137 results on '"Whitehead, Todd"'
Search Results
2. Untargeted adductomics of newborn dried blood spots identifies modifications to human serum albumin associated with childhood leukemia
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Yano, Yukiko, Schiffman, Courtney, Grigoryan, Hasmik, Hayes, Josie, Edmands, William, Petrick, Lauren, Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, Dudoit, Sandrine, and Rappaport, Stephen
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- 2020
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3. Heritable variation at the chromosome 21 gene ERG is associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk in children with and without Down syndrome
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de Smith, Adam J., Walsh, Kyle M., Morimoto, Libby M., Francis, Stephen S., Hansen, Helen M., Jeon, Soyoung, Gonseth, Semira, Chen, Minhui, Sun, Hanxiao, Luna-Fineman, Sandra, Antillón, Federico, Girón, Verónica, Kang, Alice Y., Smirnov, Ivan, Shao, Xiaorong, Whitehead, Todd P., Barcellos, Lisa F., Jolly, Kent W., Healy, Jasmine, Laverdière, Caroline, Sinnett, Daniel, Taub, Jeffrey W., Birch, Jillian M., Thompson, Pamela D., Pombo-de-Oliveira, Maria S., Spector, Logan G., DeWan, Andrew T., Mueller, Beth A., Chiang, Charleston, Metayer, Catherine, Ma, Xiaomei, and Wiemels, Joseph L.
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- 2019
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4. Untargeted adductomics of Cys34 modifications to human serum albumin in newborn dried blood spots
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Yano, Yukiko, Grigoryan, Hasmik, Schiffman, Courtney, Edmands, William, Petrick, Lauren, Hall, Katie, Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, Dudoit, Sandrine, and Rappaport, Stephen
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- 2019
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5. Carpet-dust chemicals as measures of exposure: Implications of variability
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Whitehead, Todd P, Nuckols, John R, Ward, Mary H, and Rappaport, Stephen M
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Abstract Background There is increasing interest in using chemicals measured in carpet dust as indicators of chemical exposures. However, investigators have rarely sampled dust repeatedly from the same households and therefore little is known about the variability of chemical levels that exist within and between households in dust samples. Results We analyzed 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 6 polychlorinated biphenyls, and nicotine in 68 carpet-dust samples from 21 households in agricultural communities of Fresno County, California collected from 2003-2005. Chemical concentrations (ng per g dust) ranged from < 2-3,609 for 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, from < 1-150 for 6 polychlorinated biphenyls, and from < 20-7,776 for nicotine. We used random-effects models to estimate variance components for concentrations of each of these carpet-dust chemicals and calculated the variance ratio, λ, defined as the ratio of the within-household variance component to the between-household variance component. Subsequently, we used the variance ratios calculated from our data, to illustrate the potential effect of measurement error on the attenuation of odds ratios in hypothetical case-control studies. We found that the median value of the estimated variance ratios was 0.33 (range: 0.13-0.72). Correspondingly, in case-control studies of associations between these carpet-dust chemicals and disease, given the collection of only one measurement per household and a hypothetical odds ratio of 1.5, we expect that the observed odds ratios would range from 1.27 to 1.43. Moreover, for each of the chemicals analyzed, the collection of three repeated dust samples would limit the expected magnitude of odds ratio attenuation to less than 20%. Conclusions Our findings suggest that attenuation bias should be relatively modest when using these semi-volatile carpet-dust chemicals as exposure surrogates in epidemiologic studies.
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- 2012
6. Childhood Leukemia and Primary Prevention
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Whitehead, Todd P., Metayer, Catherine, Wiemels, Joseph L., Singer, Amanda W., and Miller, Mark D.
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- 2016
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7. Physical Therapy Students Knowledge And Attitudes of Nutrition: 3046 Board #92 May 31 3:30 PM - 5:00 PM
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Day, Jordan D., Jones, Eric, Joubert, Dustin, Drake, Sarah, and Whitehead, Todd
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- 2019
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8. Filtering procedures for untargeted LC-MS metabolomics data
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Schiffman, Courtney, Petrick, Lauren, Perttula, Kelsi, Yano, Yukiko, Carlsson, Henrik, Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, Hayes, Josie, Rappaport, Stephen, and Dudoit, Sandrine
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- 2019
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9. An untargeted metabolomics method for archived newborn dried blood spots in epidemiologic studies
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Petrick, Lauren, Edmands, William, Schiffman, Courtney, Grigoryan, Hasmik, Perttula, Kelsi, Yano, Yukiko, Dudoit, Sandrine, Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, and Rappaport, Stephen
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- 2017
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10. Levels of Nicotine in Dust From Homes of Smokeless Tobacco Users
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Whitehead, Todd P., Metayer, Catherine, Park, June-Soo, Does, Monique, Buffler, Patricia A., and Rappaport, Stephen M.
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- 2013
11. Morphology, spatial distribution, and concentration of flame retardants in consumer products and environmental dusts using scanning electron microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy
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Wagner, Jeff, Ghosal, Sutapa, Whitehead, Todd, and Metayer, Catherine
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- 2013
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12. Dust metal loadings and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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Whitehead, Todd P, Ward, Mary H, Colt, Joanne S, Dahl, Gary, Ducore, Jonathan, Reinier, Kyndaron, Gunier, Robert B, Katharine Hammond, S, Rappaport, Stephen M, and Metayer, Catherine
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- 2015
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13. Common genetic variants associated with telomere length confer risk for neuroblastoma and other childhood cancers
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Walsh, Kyle M., Whitehead, Todd P., de Smith, Adam J., Smirnov, Ivan V., Park, Minsun, Endicott, Alyson A., Francis, Stephen S., Codd, Veryan, Samani, Nilesh J., Metayer, Catherine, and Wiemels, Joseph L.
