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The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between work-related moral stress, moral climate and moral sensitivity in mental health nursing. By means of the three scales Hospital Ethical Climate Survey, Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and Work-Related Moral Stress, 49 participants' experiences were assessed. The results of linear regression analysis indicated that moral stress was determined to a degree by the work place's moral climate as well as by two aspects of the mental health staff's moral sensitivity. The nurses' experience of 'moral burden' or 'moral support' increased or decreased their experience of moral stress. Their work-related moral stress was determined by the job-associated moral climate and two aspects of moral sensitivity. Our findings showed an association between three concepts: moral sensitivity, moral climate and moral stress. Despite being a small study, the findings seem relevant for future research leading to theory development and conceptual clarity. We suggest that more attention be given to methodological issues and developing designs that allow for comparative research in other disciplines, as well as in-depth knowledge of moral agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe how momentum towards building research capacity has developed through aligning research activity with executive responsibility via strategic planning processes that direct operational structures and processes for research activity.Background: Reflecting on the development of research capacity over many years at complex tertiary referral hospitals reveals that building nursing knowledge is too important to be left to chance or whim but needs a strategic focus, appropriate resourcing and long-term sustainability through infrastructure.Key issues: A number of key approaches we uncovered as successful include: (i) articulation of questions consistent with the strategic direction of the health context that can be addressed through research evidence; (ii) engagement and dissemination through making research meaningful; and (iii) feedback that informs the executive about the contribution of research activity to guide policy and practice decisions.Conclusions: Leadership teams need to ensure that the development of research knowledge is a strategic priority. The focus also needs to be more broadly on creating research capacity than focussing on small operational issues. Implications for nursing management Research capacity is developed when it is initiated, supported and monitored by leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The most toxic form of Hg commonly of concern in the environment is methylmercury (MeHg), as it accumulates in living tissues and bioconcentrates in food webs. Sulfide-rich metal ores are often enriched in Hg, but little is known regarding the potential for Hg methylation in acidic tailings produced from these ores. This study examined acidic tailings from four mines in northern Ontario, Canada, to determine whether they could be an important source of MeHg to downstream environments. Where sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) were abundant and active in pH-circumneutral, unoxidized layers (Potter mine), negligible MeHg was detected. By contrast, a zone of active sulfate reduction found in the acidic, oxidizing, surficial layers of tailings from the Kidd Metsite contained the highest concentrations of MeHg in bulk tailings (12.1 nmol kg−1 dry wt. of sediment) and porewaters (88 pM) measured in this study. Cell count estimates of SRB by the “most-probable-number” (MPN) method were low in these surficial tailings, suggesting that sulfate reducers from this environment were acidophilic and did not thrive under the pH-neutral conditions of the MPN incubations. A later study of bacterial DNA from these tailings produced evidence of a novel Deltaproteobacterium which has only previously been detected in acid mine drainage environments. Further research will be necessary to determine whether this Deltaproteobacterium is a sulfate reducer and/or an efficient Hg methylator. Surface water concentrations of MeHg did not exceed Canadian water quality guidelines at any of the sites sampled, but one site (Broulan) featured total Hg (HgT) concentrations of 838 pM in filtered samples, far in excess of recommended levels. Trends in surface water MeHg and HgT reflected corresponding values in porewaters from the same sites, indicating that concentrations of these substances in tailings influence surface water concentrations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background Leadership strategies are important in facilitating the nursing profession to reach their optimum standards in the practice environment. Aim To compare and contrast the central tenets of contemporary quality initiatives that are commensurate with enabling the environment so that best practice can occur. Key issues Democratic leadership, accessible and relevant education and professional development, the incorporation of evidence into practice and the ability of facilities to be responsive to change are core considerations for the successful maintenance of practice standards that are consistent with best nursing practice. Conclusion While different concerns of management drive the adoption of contemporary approaches, there are many similarities in the how these approaches are translated into action in the clinical setting. Implications for nursing management Managers should focus on core principles of professional nursing that add value to practice rather than business processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care organisations are continually implementing quality initiatives to develop staff to enhance the provision of patient care. However, the impact of such initiatives often fail to be assessed which can jeopardise provision for their systematic support. This paper reviews staff perceptions of how progress toward a Clinical Development Unit has influenced their practice in Cardiology. The process began in August 2003 when the unit philosophy included the use of best evidence into practice. Key initiatives integral to the development of a CDU were: facilitated engagement with clinical evidence, assisted through a structured education program for all staff; and opportunities for involvement in patient centred research. This evaluation sought descriptive information from staff as sustainability of such units is reliant on positive attitudes. Feedback was obtained from a convenience sample of staff who participated in three focus groups conducted over two months, 29 staff in total. Prevailing themes that emerged indicated the development of a positive ward culture. Four dominant themes emerged: the development of a culture of evidence into practice; a continuous learning environment; awareness of the contribution of research; and a re-focus on patient care. While structures and processes were in place to support learning and practices based in evidence that staff viewed favourably, there was little indication of individual staff members being 'pro-active' and being initiators of seeking evidence to make changes to practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the impact of multifaceted clinically focused educational strategies that concentrated on introducing dementia care research evidence on health professionals' awareness and inclination to use research findings in their future practice. Background. The promise of evidence-based practice is slow to materialize with the limitations of adopting research findings in practice readily identifiable. Method. A pre- and post-test quasi experimental design. The study involved the administration of: a pretest (baseline), an intervention phase, and a post-test survey, the same research utilization survey. Tool. The Edmonton Research Orientation Survey (EROS), a self-report tool that asks participants about their attitudes toward research and about their potential to use research findings, was used to determine health professionals' orientation to research. Intervention. The introduction of dementia care research evidence through multifaceted clinically focused educational strategies to improve practice. This was achieved through a resource team comprising a Clinical Nurse Consultant, as a leader and resource of localized evidence-based knowledge in aged care; an experienced Registered Nurse to support the introduction of strategies and a further experienced educator and clinician to reinforce the importance of evidence in change. Results. Across all the four subscales that are measured in the Edmonton Research Orientation Survey, statistical analysis by independent samples t-test identified that there was no significant change between the before and after measurements. Relevance to clinical practice. Successful integration of changes based on evidence does not necessarily mean that staff become more aware or are more inclined to use research findings in future to address problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical development unit (CDU) has been recognized as an effective strategy to progress creativity and resourcefulness in nursing practice to improve patient outcomes. Clinical development units, through transformational leadership, promote staff development, the use of research evidence and dissemination of research findings through publication and presentations. The aim of this paper is to clearly articulate the processes (in particular, research and education initiatives) related to the development of staff that address issues in the everyday workplace and, accordingly, have been instrumental in the success of the creation of a CDU in cardiology. These units aim to achieve and promote excellence in an identifiable area of nursing using a systematic, transparent and defensible approach. A review of acute coronary syndrome informed the needs and direction of staff activities in the cardiology unit of a tertiary referral hospital. Through a collaborative staff approach, evidence was carefully examined to plan its appropriate adoption into the clinical area. Nursing practice and education resulting from this review was scheduled into staff career progression. These initiatives have been incorporated into staff development learning, enabling the integration of research into practice, which ultimately has a positive impact on patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of Michel Foucault, the French philosopher who was interested in power relationships, has resonated with many nurses who seek a radically analytical view of nursing practice. The purpose of this article is to explore 'ethics' through a Foucauldian lens, in a conceptual and methodological sense. The intention is to provide a useful framework that will help researchers critically to explore aspects of nursing practice that relate to the construction of the self, morality and identity, be that nurse or patient related. The fundamentals of the research method of genealogy and the methods of ethics are reviewed. Using an example taken from the sexual health practice area, advice is given on how to structure data collection, incorporate interview data, avoid discourse determinism and measure resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncritical adoption of production-line manufacturing practices (such as "lean thinking") into work design processes in hospitals creates a fundamental tension between the production of health care and protection of the patient. There is scant evidence that re-engineering health care services in line with industrial models increases their efficiency. Indeed, reducing the richness of health care practice to impoverished snippets of work may add to the problems of hospital misadventure and inefficiency rather than solve them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifies developmental differences in acid growth along the root axis to determine whether these differences were due to alterations in cell turgor. Effect of alteration of apoplast pH of maize roots on whole root elongation rate; Rapid acid-induced changes in growth rate due to an increase in cell wall loosening; Possible cell wall biochemical alterations.

