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The presence of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference poses a significant risk to both GNSS and the infrastructures that depend on them. This article describes how an existing GNSS infrastructure, the Swedish Continuously Operating Reference Stations network SWEPOS with more than 500 stations, can be leveraged to control the quality of GNSS signals and to be able to detect interferences in GNSS and adjacent frequency bands. This study introduces a SWEPOS-based automatic system that effectively detects GNSS interference by examining the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Global Positioning System, Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, Galileo, and BeiDou frequency bands. By comparing the SNR of tracked satellites against historical data, the system detects radio frequency interference (RFI) by statistically characterizing the SNR of simultaneously tracked satellites. Furthermore, based on the SNR characteristics across satellites, the system distinguishes between RFI and non-RFI sources. The effectiveness of the detection system is demonstrated through both simulated signal interference waves and real-world interference events.

Abstract Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions are the key to improving polygenic risk scores. Previous studies reported several significant SNP–SNP interaction pairs that shared a common SNP to form a cluster, but some identified pairs might be false positives. This study aims to identify factors associated with the cluster effect of false positivity and develop strategies to enhance the accuracy of SNP–SNP interactions. The results showed the cluster effect is a major cause of false-positive findings of SNP–SNP interactions. This cluster effect is due to high correlations between a causal pair and null pairs in a cluster. The clusters with a hub SNP with a significant main effect and a large minor allele frequency (MAF) tended to have a higher false-positive rate. In addition, peripheral null SNPs in a cluster with a small MAF tended to enhance false positivity. We also demonstrated that using the modified significance criterion based on the 3 p-value rules and the bootstrap approach (3pRule + bootstrap) can reduce false positivity and maintain high true positivity. In addition, our results also showed that a pair without a significant main effect tends to have weak or no interaction. This study identified the cluster effect and suggested using the 3pRule + bootstrap approach to enhance SNP–SNP interaction detection accuracy.

The increased interest in printed electronics necessitates the development of suitable sustainable substrates for them. In this study, the suitability of acetylated cellulose nanofiber (ACNF) films as substrates for printed electronics were examined through (I) the ink-substrates interaction, (II) print quality, and (III) electrical and (IV) mechanical properties of the printed pattern on the ACNF substrates. The results have been compared with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and commercial reference material (CRM) substrates. The wetting of the silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink on the ACNF substrate was found out to be excellent. The thickness of the printed pattern increased and the hole area fraction decreased with each consecutive layer of ink. The comparative investigations demonstrated that the electrical properties of the printed patterns were almost as good for 4 layers of ink on the ACNF substrate (1.6 Ω resistance) as the ones on the CRM substrate (1.2 Ω resistance). Additionally, the printed pattern on the ACNF substrate endured the adhesion and bending tests significantly better compared to the CRM substrate. Therefore, this study demonstrates that ACNF substrates could be a suitable candidate for printed electronics, which are more sustainable yet with similar functionalities in comparison with the conventional fossil based substrates.

Abstract The association of hormonal contraception with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) observed in females suggests involvement of ovarian hormones, such as estradiol, and the estrogen receptors in the progression of intestinal inflammation. Here, we investigated the effects of prophylactic SERM2 and estradiol supplementation in dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis using mice with intact ovaries and ovariectomized (OVX) female mice. We found that graded colitis score was threefold reduced in the OVX mice, compared to mice with intact ovaries. Estradiol supplementation, however, aggravated the colitis in OVX mice, increasing the colitis score to a similar level than what was observed in the intact mice. Further, we observed that immune infiltration and gene expression of inflammatory interleukins Il1b, Il6, and Il17a were up to 200‐fold increased in estradiol supplemented OVX colitis mice, while a mild but consistent decrease was observed by SERM2 treatment in intact animals. Additionally, cyclo‐oxygenase 2 induction was increased in the colon of colitis mice, in correlation with increased serum estradiol levels. Measured antagonist properties of SERM2, together with the other results presented here, indicates an exaggerating role of ERα signaling in colitis. Our results contribute to the knowledge of ovarian hormone effects in colitis and encourage further research on the potential use of ER antagonists in the colon, in order to alleviate inflammation.