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- 2016
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14. Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in California womenʼs serum and residential dust
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Whitehead, Todd P., Crispo Smith, Sabrina, Park, June-Soo, Petreas, Myrto X., Rappaport, Stephen M., and Metayer, Catherine
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- 2015
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15. Temporal variability of pesticide concentrations in homes and implications for attenuation bias in epidemiologic studies
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Deziel, Nicole C., Ward, Mary H., Bell, Erin M., Whitehead, Todd P., Gunier, Robert B., Friesen, Melissa C., and Nuckols, John R.
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Pesticides -- Health aspects ,Dwellings -- Health aspects ,Housing -- Health aspects ,Environmental issues ,Health - Abstract
Residential exposure to pesticides has been linked to several adverse health outcomes, including adult cancers, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Colt et al. 2006; Ward et al. 2009) and prostate cancer [...]
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- 2013
16. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential dust: sources of variability
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Whitehead, Todd P., Metayer, Catherine, Petreas, Myrto, Does, Monique, Buffle, Patricia A., and Rappaport, Stephen M.
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Dwellings -- Environmental aspects -- Health aspects ,Housing -- Environmental aspects -- Health aspects ,Dust -- Health aspects -- Composition ,Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- Health aspects ,Environmental issues ,Health - Abstract
Semivolatile chemicals accumulate on dust particles, and dust that is trapped deep within a carpet can be a permanent reservoir for these chemicals (Roberts et al. 2009). Thus, polycyclic aromatic [...]
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- 2013
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17. Levels of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether brominated flame retardants in residential house dust samples and fire station dust samples in California
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Brown, Reber F., Whitehead, Todd P., Park, June-Soo, Metayer, Catherine, and Petreas, Myrto X.
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- 2014
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18. Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust
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Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, Buffler, Patricia, and Rappaport, Stephen M
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- 2011
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19. Determinants of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in house dust
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Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, Gunier, Robert B, Ward, Mary H, Nishioka, Marcia G, Buffler, Patricia, and Rappaport, Stephen M
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- 2011
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20. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Dust From Older Homes: Learning From Lead
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Whitehead, Todd P, Metayer, Catherine, Ward, Mary H, Colt, Joanne S, Gunier, Robert B, Deziel, Nicole C, Rappaport, Stephen M, and Buffler, Patricia A
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- 2014
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21. Estimating Environmental Exposures to Indoor Contaminants using Residential-Dust Samples
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Whitehead, Todd Patrick
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Environmental Health ,Public Health ,Epidemiology ,Dust ,Environmental exposure ,Nicotine ,Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ,Polychlorinated biphenyls ,Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Abstract
Using data from the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS) and the Fresno Exposure Study this dissertation shows that concentrations of chemical contaminants in residential-dust samples can be useful surrogates for indoor chemical exposures. This dissertation focuses on dust levels of four chemicals or classes which have been associated with childhood leukemia and/or developmental effects, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and nicotine (a surrogate for tobacco smoke). Chapter 1 assesses the state of the science of residential-dust measurements, reviews global patterns in residential-dust levels of these chemicals, identifies known determinants of these chemicals' concentrations in residential dust, and estimates relative contributions of residential dust to the overall chemical intake of these chemicals in humans. Chapter 2 describes the analytical methods developed to measure PBDEs, PCBs, and PAHs in residential-dust samples. Chapters 3-6 compare residential-dust concentrations of these chemicals measured in California homes to levels reported in other studies from around the world. Chapters 3-5 also identify questionnaire-based predictors of residential-dust concentrations of nicotine, PAHs, and PCBs (chemicals for which sufficient data were available for statistical analyses). Chapter 7 investigates the variability of residential-dust levels of these chemicals within and between California households. A major finding of this work is the demonstration that current levels of nicotine, PAHs and PCBs represent indoor contamination from the distant past (e.g., over a period of years). This knowledge can be extremely useful to investigators who seek to perform retrospective assessment of exposures in studies of human health effects. The concluding Chapter 8 discusses the benefits and limitations of using residential-dust samples to estimate exposures to chemical contaminants, and presents ideas for future research in this field.
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- 2011
22. Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust
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Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, Buffler, Patricia, and Rappaport, Stephen M.
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- 2013
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23. Is House-Dust Nicotine a Good Surrogate for Household Smoking?
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Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, Ward, Mary H., Nishioka, Marcia G., Gunier, Robert, Colt, Joanne S., Reynolds, Peggy, Selvin, Steve, Buffler, Patricia, and Rappaport, Stephen M.