Monitoring and enhancing patient compliance with peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a recurring and problematic theme in the renal literature. A growing body of literature also argues that a failure to understand the patient's perspective of compliance may be contributing to these problems. The aim of this study was to understand the concept of compliance with PD from the patient's persepctive. Using the case study approach recommended by Stake (1995), five patients on PD consented to in-depth interviews that explored the meaning of compliance in the context of PD treatment and lifestyle regimens recommended by health professionals. Participants also discussed factors that influenced their choices to follow, disregard, or refine these regimens. Results indicate that health professionals acting in alignment with individual patient needs and wishes, and demonstrating an awareness of the constraints under which patients operate and the strengths they bring to their treatment, may be the most significant issues to consider with respect to definitions of PD compliance and the development of related compliance interventions. Aspects of compliance that promoted relative normality were also important to the participants in this study and tended to result in greater concordance with health professionals' advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the concept of 'capital' through the study of successive interventions and outcomes (patient and staff) in a quaternity intensive care unit (ICU) across a 5-year time frame., Design: A longitudinal intrinsic single site, a survey study was designed. The concept of 'capital' was explored through an adopted interpretive approach that involved understanding meanings from different sources, for example, discussions at compassion cafés, follow-up from staff-initiated activities, informal responses to organizational imperatives external to the unit (i.e. staff reductions and resource constraints), alongside empirical data about workplace climate and patient incidents., Setting: A single ICU employing approximately 220 registered nurses at a quaternary hospital in Queensland, Australia., Participants: All nurses employed in the ICU at the time of compassion cafes participated in providing feedback to inform successive activities. All nurses in the unit had equal opportunity to complete surveys, participate in subsequent unit-based sessions, take-up options; and all nurses had a responsibility to complete incident data., Results: Survey and incident data from 2015 to 2019 identify the complexity of workplace environments. Between 35% and 45% of nurses consistently completed the survey. Activities based on staff requests initially improved incident data but did not impact the work environment; negative perceptions of the work environment at the endpoint (2019) were associated with external factors., Conclusion: Quality care environments are labile; sensitive to both unit activity and external organization directives (namely staff reductions). Quality care can be sustained in adverse situations with increased nurse engagement in patient care dynamics in the short term., Impact: This study articulates a previously unidentified concept, 'clinical capital'. Activities facilitating nurse engagement in broad care dynamics gave rise to a more robust climate than just focusing on social and psychological well-being activities for nurses. Participation in issues of concern about patient care can promote resilience to short term fluctuations., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Advanced Nursing published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Aboriginal people are under-reported on administrative health data in Australia. Various approaches have been used or proposed to improve reporting of Aboriginal people using linked records. This cross-sectional study used self-reported Aboriginality from the NSW Patient Survey Program (PSP) as a reference standard to assess the accuracy of reporting of Aboriginal people on NSW Admitted Patient (APDC) and Emergency Department Data Collections (EDDC), and compare the accuracy of selected approaches to enhance reporting Aboriginality using linked data., Methods: Ten PSP surveys were linked to five administrative health data collections, including APDC, EDDC, perinatal, and birth and death registration records. Accuracy of reporting of Aboriginality was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs) and F score for the EDDC and APDC as baseline and four enhancement approaches using linked records: "Most recent linked record", "Ever reported as Aboriginal", and two approaches using a weight of evidence, "Enhanced Reporting of Aboriginality (ERA) algorithm" and "Multi-stage median (MSM)"., Results: There was substantial under-reporting of Aboriginality on APDC and EDDC records (sensitivities 84 and 77% respectively) with PPVs of 95% on both data collections. Overall, specificities and NPVs were above 98%. Of people who were reported as Aboriginal on the PSP, 16% were not reported as Aboriginal on any of their linked records. Record linkage approaches generally increased sensitivity, accompanied by decrease in PPV with little change in overall F score for the APDC and an increase in F score for the EDDC. The "ERA algorithm" and "MSM" approaches provided the best overall accuracy., Conclusions: Weight of evidence approaches are preferred when record linkage is used to improve reporting of Aboriginality on administrative health data collections. However, as a substantial number of Aboriginal people are not reported as Aboriginal on any of their linked records, improvements in reporting are incomplete and should be taken into account when interpreting results of any analyses. Enhancement of reporting of Aboriginality using record linkage should not replace efforts to improve recording of Aboriginal people at the point of data collection and addressing barriers to self-identification for Aboriginal people.

