Boivin, Xavier Fauvergue, Réponse des Organismes aux Stress Environnementaux (ROSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Oviposition, Marginal value theorem, Hymenoptera, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Parasitoid, Optimal foraging theory, Host-Parasite Interactions, APPRENTISSAGE, Statistics, Animals, Quality (business), Residence time (statistics), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, biology, Ecology, Trichogramma brassicae, biology.organism_classification, 010602 entomology, INSECTE, Anaphes victus, Locomotion
Abstract: Charnov's marginal value theorem predicts that female parasitoids should exploit patches of their hosts until their instantaneous rate of fitness gain reaches a marginal value. The consequences of this are that: (1) better patches should be exploited for a longer time; (2) as travel time between patches increases, so does the patch residence time; and (3) all exploited patches should be reduced to the same level of profitability. Patch residence time was measured in an egg parasitoid Anaphes victus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) when patch quality and travel time, approximated here as an increased delay between emergence and patch exploitation, varied. As predicted, females stayed longer when patch quality and travel time increased. However, the marginal value of fitness gain when females left the patch increased with patch quality and decreased with travel time. A. victus females appear to base their patch quality estimate on the first patch encountered rather than on a fixed innate estimate, as was shown for another egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae. Such a strategy could be optimal when inter-generational variability in patch quality is high and within-generational variability is low.
Published: 2004

36. The effect of foundress number on sex ration under partial local mate competition

Author: Debout, G., xavier fauvergue, Frédéric Fleury, Réponse des Organismes aux Stress Environnementaux (ROSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], PEPTOPILINA HETEROTOMA, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2002

37. Parasitoid mating structures when hosts are patchily distributed : field and laboratory experiments with Leptopilina boulardi and L. heterotoma

Author: Frédéric Fleury, Claire Lemaitre, Rolland Allemand, Xavier Fauvergue, Interactions plantes-microorganismes et santé végétale (IPMSV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, food.ingredient, Ecology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, Biology, Mating system, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 010602 entomology, food, Sex pheromone, Haplodiploidy, Biological dispersal, Mating, Heterotoma, Inbreeding, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sex ratio, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Populations spatially structured at the time of mating may experience local mate competition (LMC) and inbreeding, two factors known to select, in haplodiploid organisms, for a female biased sex ratio. Populations of the two Drosophila parasitoids Leptopilina boulardi and L. heterotoma could have such a structure because although males and females develop from different hosts, many hosts are clumped within fruits decaying on the ground. However, contrary to theoretical expectations. we found field sex ratios to be only slightly female biased (L. heterotoma) or even male biased (L. boulardi). This raised the question of whether populations of these two species experience any level of LMC and inbreeding. To address this question. we studied male and female spatio-temporal patterns of emergence, dispersal, and male attraction to females. We found that within days, emergence was synchronized, with males starting to emerge slightly before females. However, when emergence was analyzed day-by-day for individuals laid during the same oviposition bout, males and females emerged on different days. A similar analysis for fruits collected in the field showed that about 20% of males and 20% of females emerged in the absence of any potential mate Furthermore, males dispersed from their natal sites soon after emergence, at a rate similar to that of conspecific females. With laboratory and field experiments, we found that dispersing males were attracted to virgin females via in-flight orientation mediated by a volatile sex pheromone. These data suggest that the mating structures of L. boulardi and L. heterotoma differ from that assumed by classic LMC models. Because males disperse and search for females from other patches, local mate competition and inbreeding will be reduced to an extent depending on male mating success after dispersal. Inbreeding could also be reduced because synchronous emergence of males and females mainly results from asynchronous oviposition bouts, so that on-patch matings should concern unrelated individuals, Such a mating structure explains the absence of a strong sex ratio bias toward females in these two species. More generally, through a review of the published literature on sex pheromones, we suggest that mating structures with a non-negligible fraction of off-patch matings could be widespread among parasitoids.
Published: 1999

38. Does time until mating affect progeny sex ratio ? A manipulative experiment with the parasitoid wasp Aphelinus asychis

Author: xavier fauvergue, Hopper, K. R., Antolin, M. F., Kazmer, D. J., ProdInra, Migration, Laboratoire de biologie des invertébrés, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 1998

39. Habitat assessment by parasitoids: consequences for population distribution.

Author: Xavier Fauvergue, Roger Boll, Jacques Rochat, Eric Wajnberg, Carlos Bernstein, and Laurent Lapchin
Subjects: *INSECT behavior, *PARASITOIDS, *PARASITES, *HABITATS
Abstract: The ideal free distribution (IFD) is a stable distribution of competitors among resource patches. For equally efficient competitors, equilibrium is reached when the per capita rate of intake equalizes across patches. The seminal version of the IFD assumes omniscience, but populations may still converge toward the equilibrium provided that competitors 1) accurately assess their environment by learning and 2) remain for an optimal (rate-maximizing) time on each encountered patch. In the companion article (Tentelier C, Desouhant E, Fauvergue X. 2006. Habitat assessment by parasitoids: mechanisms for patch time allocation. Behav Ecol. Forthcoming), it is shown that the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus testaceipes adapts its exploitation of aphid host colonies based on previous experience, in a manner consistent with these two conditions. We therefore predicted that a randomly distributed population of initially naive wasps should converge toward the IFD. We tested this prediction by introducing 1300 L. testaceipes females into a 110-m2 greenhouse containing 40 host patches. Just after introduction, the parasitoid rate of gain was positively affected by host number and negatively affected by parasitoid number but, as predicted, these effects vanished in the course of the experiment. Six hours after introduction, the expected rate of gain reached a constant. Surprisingly, this passage through equilibrium was not accompanied by a decrease in the coefficient of variation among gain rates or by a shift from a random to an aggregated distribution of parasitoids. These results challenge our understanding of the link between individual behavior and population distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2006
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40. Habitat assessment by parasitoids: mechanisms for patch use behavior.