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- 2009
24. Cytokine Levels at Birth in Children Who Developed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
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Whitehead, Todd P., Wiemels, Joseph L., Mi Zhou, Kang, Alice Y., McCoy, Lucie S., Rong Wang, Fitch, Briana, Petrick, Lauren M., Yukiko Yano, Imani, Partow, Rappaport, Stephen M., Dahl, Gary V., Kogan, Scott C., Xiaomei Ma, and Metayer, Catherine
- Abstract
Background: Prenatal immune development may play an important role in the etiology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods: Seven cytokines, IL1β, IL4, IL6, IL8, GM-CSF, TNFα, and VEGF, were analyzed in blood spots collected at birth from 1,020 ALL cases and 1,003 controls participating in the California Childhood Leukemia Study. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) associated with an interquartile range increment in cytokine levels were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for sociodemographic and birth characteristics. Results: We found that patients with ALL were born with higher levels of a group of correlated cytokines than controls [IL1β: OR of 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.35); IL8: 1.19 (1.03-1.38); TNFα: 1.15 (1.01-1.30); VEGF: 1.16 (1.01-1.33)], especially among children of Latina mothers (ORs from 1.31 to 1.40) and for ALL with high hyperdiploidy (ORs as high as 1.27). We found that neonatal cytokine levels were correlated with neonatal levels of endogenous metabolites which had been previously associated with ALL risk; however, there was no evidence that the cytokines were mediating the relationship between these metabolites and ALL risk. Conclusions: We posit that children born with altered cytokine levels are set on a trajectory towards an increased risk for subsequent aberrant immune reactions that can initiate ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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25. Epigenetic Biomarkers of Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Are Associated with Gene Deletions in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
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Keren Xu, Shaobo Li, Whitehead, Todd P., Pandey, Priyatama, Kang, Alice Y., Morimoto, Libby M., Kogan, Scott C., Metayer, Catherine, Wiemels, Joseph L., and de Smith, Adam J.
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Background: Parental smoking is implicated in the etiology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common childhood cancer. We recently reported an association between an epigenetic biomarker of early-life tobacco smoke exposure at the AHRR gene and increased frequency of somatic gene deletions among ALL cases. Methods: Here, we further assess this association using two epigenetic biomarkers for maternal smoking during pregnancy--DNA methylation at AHRR CpG cg05575921 and a recently established polyepigenetic smoking score--in an expanded set of 482 B-cell ALL (B-ALL) cases in the California Childhood Leukemia Study with available Illumina 450K or MethylationEPIC array data. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to test the associations between the epigenetic biomarkers and gene deletion numbers. Results: We found an association between DNA methylation at AHRR CpG cg05575921 and deletion number among 284 childhood B-ALL cases with MethylationEPIC array data, with a ratio of means (RM) of 1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.69] for each 0.1 ß value reduction in DNA methylation, an effect size similar to our previous report in an independent set of 198 B-ALL cases with 450K array data [meta-analysis summary RM (sRM) = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.10-1.57]. The polyepigenetic smoking score was positively associated with gene deletion frequency among all 482 B-ALL cases (sRM = 1.31 for each 4-unit increase in score; 95% CI, 1.09-1.57). Conclusions: We provide further evidence that prenatal tobacco-smoke exposure may influence the generation of somatic copy-number deletions in childhood B-ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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26. Residential levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California
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Ward, Mary H., Colt, Joanne S., Deziel, Nicole C., Whitehead, Todd P., Reynolds, Peggy, Gunier, Robert B., Nishioka, Marcia, Dahl, Gary V., Rappaport, Stephen M., Buffler, Patricia A., and Metayer, Catherine
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia -- Risk factors -- Environmental aspects ,Polybrominated biphenyls -- Environmental aspects -- Health aspects ,Environmental issues ,Health - Abstract
Background: House dust is a major source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are found at high levels in U.S. homes. Methods: We studied 167 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases 0-7 years of age and 214 birth certificate controls matched on date of birth, sex, and race/ethnicity from the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study. In 2001-2007, we sampled carpets in the room where the child spent the most time while awake; we used a high-volume small-surface sampler or we took dust from the home vacuum. We measured concentrations of 14 PBDE congeners including penta (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154), octa (183, 196, 197, 203), and decaBDEs (206-209). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for demographics, income, year of dust collection, and sampling method. Results: BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-209 were found at the highest concentrations (medians, 1,173, 1,579, and 938 ng/g, respectively). Comparing the highest to lowest quartile, we found no association with ALL for summed pentaBDEs (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.3), octaBDEs (OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.7, 2.3), or decaBDEs (OR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.8). Comparing homes in the highest concentration (nanograms per gram) tertile to those with no detections, we observed significantly increased ALL risk for BDE-196 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.8), BDE-203 (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.6), BDE-206 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.9), and BDE-207 (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.8). Conclusion: We found no association with ALL for common PBDEs, but we observed positive associations for specific octa and nonaBDEs. Additional studies with repeated sampling and biological measures would be informative. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307602, Introduction Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common form of childhood cancer, accounting for about 80% of childhood leukemia in most Western countries (Ross and Spector 2006). Incidence peaks [...]
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- 2014
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27. In utero and early-life exposure to thirdhand smoke causes profound changes to the immune system.
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Snijders, Antoine M., Mi Zhou, Whitehead, Todd P., Fitch, Briana, Pandey, Priyatama, Hechmer, Aaron, Huang, Abel, Schick, Suzaynn F., de Smith, Adam J., Olshen, Adam B., Metayer, Catherine, Jian-Hua Mao, Wiemels, Joseph L., and Kogan, Scott C.