Background: Timely restoration of bloodflow acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) reduces myocardial damage and improves prognosis. The objective of this study was describe the association of demographic factors with hospitalisation rates for STEMI and time to angiography, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) in New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia., Methods: This was an observational cohort study using linked population health data. We used linked records of NSW and the ACT hospitalisations and the Australian Government Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) for persons aged 35 and over hospitalised with STEMI in the period 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2014. Survival analysis was used to determine the time between STEMI admission and angiography, PCI and CABG, with a competing risk of death without cardiac procedure., Results: Of 13,117 STEMI hospitalisations, 71% were among males; 55% were 65-plus years; 64% lived in major cities, and 2.6% were Aboriginal people. STEMI hospitalisation occurred at a younger age in males than females. Angiography and PCI rates decreased with age: angiography 69% vs 42% and PCI 60% vs 34% on day 0 for ages 35-44 and 75-plus respectively. Lower angiography and PCI rates and higher CABG rates were observed outside major cities. Aboriginal people with STEMI were younger and more likely to live outside a major city. Angiography, PCI and CABG rates were similar for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people of the same age and remoteness area., Conclusions: There is a need to improve access to definitive revascularisation for STEMI among appropriately selected older patients and in regional areas. Aboriginal people with STEMI, as a population, are disproportionately affected by access to definitive revascularisation outside major cities. Improving access to timely definitive revascularisation in regional areas may assist in closing the gap in cardiovascular outcomes between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people.