This article builds on a classroom study and interviews with facilitators and students on a travelling Folk High School course on global justice and development, an education that raises awareness about colonial history and contemporality. The study explores how the concept of being 'in and against' presents itself in the narratives of the research participants, and what those narratives can say about institutional and global conditions for transnational popular educational engagement. The results mirror the ambiguities of criticising the global, structural, and institutional conditions, while also relying on the same prerequisites, to conduct the course. It shows how working in and against the classroom, as expressed from the different perspectives of the students and the facilitators, entails countering both global and institutional material orders as well as prevailing hegemonic knowledge, and working in and against a gendered, classed, and racialized classroom.

Purpose: The purpose of this study consisted of an organisational development intervention in a growing small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) where the top management's objective was to become an attractive workplace for the next generation of employees. The central problem is how to develop a smart working environment (SWE) based on the needs of this target group. The aim is both practical and theoretical. Design/methodology/approach: The action research (AR) approach was used as a frame for the organisational learning process. The problem identification, targets and activities were developed in an iterative process together with the management team and employees. Starting from the main problem, a methodological plan was outlined for the intervention, including several instruments for collecting both qualitative and quantitative data. AR is an emergent process in which data, researchers and participants are equally contributing in deciding on the next steps to be taken. Findings: The theoretical findings pertain to the definition of what an SWE is in this specific context and how it evolved during the intervention period. It is identified as expansive learning of the concept, which is illustrated through the iterative phases allowing for the expansion of understanding and implementing new ways of being, doing and relating in the organisation. Research limitations/implications: The results are based on a limited and contextually specific sample and are thus descriptive in relation to the organisation subjected to study. Further research is needed to see how the findings are transferable to other contexts. Practical implications: This study highlights how participative approaches and managerial sensitivity to employees' needs are valuable for defining and implementing an SWE and how this approach can improve organisational dynamics and contribute to organisational learning. Originality/value: The study gives insight into factors that the new generation of employees finds most important at work. While prior research on SWE mostly focuses on efficiency and effectiveness framed by digitalisation and workspace, the present findings emphasise the importance of working with the socioemotional dimension at work for ensuring employee sustainability.

Background: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is believed to be relatively constant within an upper and lower blood pressure limit. Different methods are available to monitor CBF autoregulation during surgery. This study aims to critically analyze the application of the cerebral oxygenation index (COx), one of the commonly used techniques, using a reference to data from a series of clinical registrations. Method: CBF was monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy, while cerebral blood pressure was estimated by recordings obtained from either the radial or femoral artery in 10 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. The association between CBF and blood pressure was calculated as a moving continuous correlation coefficient. A COx index > 0.4 was regarded as a sign of abnormal cerebral autoregulation (CA). Recordings were examined to discuss reliability measures and clinical feasibility of the measurements, followed by interpretation of individual results, identification of possible pitfalls, and suggestions of alternative methods. Results and Conclusion: Monitoring of CA during cardiopulmonary bypass is intriguing and complex. A series of challenges and limitations should be considered before introducing this method into clinical practice.

Purpose: Learning new vocabulary has been identified as a challenge for students with (developmental) language disorder ((D)LD). In this study, we evaluate the effects of two active learning methods, (a) retrieval practice (RP) and (b) rich vocabulary instruction (RVI), in a group of students with (D)LD in secondary school. Method: A quasi-experimental counterbalanced within-subject design was used to compare and evaluate the effect of RP and RVI on learning Tier 2 vocabulary, with target and control words as dependent measures. Eleven students with (D) LD (M[subscript age] = 14.9 years) attending a language unit participated. RP and RVI were implemented in regular classroom activities during 16 lessons (eight lessons/instructional condition). Learning was assessed by comparing performance on a pretest session 1-2 weeks prior, with posttest performance 1 week after each instructional condition. Results: The learning gain for RP was superior to that for RVI, both with respect to the Bayesian probabilistic estimations for target words relative to control words and in direct comparison with RVI. Only weak evidence was found for RVI with respect to the Bayesian probabilistic estimations for target words relative to control words. Conclusions: All participants showed positive learning gains following RP, whereas the outcome for RVI was more diverse. This initial work suggests that RP promotes larger learning gains relative to RVI and promotes learning across language profiles. This study extends previous studies by exploring the implementation of RP in regular classroom activities and by using more complex to-be-learned material (Tier 2 words).