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IMMUNE system ,LYMPHOBLASTIC leukemia ,SMOKE ,BONE marrow ,ACUTE leukemia ,RADIATION injuries - Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children. Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the residual tobacco contamination that remains after the smoke clears. We investigated the effects of THS exposure in utero and during early life in a transgenic Cdkn2a knockout mouse model that is vulnerable to the development of leukemia/lymphoma. Female mice, and their offspring, were exposed from the first day of pregnancy to weaning. Plasma cytokines, body weight and hematologic parameters were measured in the offspring. To investigate THS exposure effects on the development of leukemia/lymphoma, bone marrow (BM) was collected from control and THS-exposed mice and transplanted into BM-ablated recipient mice, which were followed for tumor development for 1 year. We found that in utero and early-life THS exposure caused significant changes in plasma cytokine concentrations and in immune cell populations; changes appeared more pronounced in male mice. Spleen (SP) and BM B-cell populations were significantly lower in THS-exposed mice. We furthermore observed that THS exposure increased the leukemia/lymphoma-free survival in BM transplantation recipient mice, potentially caused by THS-induced B-cell toxicity. A trend towards increased solid tumors in irradiated mice reconstituted with THS-exposed BM stimulates the hypothesis that the immunosuppressive effects of in utero and early-life THS exposure might contribute to carcinogenesis by lowering the host defense to other toxic exposures. Our study adds to expanding evidence that THS exposure alters the immune system and that in utero and early-life developmental periods represent vulnerable windows of susceptibility for these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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28. Home remodeling and risk of childhood leukemia
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Whitehead, Todd P., Adhatamsoontra, Praphopphat, Wang, Yang, Arcolin, Elisa, Sender, Leonard, Selvin, Steve, and Metayer, Catherine
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- 2017
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29. Erratum: Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust
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Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, Buffler, Patricia, and Rappaport, Stephen M
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- 2013
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30. Tobacco Alkaloids and Tobacco-specific Nitrosamines in Dust from Homes of Smokeless Tobacco Users, Active Smokers, and Non-tobacco Users: Byline: TSNAs in Dust from Homes of Smokeless Tobacco Users
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Whitehead, Todd P., Havel, Christopher, Metayer, Catherine, Benowitz, Neal L., and Jacob, Peyton
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Nitrosamines ,Tobacco, Smokeless ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Dust ,Article ,stomatognathic diseases ,Alkaloids ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,Tobacco ,Carcinogens ,Humans ,Tobacco Smoke Pollution ,Child ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products, such as moist snuff or chewing tobacco, contain many of the same carcinogens as tobacco smoke; however, the impact on children of indirect exposure to tobacco constituents via parental smokeless tobacco use is unknown. As part of the California Childhood Leukemia Study, dust samples were collected from 6 homes occupied by smokeless tobacco users, 6 homes occupied by active smokers, and 20 tobacco-free homes. To assess children's potential for exposure to tobacco constituents, vacuum-dust concentrations of five tobacco-specific nitrosamines, including N'-nitrosonornicotine [NNN] and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [NNK], as well as six tobacco alkaloids, including nicotine and myosmine, were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We used generalized estimating equations derived from a multivariable marginal model to compare levels of tobacco constituents between groups, after adjusting for a history of parental smoking, income, home construction date, and mother's age and race/ethnicity. The ratio of myosmine/nicotine was used as a novel indicator of the source of tobacco contamination, distinguishing between smokeless tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Median dust concentrations of NNN and NNK were significantly greater in homes with smokeless tobacco users compared to tobacco-free homes. In multivariable models, concentrations of NNN and NNK were 4.8- and 6.9-fold higher, respectively, in homes with smokeless tobacco users compared to tobacco-free homes. Median myosmine/nicotine ratios were lower in homes with smokeless tobacco users (1.8%) compared to homes of active smokers (7.7%), confirming that cigarette smoke was not the predominant source of tobacco constituents in homes with smokeless tobacco users. Children living with smokeless tobacco users may be exposed to carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines via contact with contaminated dust and household surfaces.