Objective: To quantitatively assess the factors associated with non-beneficial treatments (NBTs) in hospital admissions at the end of life., Design: Retrospective multicentre cohort study., Setting: Three large, metropolitan tertiary hospitals in Australia., Participants: 831 adult patients who died as inpatients following admission to the study hospitals over a 6-month period in 2012., Main Outcome Measures: Odds ratios (ORs) of NBT derived from logistic regression models., Results: Overall, 103 (12.4%) admissions involved NBTs. Admissions that involved conflict within a patient's family (OR 8.9, 95% CI 4.1 to 18.9) or conflict within the medical team (OR 6.5, 95% CI 2.4 to 17.8) had the strongest associations with NBTs in the all subsets regression model. A positive association was observed in older patients, with each 10-year increment in age increasing the likelihood of NBT by approximately 50% (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.9). There was also a statistically significant hospital effect., Conclusions: This paper presents the first statistical modelling results to assess the factors associated with NBT in hospital, beyond an intensive care setting. Our findings highlight potential areas for intervention to reduce the likelihood of NBTs., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: To increase knowledge of how doctors perceive futile treatments and scarcity of resources at the end of life. In particular, their perceptions about whether and how resource limitations influence end-of-life decision making. This study builds on previous work that found some doctors include resource limitations in their understanding of the concept of futility., Setting: Three tertiary hospitals in metropolitan Brisbane, Australia., Design: Qualitative study using in-depth, semistructured, face-to-face interviews. Ninety-six doctors were interviewed in 11 medical specialties. Transcripts of the interviews were analysed using thematic analysis., Results: Doctors' perceptions of whether resource limitations were relevant to their practice varied, and doctors were more comfortable with explicit rather than implicit rationing. Several doctors incorporated resource limitations into their definition of futility. For some, availability of resources was one factor of many in assessing futility, secondary to patient considerations, but a few doctors indicated that the concept of futility concealed rationing. Doctors experienced moral distress due to the resource implications of providing futile treatment and the lack of administrative supports for bedside rationing., Conclusions: Doctors' ability to distinguish between futility and rationing would be enhanced through regulatory support for explicit rationing and strategies to support doctors' role in rationing at the bedside. Medical policies should address the distinction between resource limitations and futility to promote legitimacy in end-of-life decision making., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: A body of knowledge continues to grow regarding Aboriginal perspectives on current challenges and barriers to health literacy and access to health services. However, less is known from the perspectives of health professionals who work in cardiac care. Given their role in delivering patient education, health practitioners could provide useful insights into potential solutions to improve patient-practitioner communication. The primary aim was to explore perspectives of health professionals who work in coronary care units regarding the enablers, barriers and potential solutions for patient-practitioner communication with patients of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders descent. The secondary aim was to evaluate the acceptability and value of two videos developed with key stakeholders to provide culturally appropriate education., Methods: Participants were recruited from two major regional hospitals. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 health professionals (11 Nurses, five Cardiologists and one Aboriginal Health Worker). Interviews were recorded, de-identified and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed using constant comparison, interpreted through inductive thematic analysis and final themes were agreed through consensus with secondary researcher., Results: Health professionals acknowledged that existing barriers resulted from organisational structures entrenched in the healthcare system, impacted on the practitioners' ability to provide culturally appropriate, patient-centred care. Lack of time, availability of culturally appropriate resources and the disconnection between Western medical and Aboriginal views of health were the most common challenges reported. The two videos evaluated as part of this study were found to be a useful addition to practice. Strengths in the videos design were the use of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander actors and positive messaging to convey health related topics. Further improvements included additional information related to common tests and procedures to allow for realistic expectations of patient care., Conclusion: Re-modelling of organisational structures is required in order to promote a more culturally-friendly and welcoming environment to encourage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders to engage with mainstream cardiac care services. The videos that were developed using principles that are sensitive to Aboriginal health views, may offer an additional way in which to overcome existing barriers to effective patient-practitioner communication with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.

Objective: To evaluate the acceptability of a cancer care team based at an Australian Aboriginal medical service in supporting patients' cancer journeys and to assess improvements in access to cancer care., Design: The cancer care team consisted of an Australian Aboriginal health worker, counsellor and enrolled nurse employed for 2 days a week, supported by a general practitioner. The cancer care team supported patients from prediagnosis while investigations were being undertaken, at diagnosis and through treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and follow-up, including to palliative care and grief support where these were required. They coordinated preventive programs, such as cervical smear and mammogram recall registers, and coordinated health promotion activities to promote prevention and early detection of other cancers, such as bowel cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer and prostate cancer. The program was evaluated qualitatively using semistructured interviews with current clients of the cancer care team and stakeholders, using grounded theory to analyse emerging themes., Setting: An Australian Aboriginal community-controlled health service in New South Wales., Participants: The cancer care team provided care for 79 clients., Main Outcome Measures: Acceptability and accessibility of cancer care services., Results: The evaluation involved recruitment of eight Australian Aboriginal clients of the cancer care team and eight stakeholders. The main themes to emerge included improved accessibility of cancer care services, including availability of home visits, transport and accompaniment to tertiary settings. The service was viewed as being culturally safe., Conclusion: A primary care-based cancer care team in an Australian Aboriginal medical service provided a culturally safe and accessible service for clients., (© 2019 National Rural Health Alliance Ltd.)

Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses are frequently exposed to emotional and stressful situations in the workplace, which has changed little over the decades. Compassion fatigue is caused by sustained exposure to situations that conflict with one's values and beliefs in the ICU, eroding clinical team relationships and ultimately the quality and safety of patient care. Continuing education in the intensive care setting is a priority, as ICU nurses need to remain abreast of the rapid developments in high-acuity care delivery; however, attention also needs to be directed to nurses' emotional well-being. Nurse educators are well positioned to create and sustain open dialogue that contributes to group cohesion and assists nurses' well-being. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2018;49(5):221-224., (Copyright 2018, SLACK Incorporated.)

Objective: The widespread sale of complementary medicines in community pharmacy raises important questions regarding the responsibilities of pharmacists when selling complementary medicines. This study reviews the academic literature that explores a pharmacist's responsibilities when selling complementary medicines., Methods: International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Embase, PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO and Philosopher's index databases were searched for articles written in English and published between 1995 and 2017. Empirical studies discussing pharmacists' practices or perceptions, consumers' expectations and normative studies discussing ethical perspectives or proposing ethical frameworks related to pharmacists' responsibilities in selling complementary medicines were included in the review., Key Findings: Fifty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies discussing the responsibilities of pharmacists selling complementary medicines had an empirical focus. Pharmacists and consumers identified counselling and ensuring safe use of complementary medicines as the primary responsibilities of pharmacists. No formal ethical framework is explicitly employed to describe the responsibilities of pharmacists selling complementary medicines. To the degree any ethical framework is employed, a number of papers implicitly rely on principlism. The studies discussing the ethical perspectives of selling complementary medicines mainly describe the ethical conflict between a pharmacist's business and health professional role. No attempt is made to provide guidance on appropriate ways to resolve the conflict., Conclusion: There is a lack of explicit normative advice in the existing literature regarding the responsibilities of pharmacists selling complementary medicines. This review identifies the need to develop a detailed practice-specific ethical framework to guide pharmacists regarding their responsibilities when selling complementary medicines., (© 2018 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.)

Objectives: To estimate the incidence, duration and cost of futile treatment for end-of-life hospital admissions., Design: Retrospective multicentre cohort study involving a clinical audit of hospital admissions., Setting: Three Australian public-sector tertiary hospitals., Participants: Adult patients who died while admitted to one of the study hospitals over a 6-month period in 2012., Main Outcome Measures: Incidences of futile treatment among end-of-life admissions; length of stay in both ward and intensive care settings for the duration that patients received futile treatments; health system costs associated with futile treatments; monetary valuation of bed days associated with futile treatment., Results: The incidence rate of futile treatment in end-of-life admissions was 12.1% across the three study hospitals (range 6.0%-19.6%). For admissions involving futile treatment, the mean length of stay following the onset of futile treatment was 15 days, with 5.25 of these days in the intensive care unit. The cost associated with futile bed days was estimated to be $AA12.4 million for the three study hospitals using health system costs, and $A988 000 when using a decision maker's willingness to pay for bed days. This was extrapolated to an annual national health system cost of $A153.1 million and a decision maker's willingness to pay of $A12.3 million., Conclusions: The incidence rate and cost of futile treatment in end-of-life admissions varied between hospitals. The overall impact was substantial in terms of both the bed days and cost incurred. An increased awareness of these economic costs may generate support for interventions designed to reduce futile treatments. We did not include emotional hardship or pain and suffering, which represent additional costs., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Background: Non-communicable chronic diseases in Australia contribute to approximately 85% of the total burden of disease; this proportion is greater for Aboriginal communities. The Get Healthy Service (GHS) is effective at reducing lifestyle-based chronic disease risk factors among adults and was enhanced to facilitate accessibility and ensure Aboriginal cultural appropriateness. The purpose of this study is to detail how formative research with Aboriginal communities was applied to guide the development and refinement of the GHS and referral pathways; and to assess the reach and impact of the GHS (and the Aboriginal specific program) on the lifestyle risk factors of Aboriginal participants., Methods: Formative research included interviews with Aboriginal participants, leaders and community members, healthcare professionals and service providers to examine acceptability of the GHS; and contributed to the redesign of the GHS Aboriginal program. A quantitative analysis employing a pre-post evaluation design examined anthropometric measures, physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption of Aboriginal participants using descriptive and chi square analyses, t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests., Results: Whilst feedback from the formative research was positive, Aboriginal people identified areas for service enhancement, including improving program content, delivery and service promotion as well as ensuring culturally appropriate referral pathways. Once these changes were implemented, the proportion of Aboriginal participants increased significantly (3.2 to 6.4%). There were significant improvements across a number of risk factors assessed after six months (average weight loss: 3.3 kg and waist circumference reduction: 6.2 cm) for Aboriginal participants completing the program., Conclusions: Working in partnership with Aboriginal people, Elders, communities and peak bodies to enhance the GHS for Aboriginal people resulted in an enhanced culturally acceptable and tailored program which significantly reduced chronic disease risk factors for Aboriginal participants. Mainstream telephone based services can be modified and enhanced to meet the needs of Aboriginal communities through a process of consultation, community engagement, partnership and governance.