Abstract Background Polycystin-2 (PC2), encoded by the gene that is mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), functions as a calcium (Ca2+) permeable ion channel. Considerable controversy remains regarding the subcellular localization and signaling function of PC2 in kidney cells. Methods We investigated the subcellular PC2 localization by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy in primary cultures of human and rat proximal tubule cells after stimulating cytosolic Ca2+ signaling. Plasma membrane (PM) Ca2+ permeability was evaluated by Fura-2 manganese quenching using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. Results We demonstrated that PC2 exhibits a dynamic subcellular localization pattern. In unstimulated human or rat proximal tubule cells, PC2 exhibited a cytosolic/reticular distribution. Treatments with agents that in various ways affect the Ca2+ signaling machinery, those being ATP, bradykinin, ionomycin, CPA or thapsigargin, resulted in increased PC2 immunostaining in the PM. Exposing cells to the steroid hormone ouabain, known to trigger Ca2+ oscillations in kidney cells, caused increased PC2 in the PM and increased PM Ca2+ permeability. Intracellular Ca2+ buffering with BAPTA, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) inhibition with 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) or Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent kinase inhibition with KN-93 completely abolished ouabain-stimulated PC2 translocation to the PM. Conclusions These novel findings demonstrate intracellular Ca2+-dependent PC2 trafficking in human and rat kidney cells, which may provide new insight into cyst formations in ADPKD.

Abstract Background Interleukin-18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine suspected to be associated with atherosclerosis and its complications. We had previously shown that one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the IL18 gene was associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) through an interaction with smoking. As a further step for elucidating the contribution of the IL-18 pathway to the etiology of CVD, we here investigated the association between the genetic variability of two IL-18 receptor genes, IL18R1 and IL18RAP, with the risk of developing CVD. Methods Eleven tagging SNPs, 5 in IL18R1 and 6 in IL18RAP, characterizing the haplotypic variability of the corresponding genes; were genotyped in 5 European prospective CVD cohorts including 1416 cases and 1772 non-cases, as part of the MORGAM project. Both single-locus and haplotypes analyses were carried out to investigate the association of these SNPs with CVD. Results We did not find any significant differences in allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies between cases and non-cases for either of the two genes. Moreover, the search for interactions between SNPs located in different genes, including 5 IL18 SNPs previously studied in the MORGAM project, and between SNPs and environmental factors remained unfruitful. Conclusion Our analysis suggests that the variability of IL18R1 and IL18RAP genes are unlikely to contribute to modulate the risk of CVD.

This paper analyses disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions in the speech of 11-13-year-old Finnish-speaking boys with ASD (N = 5) and with neurotypical development (N = 6). The ASD data were from authentic group therapy sessions and neurotypical data from teacher-led group discussions. The proportion of disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions was greater in the speech of participants with ASD (26.4%) than in the control group (15.5%). Furthermore, a qualitative difference was noted: The ASD group produced long, complex disfluent turns with word searches, self-repairs, false starts, fillers, prolongations, inconsistent syntactic structures and grammatical errors, whereas in the control group, the disfluencies were mainly fillers and sound prolongations. The disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions occurring in the ASD participants' interactions also caused comprehension problems.

The testing effect, defined as the positive effect of "retrieval practice" (i.e., self-testing) on long-term memory retention relative to other ways to support learning, is a robust empirical phenomenon. Despite substantial scientific evidence for the testing effect, less is known about its effectiveness in relation to individual differences in cognitive ability. In the present study, we examine whether the effect of retrieval practice is beneficial independent of cognitive ability using behavioral and brain imaging data. In a within-subject design, upper-secondary students learned Swahili-Swedish word pairs through retrieval practice and study. The testing effects were assessed at a direct test and for a subsample after 1- and 4-weeks retention intervals, respectively. Another subsample performed the 1-week retention test during functional MRI (fMRI). Memory retention was analyzed in relation to an educationally relevant composite score dividing participants into low, intermediate, and high cognitive-ability groups. We provide behavioral evidence that the testing effect is independent of cognitive ability. The fMRI findings confirmed a general effectiveness of retrieval practice by showing that brain regions associated with successful retrieval of conceptual representations and semantic processing were more strongly engaged after retrieval practice in all cognitive-ability groups. It is argued that the advantages of retrieval practice should be conveyed to all teachers and students.