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- 2015
31. BMI1 enhancer polymorphism underlies chromosome 10p12.31 association with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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de Smith, Adam J., Walsh, Kyle M., Francis, Stephen S., Zhang, Chenan, Hansen, Helen M., Smirnov, Ivan, Morimoto, Libby, Whitehead, Todd P., Kang, Alice, Shao, Xiaorong, Barcellos, Lisa F., McKean‐Cowdin, Roberta, Zhang, Luoping, Fu, Cecilia, Wang, Rong, Yu, Herbert, Hoh, Josephine, Dewan, Andrew T., Metayer, Catherine, and Ma, Xiaomei
- Abstract
Genome‐wide association studies of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have identified regions of association at PIP4K2A and upstream of BMI1 at chromosome 10p12.31–12.2. The contribution of both loci to ALL risk and underlying functional variants remain to be elucidated. We carried out single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) imputation across chromosome 10p12.31–12.2 in Latino and non‐Latino white ALL cases and controls from two independent California childhood leukemia studies, and additional Genetic Epidemiology Research on Aging study controls. Ethnicity‐stratified association analyses were performed using logistic regression, with meta‐analysis including 3,133 cases (1,949 Latino, 1,184 non‐Latino white) and 12,135 controls (8,584 Latino, 3,551 non‐Latino white). SNP associations were identified at both BMI1 and PIP4K2A. After adjusting for the lead PIP4K2A SNP, genome‐wide significant associations remained at BMI1, and vice‐versa (pmeta < 10−10), supporting independent effects. Lead SNPs differed by ethnicity at both peaks. We sought functional variants in tight linkage disequilibrium with both the lead Latino SNP among Admixed Americans and lead non‐Latino white SNP among Europeans. This pinpointed rs11591377 (pmeta = 2.1 x 10−10) upstream of BMI1, residing within a hematopoietic stem cell enhancer of BMI1, and which showed significant preferential binding of the risk allele to MYBL2 (p = 1.73 x 10−5) and p300 (p = 1.55 x 10−3) transcription factors using binomial tests on ChIP‐Seq data from a SNP heterozygote. At PIP4K2A, we identified rs4748812 (pmeta = 1.3 x 10−15), which alters a RUNX1 binding motif and demonstrated chromosomal looping to the PIP4K2A promoter. Fine‐mapping chromosome 10p12 in a multi‐ethnic ALL GWAS confirmed independent associations and identified putative functional variants upstream of BMI1 and at PIP4K2A. What's new? Several genomic loci have been associated with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) but their mechanistic relevance remains unknown. Here the authors perform a first fine‐mapping analysis of a chromosome 10p12.31 region known to be associated with ALL. They confirm independent genome‐wide significant associations at nearby peaks upstream of the BMI1 polycomb ring finger oncogene and at phosphatidylinositol‐5‐phosphate 4‐kinase type 2 alpha (PIP4K2A). Using a multi‐ethnic linkage disequilibrium correlation approach, they define putative causal variants at both loci including in the enhancer region of BMI –a strategy, which could also be useful in causal variant discovery in other conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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32. Allergies and Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case-Control Study and Meta-analysis.
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Wallace, Amelia D., Francis, Stephen S., Xiomei Ma, McKean-Cowdin, Roberta, Selvin, Steve, Whitehead, Todd P., Barcellos, Lisa F., Kang, Alice Y., Morimoto, Libby, Moore, Theodore B., Wiemels, Joseph L., and Metayer, Catherine
- Abstract
Background: Allergic disease is suspected to play a role in the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Studies conducted over the last several decades have yielded mixed results. Methods: We examined the association between allergy, a common immune-mediated disorder, and ALL in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS), a case-control study of 977 children diagnosed with ALL and 1,037 matched controls (1995-2015). History of allergies in the first year of life was obtained from interviews, mainly reported by mothers. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), controlling for birth order, daycare attendance, and mode of delivery. In addition, we conducted meta-analyses with data from the CCLS and 12 published studies and employed a new method to estimate between-study heterogeneity (R&95;b). Results: Overall, no associations were observed between childhood ALL risk and specific allergy phenotypes or any allergy, as a group. However, having any allergy was associated with an increased risk of ALL among the youngest study participants. In the meta-analysis random-effects models, reduced odds of ALL were associated with hay fever (metaOR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90); however, restricting the analysis to studies that used medical records for assessment of allergy or recently published studies led to null or attenuated results. Conclusions: Overall, our findings do not support a clear association between allergy and childhood ALL. Impact: The degree to which epidemiologic studies can inform the relationship between allergies and risk of childhood ALL is limited by R_b. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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33. Organophosphate flame retardants in dust collected from United States fire stations.
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Shen, Beverly, Whitehead, Todd P., Gill, Ranjit, Dhaliwal, Joginder, Brown, F. Reber, Petreas, Myrto, Patton, Sharyle, and Hammond, S. Katharine
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FIREPROOFING agents , *FIRE stations , *POLYBROMINATED diphenyl ethers , *VACUUM cleaners , *FIRE fighters - Abstract
Firefighters are exposed to chemicals during fire events and we previously demonstrated that fire station dust has high levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In conducting the Fire Station Dust Study, we sought to further characterize the chemicals to which firefighters could be exposed – measuring the emerging class of phosphorous-containing flame retardants (PFRs) in fire stations, for the first time, as well as PBDEs. Dust samples from 26 fire stations in five states were collected from vacuum-cleaner bags and analyzed for PFRs and PBDEs. PFR concentrations were found to be on the same order of magnitude as PBDE concentrations (maximum PFR: 218,000 ng/g; maximum PBDE: 351,000 ng/g). Median concentrations of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) in dust from fire stations were higher than those previously reported in homes and other occupational settings around the world. Total PFR levels did not vary significantly among states. Levels of TDCIPP were higher in stations where vacuum cleaners were used to clean surfaces other than the floor. PBDE levels were comparable to those found in our previous study of 20 California fire stations and much higher than levels in California residences. PFR and PBDE levels in fire station dust are higher than in other occupational and residential settings, underscoring the need to identify and control sources of this contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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34. Thirdhand Smoke: New Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions.
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Jacob, Peyton, Benowitz, Neal L., Destaillats, Hugo, Gundel, Lara, Bo Hang, Martins-Green, Manuela, Matt, Georg E., Quintana, Penelope J. E., Samet, Jonathan M., Schick, Suzaynn F., Talbot, Prue, Aquilina, Noel J., Hovell, Melbourne F., Jian-Hua Mao, and Whitehead, Todd P.
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- 2017
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35. Childhood leukemia incidence in California: High and rising in the Hispanic population.
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Giddings, Brenda M., Whitehead, Todd P., Metayer, Catherine, and Miller, Mark D.