The aim of the present paper was to explore how social networks enable dissemination of health information within two Aboriginal communities in New South Wales. The study design was modelled on a social network analysis socio-centric model. Data collection was conducted primarily by Aboriginal community members who were trained as community researchers. Participants reported on their patterns of interaction and who they provided or received health information from, and awareness of the Aboriginal Enhancement of the Get Healthy Information and Coaching Service. In total, 122 participants across two sites participated in the study. Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs) and Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) were cited as the main provider of health information in both sites. Between-ness, degree and closeness centrality showed that certain community members, ACCHS and ACCHO within the two communities in the present study were considerable enablers [actors] in enhancing the reach and flow of health information to their respective Aboriginal community. There is potential for future health-promotion activities to be increasingly targeted and effective in terms of reach and influence, if guided by local Aboriginal organisations and by key Aboriginal community members within and across family networks and communities.

This paper introduces the concept of compassion literacy and discusses its place in nursing within the general practice setting. Compassion literacy is a valuable competency for sustaining the delivery of high quality care. Being compassion literate enables practice nurses to provide compassionate care to their patients and to recognise factors that may constrain this. A compassion literate practice nurse may be more protected from compassion fatigue and its negative consequences. Understanding how to enable self-compassion and how to support the delivery of compassionate care within the primary care team can enhance the care experienced by the patient while improving the positive engagement and satisfaction of the health professionals. The capacity to deliver compassionate care can be depleted by the day-to-day demands of the clinical setting. Compassion literacy enables the replenishing of compassion, but the development of compassion literacy can be curtailed by personal and workplace barriers. This paper articulates why compassion literacy should be an integral aspect of practice nursing and considers strategies for enabling compassion literacy to develop and thrive within the workplace environment. Compassion literacy is also a valuable opportunity for practice nurses to demonstrate their key role within the multidisciplinary team of general practice, directly enhancing the quality of the care delivered.

Background: Compassion is core to nursing practice. Nurses' expression of compassion is a complex interaction informed by the nurse, the patient and the practice environment., Aim: The aim of this study was to identify personal, professional and organizational factors, intensive care nurses, in a major metropolitan facility in Australia, identified as enabling or disabling them to be compassionate., Design: Intensive care nurses (n = 171) reflected on their experiences during 'compassion cafés' conducted in 2015., Method: Qualitative, reflexive methods were used to explore ICU nurses' perceptions of enablers and barriers. Nurses documented their perceptions, which were thematically analysed. Meanings were subsequently verified with participants., Results: The findings identified multiple factors both inside and outside the workplace that constrained or enabled nurses' ability to be compassionate. Two main factors inside the workplace were culture of the team, in particular, support from colleagues and congruency in work practices and decision-making, and connections with patients and families. Outside the workplace, nurses were influenced by their values about care and lifestyle factors such as family demands., Conclusions: Nurses capacity to be compassionate is a complex interplay between nursing knowledge and expectations, organizational structures and lifestyle factors., Implications: The responsibility for 'compassionate' care is a shared one. Nurses need to be cognizant of factors that are enabling or inhibiting their ability to be compassionate. Healthcare leaders have a responsibility to provide structural support (staffing, education and space) that assist nurses to deliver compassionate care and where appropriate cater for nurses needs so that they are better able to be compassionate., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: Futile treatment, which by definition cannot benefit a patient, is undesirable. This research investigated why doctors believe that treatment that they consider to be futile is sometimes provided at the end of a patient's life., Design: Semistructured in-depth interviews., Setting: Three large tertiary public hospitals in Brisbane, Australia., Participants: 96 doctors from emergency, intensive care, palliative care, oncology, renal medicine, internal medicine, respiratory medicine, surgery, cardiology, geriatric medicine and medical administration departments. Participants were recruited using purposive maximum variation sampling., Results: Doctors attributed the provision of futile treatment to a wide range of inter-related factors. One was the characteristics of treating doctors, including their orientation towards curative treatment, discomfort or inexperience with death and dying, concerns about legal risk and poor communication skills. Second, the attributes of the patient and family, including their requests or demands for further treatment, prognostic uncertainty and lack of information about patient wishes. Third, there were hospital factors including a high degree of specialisation, the availability of routine tests and interventions, and organisational barriers to diverting a patient from a curative to a palliative pathway. Doctors nominated family or patient request and doctors being locked into a curative role as the main reasons for futile care., Conclusions: Doctors believe that a range of factors contribute to the provision of futile treatment. A combination of strategies is necessary to reduce futile treatment, including better training for doctors who treat patients at the end of life, educating the community about the limits of medicine and the need to plan for death and dying, and structural reform at the hospital level., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/)