Author: Cédric Tentelier, Emmanuel Desouhant, and Xavier Fauvergue
Subjects: ANIMAL behavior, PARASITOIDS, PARASITES, HABITATS
Abstract: Animals foraging for patchily distributed resources may optimize their foraging decisions concerning the patches they encounter, provided that they base these decisions on reliable information about the profitability of the habitat as a whole. Females of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes exploit aphid hosts, which typically aggregate in discrete colonies. We show here how between-colony travel time and the number of aphids in previously visited colonies affect parasitoid foraging behavior. We first assumed that parasitoids use travel time and previous colony size to estimate a mean rate of fitness gain in the habitat and derived quantitative predictions concerning the effect of these two variables on patch residence time and patch-leaving rate of attack. We then tested these theoretical predictions in laboratory experiments in which female parasitoids were allowed to visit two successive colonies. As predicted, the observed residence time in the second colony increased with increasing travel time and decreasing size of the first colony. Patch-leaving rate of attack decreased with increasing travel time but was not affected by previous colony size. These results suggest that parasitoids use these two variables to assess habitat quality. However, discrepancies between the data obtained and quantitative predictions show that the effect of travel time on patch use may be more complex than assumed in our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2006
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41. Patch leaving decision rules and the Marginal Value Theorem: an experimental analysis and a simulation model.

Author: Eric Wajnberg, Xavier Fauvergue, and Odile Pons
Subjects: *TRICHOGRAMMA, *TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE, *PARASITOIDS, *MONTE Carlo method
Abstract: The patch exploitation strategy of females of the insect parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae was studied on patches containing different proportions of hosts that were previously attacked by conspecific females. On average, T. brassicae females spent more time on patches of higher quality, and all patches were reduced to the same level of profitability before being left. This appeared to be in accordance to the optimal predictions of the Charnov Marginal Value Theorem. The proximate leaving mechanisms involved were analyzed by means of a Cox proportional hazards model. Each oviposition in a healthy host appeared to have an incremental influence on the patch residence time, whereas each rejection of a healthy host or of a host that was previously attacked by the same female (i.e., self-superparasitism) had a decremental effect. These patch leaving mechanisms did not change according to the quality of the patch the females were exploiting. A Monte Carlo simulation was developed around the results of the Cox regression model. The results suggest that this set of patch leaving rules seems to provide the females with a sufficient way to reach the predictions of the Charnov model. Among the different mechanisms involved, the incremental effect associated with each oviposition in a healthy host appeared to play the most important role. The relationship between the proximate mechanistic rules adopted by the females and the ultimate prediction of the Charnov model is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2000
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42. Sterile Insect Technique: Principles, Deployment and Prospects

Author: Oliva, Clelia, Mouton, Laurence, Colinet, Hervé, Debelle, Allan, Gibert, Patricia, Fellous, Simon, Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Xavier Fauvergue, Adrien Rusch, Matthieu Barret, Marc Bardin, Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly, Thibaut Malausa, Christian Lannou
Subjects: [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; This chapter describes the main principles of the sterile insect technique (SIT), a pest control method that seeks to gradually reduce insect reproduction by releasing sterilized males in large numbers. We highlight the potential and limitations of the use of SIT and explore various future research avenues. SIT is generally one important component of an area-wide integrated pest management programme. The aim is no longer to protect individual crop fields but rather entire regions, which requires cooperation among many stakeholders. This larger focus also underscores the need for transdisciplinary cooperation among researchers in the biological sciences and humanities and social sciences as well as key stakeholders from the early stages of a programme, whether pilot or operational. We explore examples from France, which has seen the development of several pilot projects in agriculture and health in the recent years.
Published: 2022
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43. Augmentative biological control using entomophagous arthropods

Author: Alexandre Bout, Nicolas Ris, Cécilia Multeau, Ludovic Mailleret, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Département Santé des Plantes et Environnement (DPT SPE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biological control of artificial ecosystems (BIOCORE), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Xavier Fauvergue, Adrien Rusch, Matthieu Barret, Marc Bardin, Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly, Thibaut Malausa, and Christian Lannou
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, plant pathology, biocontrol, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; Augmentative biological control is based on the repeated introduction of mass-produced biological control agents as predators or parasitoids with the aim of temporarily controlling or even eradicating pest populations. The different augmentative strategies form a continuum ranging from preventive releases of small numbers of natural enemies prior to the arrival of the pests for a delayed impact (inoculation) to intense, short-term mass releases for a quick and drastic impact on the pest population (inundation). These strategies may also be combined with practices that aim to favour the individual fitness and/or the population establishment of the biological control agents. After briefly reviewing the history of such practices, this chapter explores different challenges currently faced by augmentative biological control linked to the production of biocontrol agents, the underlying business models and the potential existence of non-target effects. Finally, different ways to improve augmentative biological control are investigated, from better selection of biocontrol agent strains to innovations in rearing conditions or supplementation of resources to support the introduced natural enemies. The need to better understand the population dynamics at play or the possible combination of augmentative biological control with entomovectoring techniques are also discussed.
Published: 2022
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