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LEUKEMIA in children , *ACUTE myeloid leukemia , *HEMATOLOGIC malignancies , *CARCINOGENS , *DISEASE incidence , *PUBLIC health , *STATISTICS on Hispanic Americans , *LYMPHOBLASTIC leukemia , *RESEARCH funding - Abstract
Background: High rates of childhood leukemia incidence have been reported in Latin America and among Hispanic children in the United States. California's large Hispanic population affords an important opportunity to perform a detailed analysis of the leukemia burden among Hispanic children.Methods: Leukemias diagnosed among non-Hispanic white (NHW), Hispanic, African American (AA), and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) children aged birth to 19 years between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2012 were obtained from the California Cancer Registry (11,084 cases). Age-adjusted incidence rates, standardized rate ratios (SRRs), and secular trends in incidence (annual percent change [APC]) were analyzed by subtype, race/ethnicity, sex, and age.Results: Compared with NHW children, the incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was higher among Hispanic (SRR, 1.32) and lower among AA (SRR, 0.55) and API (SRR, 0.91) children. From 1990 to 2012, the incidence of ALL increased overall (APC, 1.1%) and among males (APC, 1.0%), females (APC, 1.3%), Hispanics (APC, 1.1%), AAs (APC, 1.9%), AA males (APC, 2.8%), API males (APC, 1.9%), and Hispanic females (APC, 1.5%). The incidence of ALL increased among Hispanic males aged 15 to 19 years (APC, 2.5%) and Hispanic females aged birth to 4 years and 15 to 19 years (APCs of 2.2% and 1.9%, respectively). The incidence of acute myeloid leukemia did not appear to differ among racial/ethnic groups. From 1990 to 2012, the overall incidence of acute myeloid leukemia remained stable but increased among Hispanics (APC, 1.2%), females (APC, 1.0%), Hispanic females (APC, 2.3%), and Hispanic females aged 15 to 19 years (APC, 3.4%).Conclusions: Notable differences in the incidence of childhood leukemia were observed among 4 racial/ethnic groups in California. Factors that may contribute to these differences include differential exposure to carcinogens and/or genetic susceptibility. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2867-2875. © 2016 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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36. Temporal Trends of Insecticide Concentrations in Carpet Dust in California from 2001 to 2006.
- Author
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Gunier, Robert B., Nuckols, John R., Whitehead, Todd P., Colt, Joanne S., Deziel, Nicole C., Metayer, Catherine, Reynolds, Peggy, and Ward, Mary H.
- Published
- 2016
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37. High Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Vacuum Cleaner Dust from California Fire Stations.
- Author
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Beverly Shen, Whitehead, Todd P., McNeel, Sandra, Reber Brown, F., Dhaliwal, Joginder, Das, Rupali, Israel, Leslie, June-Soo Park, and Petreas, Myrto
- Subjects
- *
POLYBROMINATED diphenyl ethers , *VACUUM cleaners , *FIRE stations , *POLYCYCLIC aromatic hydrocarbons , *POLYCHLORINATED biphenyls - Abstract
Firefighters are exposed to chemicals during lire events and may also experience chemical exposure in their fire stations. Dust samples from used vacuum cleaner bags were collected from 20 fire stations in California and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Median dust concentrations were higher for PBDEs (e.g., 47 000 ng/g for BDE-209) than for PAHs (e.g., 220 ng/g for benzo[a]pyrene) or PCBs (e.g., 9.3 ng/g for PCB-180). BDE-209 concentrations in dust from California fire stations were among the highest of any previously documented homes or occupational settings in the world. We examined factors such as the frequency of emergency responses, the number of fire vehicles on site, and building age, but we could not account for the high levels of BDE-209 observed in fire station dust. Based on the findings of our pilot study, we hypothesize that possible sources of BDE-209 in fire stations include contaminated ash tracked back from fire events via boots, clothing, and other equipment as well as specialized equipment treated with BDE-209, including turnout gear and fire vehicles. We suggest possible followup studies to confirm these hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Residential Dust: Sources of Variability.
- Author
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Whitehead, Todd P., Reber Brown, F., Metayer, Catherine, June-Soo Park, Does, Monique, Dhaliwal, Joginder, Petreas, Myrto X., Buffler, Patricia A., and Rappaport, Stephen M.
- Subjects
- *
POLYCHLORINATED biphenyls , *VACUUM cleaners , *GAS chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) , *BIPHENYL compounds , *CHILDREN'S health - Abstract
We characterized the variability in concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) measured in residential dust. Vacuum cleaner samples were collected from 289 homes in the California Childhood Leukemia Study during two sampling rounds from 2001 to 2010 and 15 PCBs were measured by high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Median concentrations of the most abundant PCBs (i.e., PCBs 28, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, and 180) ranged from 1.0-5.8 ng per g of dust in the first sampling round and from 0.8-3.4 ng/g in the second sampling round. For each of these eight PCBs, we used a random-effects model to apportion total variation into regional variability (6-11%), intraregional between-home variability (27-56%), withinhome variability over time (18-52%), and within-sample variability (9-16%). In mixed-effects models, differences in PCB concentrations between homes were explained by home age, with older homes having higher PCB levels. Differences in PCB concentrations within homes were explained by decreasing time trends. Estimated half-lives ranged from 5-18 years, indicating that PCBs are removed very slowly from the indoor environment. Our findings suggest that it may be feasible to use residential dust for retrospective assessment of PCB exposures in studies of children's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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39. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residential dust: Sources of variability.