Objective: To investigate how doctors define and use the terms "futility" and "futile treatment" in end-of-life care., Design, Setting, Participants: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 96 doctors from a range of specialties which treat adults at the end of life. Doctors were recruited from three large Brisbane teaching hospitals and were interviewed between May and July 2013., Results: Doctors' conceptions of futility focused on the quality and prospect of patient benefit. Aspects of benefit included physiological effect, weighing benefits and burdens, and quantity and quality of life. Quality and length of life were linked, but many doctors discussed instances in which benefit was determined by quality of life alone. Most described assessing the prospects of achieving patient benefit as a subjective exercise. Despite a broad conceptual consensus about what futility means, doctors noted variability in how the concept was applied in clinical decision making. More than half the doctors also identified treatment that is futile but nevertheless justified, such as short term treatment that supports the family of a dying person., Conclusions: There is an overwhelming preference for a qualitative approach to assessing futility, which inevitably involves variability in clinical decision making. Patient benefit is at the heart of doctors' definitions of futility. Determining patient benefit requires discussing with patients and their families their values and goals as well as the burdens and benefits of further treatment.

Compassionate care and compassion fatigue affects managers, clinicians, and patients and is gaining international recognition. Using the café methodology as a structure and nurse educators as participants, a compassion dialectic between the psychological intent of the nurse to be compassionate and a system designed on maximizing throughput, with the least inputs possible is identified. Our findings indicate that the café in itself is not sufficient to enable experienced educators to take responsibility for compassionate care, but the café methodology opens the space for the important steps of naming the problem, recognizing its dialectical nature, deflecting blame for compassion fatigue away from individuals, and balancing the responsibility for compassion across the spectrum of elements that enable care to take place., (Copyright 2015, SLACK Incorporated.)

This article presents a method of reconnecting and reaffirming with nurses the importance of compassion in health care by using a clinical compassion cafe, which describes nine steps that provide a forum to reaffirm clinicians' core values. This process has the potential to engage clinical staff in a different modality removed from the usual didactic approaches., (Copyright 2014, SLACK Incorporated.)

Background: Patients who develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPCa) typically continue on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Whether these patients need to remain on ADT has not been well studied. We conducted a multicenter randomized trial to compare an intermittent versus continuous approach to ADT in CRPCa patients. Overall survival, health-related quality of life (QOL), and cost were the main endpoints., Methods: CRPCa patients were randomized 2:1 to intermittent or continuous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists (LHRHa). Patients were followed with clinical assessments, laboratory investigations, and QOL questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30 or PROSQOLI) every 2 months. If the serum testosterone rose above castrate levels (1.75 nmol/L), LHRHa were reinitiated. The study was designed to close if >50% of patients needed to restart ADT in the intermittent arm., Results: Thirty-one patients were followed with a median follow-up of 26.8 months-18 in the intermittent arm and 13 in the continuous. Twelve of 18 patients on the intermittent arm were reinitiated on LHRHa at a median time of 17.9 months. There was no difference in overall or cancer-specific survival between the 2 arms. There was no statistically significant difference in QOL between the 2 arms at 0 and 12 months. The total mean costs at 24 months were significantly lower in the intermittent arm ($3135 vs. $8253 Canadian dollars, P=0.0167) compared with the continuous. The main limitation of this study is the small sample size., Conclusions: We have observed that intermittent ADT in patients with CRPCa, using a testosterone of >1.75 ngmol/L as a trigger to reinitiate LHRHa, results in a substantial cost savings with no negative impact on oncologic and QOL outcomes.

Findings from a Queensland coronial inquest highlight the complex clinical, ethical and legal issues that arise in end-of-life care when clinicians and family members disagree about a diagnosis of clinical futility. The tension between the law and best medical practice is highlighted in this case, as doctors are compelled to seek family consent to not commence a futile intervention. Good communication between doctors and families, as well as community and professional education, is essential to resolve tensions that can arise when there is disagreement about treatment at the end of life.

Debate around medical futility has produced a vast literature that continues to grow. Largely absent from the broader literature is the role of emergency medicine in either starting measures that prove to be futile, withholding treatment or starting the end of life communication process with patients and families. In this discussion we review the status of the futility debate in general, identify some of the perceived barriers in managing futile care in the ED including the ethical and legal issues, and establish the contribution of emergency medicine in this important debate. We conclude that emergency physicians have the clinical ability and the legal and moral standing to resist providing futile treatment. In these situations they can take a different path that focuses on comfort care thereby initiating the process of the much sought after 'good death'., (© 2011 The Authors. EMA © 2011 Australasian College for Emergency Medicine and Australasian Society for Emergency Medicine.)