Retrieval practice is a learning technique that is known to produce enhanced long-term memory retention when compared to several other techniques. This difference in learning outcome is commonly called "the testing effect". Yet there is little research on how individual differences in personality traits and working memory capacity moderate the size of the retrieval-practice benefits. The current study is a conceptual replication of a previous study, further investigating whether the testing effect is sensitive to individual differences in the personality traits Grit and Need for Cognition, and working memory capacity. Using a within-subjects design (N = 151), participants practiced 60 Swahili-Swedish word pairs (e.g., adhama-honor) through retrieval practice and re-studying. Learning was assessed at three time points: five minutes, one week, and four weeks after practice. The results revealed a significant testing effect at all three time points. Further, the results showed no association between the testing effect and the personality traits, or between the testing effect and working memory, at any time point. To conclude, retrieval practice seems to be a learning technique that is not moderated by individual differences in these specific personality traits or with working memory capacity, thus possibly beneficial for all students.

Although many studies have investigated teaching in one-to-one computing classrooms, not many have considered the material dimension as equally important to the human dimension. Thus, by using a sociomaterial perspective, we aim to broaden the discussion about emergent teaching practices in Nordic classrooms where students use tablets as personal devices. We therefore provide three vignettes from ethnographic classroom studies in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. These illustrate how tablets were used in specific classrooms. In our qualitative analysis of the vignettes, we draw on the concept of patterns of relations to describe the dynamic entanglements of the emergent teaching and learning practices. These are patterns of 1) interrogation, 2) spacemaking and 3) materialisation. Our findings show that tablets do not enter empty learning spaces but are woven into and participate in forming ways of teaching in one-to-one classrooms. Teachers must therefore learn to engage with and manage complex relationships rather than learn how to use an iPad.

Practitioners designing for mobile learning (mLearning) and scholars exploring the same are faced with the challenge of planning for and understanding a variety of ways and places of learning. This study focuses on one crucial distinction concerning this; that of formal and informal learning. Through the analysis of contemporary research literature, we found that informal learning is represented as more enriching than formal learning. We also identified that some representations of informal learning, such as subconscious and tacit, actually gainsay the idea of designing the learning process. Based on these results we propose a number of implications to enhance pedagogical sustainability in mLearning design. We argue that in order to fuse informal and formal learning, mLearning designers need to offer more clear definitions of the concepts "formal" and "informal"; they need to omit some design aspects to the learners themselves, or to offer a design in form of a learning path that students themselves can customise according to their learning habits, routines, and preferences.

Introduction: Digital biomarkers have significant potential to transform drug development, but only a few have contributed meaningfully to bring new treatments to market. There are uncertainties in how they will generate quantifiable benefits in clinical trial performance and ultimately to the chances of phase 3 success. Here we have proposed a statistical framework and ran a proof-of-concept model with hypothetical digital biomarkers and visualized them in a familiar manner to study power calculation. Methods: A Monte Carlo simulation for Parkinson’s disease (PD) was performed using the Captario SUM® platform and illustrative study technology impact calculations were generated. We took inspiration from the EMA-qualified wearable-derived digital endpoint stride velocity 95th centile (SV95C) for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and we imagined a similar measurement for PD would be available in the future. DaTscan enrichment and “SV95C-like” endpoint biomarkers were assumed on a hypothetical disease-modifying drug pivotal trial aiming for an 80% probability of achieving a study p value of less than 0.05. Results: Four scenarios with different combinations of technologies were illustrated. The model illustrated a way to quantify the magnitude of the contributions that enrichment and endpoint technologies could make to drug development studies. Discussion/Conclusion: Quantitative models could be valuable not only for the study sponsors but also as an interactive and collaborative engagement tool for technology players and multi-stakeholder consortia. Establishing values of digital biomarkers could also facilitate business cases and financial investments.