- Author
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Whitehead, Todd P., Brown, F. Reber, Metayer, Catherine, Park, June-Soo, Does, Monique, Petreas, Myrto X., Buffler, Patricia A., and Rappaport, Stephen M.
- Subjects
- *
POLYBROMINATED diphenyl ethers , *LEUKEMIA in children , *CHILDREN'S health , *GAS chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) , *VACUUM cleaners , *DUST , *ENVIRONMENTAL health , *ENVIRONMENTAL research - Abstract
Abstract: We characterized the sources of variability for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust and provided guidance for investigators who plan to use residential dust to assess exposure to PBDEs. We collected repeat dust samples from 292 households in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study during two sampling rounds (from 2001 to 2007 and during 2010) using household vacuum cleaners and measured 22 PBDEs using high resolution gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Median concentrations for individual PBDEs ranged from <0.1–2500ng per g of dust. For each of eight representative PBDEs, we used a random-effects model to apportion total variance into regional variability (0–11%), intra-regional between-household variability (17–50%), within-household variability over time (38–74%), and within-sample variability (0–23%) and we used a mixed-effects model to identify determinants of PBDE levels. Regional differences in PBDE dust levels were associated with residential characteristics that differed by region, including the presence of furniture with exposed or crumbling foam and the recent installation of carpets in the residence. Intra-regional differences between households were associated with neighborhood urban density, racial and ethnic characteristics, and to a lesser extent, income. For some PBDEs, a decreasing time trend explained a modest fraction of the within-household variability; however, most of the within-household variability was unaccounted for by our mixed-effects models. Our findings indicate that it may be feasible to use residential dust for retrospective assessment of PBDE exposures in studies of children's health (e.g., the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
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40. Bayesian Group Index Regression for Modeling Chemical Mixtures and Cancer Risk.
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Wheeler, David C., Rustom, Salem, Carli, Matthew, Whitehead, Todd P., Ward, Mary H., and Metayer, Catherine
- Published
- 2021
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41. Assessment of Grouped Weighted Quantile Sum Regression for Modeling Chemical Mixtures and Cancer Risk.
- Author
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Wheeler, David C., Rustom, Salem, Carli, Matthew, Whitehead, Todd P., Ward, Mary H., and Metayer, Catherine
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. P-197.
- Author
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Deziel, Nicole C., Ward, Mary H., Whitehead, Todd, Gunier, Robert B., Friesen, Melissa C., and Nuckols, John R.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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43. Proximity to endocrine-disrupting pesticides and risk of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) among adolescents: A population-based case-control study in California.
- Author
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Swartz, Scott J., Morimoto, Libby M., Whitehead, Todd P., DeRouen, Mindy C., Ma, Xiaomei, Wang, Rong, Wiemels, Joseph L., McGlynn, Katherine A., Gunier, Robert, and Metayer, Catherine
- Subjects
- *
GERM cell tumors , *TEENAGERS , *PESTICIDES , *CARBARYL , *ENDOCRINE disruptors , *ETHNICITY , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH methodology , *CASE-control method , *EVALUATION research , *COMPARATIVE studies , *TESTIS tumors - Abstract
Background: The incidence of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) is increasing steadily in the United States, particularly among Latinos. TGCT is thought to be initiated in utero and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, suspected contributors to TGCT pathogenesis, during this critical developmental period may contribute to the rise.Objectives: To assess the relationship between fetal exposure to agricultural endocrine-disrupting pesticides (EDPs) and TGCT risk among adolescents in a diverse population in California.Methods: We conducted a registry-based case-control study of TGCT. Cases, diagnosed between 1997 and 2011, were 15-19 years of age (n = 381). Controls were matched on birth year and race/ethnicity (n = 762). Quantities (kilograms) of 33 pesticides applied within 3 km and 1 km radii of each individual's address before birth were estimated using the Pesticide Use Reporting database. Odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and population attributable risk (PAR) were calculated for each EDP (using log-2 transformed values). Risk models considered race/ethnicity, birth year, and neighborhood socioeconomic status.Results: A doubling of nearby acephate applications (3 km and 1 km radii) and malathion applications (1 km radius) was associated with increased risks of TGCT among Latinos only (OR = 1.09; 95% CI:1.01-1.17; 1.30; 95% CI:1.08-1.57, and 1.19; 95% CI:1.01-1.39, respectively), whereas application of carbaryl within a 3 km radius increased TGCT risk in non-Latinos only (OR = 1.14, 95% CI:1.01-1.28). We estimate that acephate was associated with approximately 10% of the TGCT PAR, malathion with 3% and carbaryl with 1%.Conclusions: TGCT among adolescents in California was associated with prenatal residential proximity to acephate and malathion among Latinos, and with carbaryl among non-Latinos. These results suggest that the rise in TGCT risk among Latinos may be associated with exposure to these pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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44. Metabolomics of neonatal blood spots reveal distinct phenotypes of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and potential effects of early-life nutrition.
- Author
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Petrick, Lauren M., Schiffman, Courtney, Edmands, William M.B., Yano, Yukiko, Perttula, Kelsi, Whitehead, Todd, Metayer, Catherine, Wheelock, Craig E., Arora, Manish, Grigoryan, Hasmik, Carlsson, Henrik, Dudoit, Sandrine, and Rappaport, Stephen M.