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are often used in bioremediation of acid mine drainage because microbial sulfate reduction increases pH and produces sulfide that binds with metals. Mercury methylation has also been linked with sulfate reduction. Previous geochemical analysis indicated the occurrence of sulfate reduction in mine tailings, but no molecular characterization of the mine tailings-associated microbial community has determined which SRB are present. This study characterizes the bacterial communities of two geochemically contrasting, high-methylmercury mine tailing environments, with emphasis on SRB, by analyzing small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes present in the tailings sediments and in enrichment cultures inoculated with tailings. Novel Deltaproteobacteria and Firmicutes-related sequences were detected in both the pH-neutral gold mine tailings and the acidic high-sulfide base-metal tailings. At the subphylum level, the SRB communities differed between sites, suggesting that the community structure was dependent on local geochemistry. Clones obtained from the gold tailings and enrichment cultures were more similar to previously cultured isolates whereas clones from acidic tailings were more closely related to uncultured lineages identified from other acidic sediments worldwide. This study provides new insights into the novelty and diversity of bacteria colonizing mine tailings, and identifies specific organisms that warrant further investigation with regard to their roles in mercury methylation and sulfur cycling in these environments.

The relationship of nursing education and research with the development of quality patient outcomes is clearly acknowledged in contemporary health care. While education and research positions within nursing structures aim to facilitate the dissemination and integration of knowledge into clinical interventions, there are still many limitations with the translation of knowledge into care work and also, useful projects to inform clinical practice. By providing multifaceted initiatives that target the individual and the organisation a central Nursing Practice Development Unit can be a strategic resource to improve clinical outcomes. A modus operandi that moves away from classroom based education of clinical knowledge and research methods, to the establishment of cross organisational structures and processes that facilitate their integration is powerful in effecting clinical practice that makes a difference. This contrasts with education and research activities targeted at individuals that fall short of their anticipated outcomes because of external influence.

Increased technological and pharmacological interventions in patient care when patient outcomes are uncertain have been linked to the escalation in moral and ethical dilemmas experienced by health care providers in acute care settings. Health care research has shown that facilities that are able to attract and retain nursing staff in a competitive environment and provide high quality care have the capacity for nurses to process and resolve moral and ethical dilemmas. This article reports on the findings of a systematic review of the empirical literature (1980 - February 2007) on the effects of unresolved moral distress and poor ethical climate on nurse turnover. Articles were sought to answer the review question: Does unresolved moral distress and a poor organizational ethical climate increase nurse turnover? Nine articles met the criteria of the review process. Although the prevailing sentiment was that poor ethical climate and moral distress caused staff turnover, definitive answers to the review question remain elusive because there are limited data that confidently support this statement.

Background: Leadership strategies are important in facilitating the nursing profession to reach their optimum standards in the practice environment., Aim: To compare and contrast the central tenets of contemporary quality initiatives that are commensurate with enabling the environment so that best practice can occur., Key Issues: Democratic leadership, accessible and relevant education and professional development, the incorporation of evidence into practice and the ability of facilities to be responsive to change are core considerations for the successful maintenance of practice standards that are consistent with best nursing practice., Conclusion: While different concerns of management drive the adoption of contemporary approaches, there are many similarities in the how these approaches are translated into action in the clinical setting., Implications for Nursing Management: Managers should focus on core principles of professional nursing that add value to practice rather than business processes.

Historically, nursing research undertaken in the clinical setting has been problematic. Problems included small samples, weak methodology, poorly designed tools, limited analyses, and little dissemination. These issues have made it difficult to apply some of the research within an evidence-based framework. A visiting scholar program was developed to link experienced researchers with clinicians for them to undertake more rigorous nursing research in the clinical setting. An example of the application of the visiting scholar program within an emergency department setting illustrates positive research outcomes for both clinical staff and academic scholars.

In practice disciplines, such as nursing, learning can be maximised through experience located in the clinical setting. However, placement in the clinical setting does not automatically mean that the learner's professional practice will improve. Experiences in 'real-life' settings need to be effectively facilitated to obtain the desired outcomes. This paper through the discussion of 'Partner, Learn, Progress' details a conceptual model for promoting learning in the clinical context. 'Partner' refers to the positive association between the learner and the experienced clinician that engenders trust. It occurs on a personal level in the context of a broader social and political environment. 'Learn' refers to the process whereby the experienced clinician is able to assist the learner make sense of theoretical knowledge or knowledge that has previously been 'distal' to their practice to be integrated into their immediate practice. The clinician requires to be cognisant of the learner's existing knowledge level so that the activities and accompanying discussion assist in making connections between theory and practice. Learning incorporates mutual collaboration whereby the learner is able to practise the application of knowledge in a safe context and make their own connections. The further exploration of meanings through experiences, feelings, attitudes leads the learner to 'progress': the development of knowledge. Such a conceptual model provides a framework for educators and supervisors of clinical learning to educate and learn from the next generation of nurses that will lead the nursing profession into the future.