- Subjects
- *
LYMPHOBLASTIC leukemia , *ACUTE leukemia , *LINOLENIC acids , *SMALL molecules , *METABOLOMICS - Abstract
Early-life exposures are believed to influence the incidence of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Archived neonatal blood spots (NBS), collected within the first days of life, offer a means to investigate small molecules that reflect early-life exposures. Using untargeted metabolomics, we compared abundances of small-molecule features in extracts of NBS punches from 332 children that later developed ALL and 324 healthy controls. Subjects were stratified by early (1-5 y) and late (6-14 y) diagnosis. Mutually-exclusive sets of metabolic features - representing putative lipids and fatty acids - were associated with ALL, including 9 and 19 metabolites in the early- and late-diagnosis groups, respectively. In the late-diagnosis group, a prominent cluster of features with apparent 18:2 fatty-acid chains suggested that newborn exposure to the essential nutrient, linoleic acid, increased ALL risk. Interestingly, abundances of these putative 18:2 lipids were greater in infants who were fed formula rather than breast milk (colostrum) and increased with the mother's pre-pregnancy body mass index. These results suggest possible etiologic roles of newborn nutrition in late-diagnosis ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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45. Residential exposure to carbamate, organophosphate, and pyrethroid insecticides in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
- Author
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Madrigal, Jessica M., Jones, Rena R., Gunier, Robert B., Whitehead, Todd P., Reynolds, Peggy, Metayer, Catherine, and Ward, Mary H.
- Subjects
- *
INSECTICIDES , *LYMPHOBLASTIC leukemia , *ACUTE leukemia , *PYRETHROIDS , *DUST , *CARBARYL , *PESTICIDES - Abstract
Self-reported residential use of pesticides has consistently been associated with increased risk of childhood leukemia. However, these studies were limited in their ability to identify specific insecticide active ingredients that were associated with risk. We used household carpet dust measurements of 20 insecticides (two carbamate, 10 organophosphate, two organochlorine, and six pyrethroid) as indicators of exposure and evaluated associations with the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We conducted a population-based case-control study of 252 ALL cases diagnosed from 1999 to 2007 and 306 birth certificate controls from 35 counties in Central and Northern California. Carpet dust was collected at a second interview (2001–2007) for cases who had not moved since diagnosis (comparable reference date for controls) using a specialized vacuum cleaner in the room where the child spent most of their time or from the household vacuum. Insecticides were categorized as detected (yes/no), or as tertiles or quartiles of their distributions among controls. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for demographic characteristics, interview year, and season of dust collection. Permethrin, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and carbaryl were the most frequently detected insecticide active ingredients. When we compared the highest quartile to the lowest or to non-detections, there was no association with ALL for permethrin (OR Q4 vs. Q1 = 0.81; 95% CI 0.50–1.31), carbaryl (OR Q4 vs. non-detects = 0.61, 95% CI 0.34–1.08) or chlorpyrifos (OR Q4 vs. Q1 = 0.60; 95% CI 0.36–1.00). The highest quartile of diazinon concentration was inversely associated with risk in the single pesticide model but without a monotonic exposure-response (p-trend = 0.14). After adjusting for other common insecticides, the OR was not significant (OR Q4 vs. Q1 = 0.58; 95% CI 0.33–1.05). None of the other insecticides were associated with risk. Our results should be interpreted within the limitations of the case-control study design including the use of a single post-diagnosis dust sample and restriction to residentially stable participants, which may have resulted in selection bias. Although difficult to implement, additional studies with assessment of exposure to insecticide active and non-active ingredients are necessary to elucidate the role of these common exposures in childhood leukemia risk. • Few studies of pesticides and childhood leukemia use objective exposure measures. • We measured carbamate, organophosphate, and pyrethroid insecticides in house dust. • Detection rates for specific active ingredients in homes ranged from 0.4% to 99.6%. • Dust concentrations were not associated with risk of childhood leukemia. • Evaluation of pre-diagnostic exposure levels during critical periods is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Epigenetic Biomarkers of Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Are Associated with Gene Deletions in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
- Author
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Xu K, Li S, Whitehead TP, Pandey P, Kang AY, Morimoto LM, Kogan SC, Metayer C, Wiemels JL, and de Smith AJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Child, Preschool, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors genetics, Epigenesis, Genetic, Gene Deletion, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma genetics, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Repressor Proteins genetics, Tobacco Smoke Pollution adverse effects
- Abstract
Background: Parental smoking is implicated in the etiology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common childhood cancer. We recently reported an association between an epigenetic biomarker of early-life tobacco smoke exposure at the AHRR gene and increased frequency of somatic gene deletions among ALL cases., Methods: Here, we further assess this association using two epigenetic biomarkers for maternal smoking during pregnancy-DNA methylation at AHRR CpG cg05575921 and a recently established polyepigenetic smoking score-in an expanded set of 482 B-cell ALL (B-ALL) cases in the California Childhood Leukemia Study with available Illumina 450K or MethylationEPIC array data. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to test the associations between the epigenetic biomarkers and gene deletion numbers., Results: We found an association between DNA methylation at AHRR CpG cg05575921 and deletion number among 284 childhood B-ALL cases with MethylationEPIC array data, with a ratio of means (RM) of 1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.69] for each 0.1 β value reduction in DNA methylation, an effect size similar to our previous report in an independent set of 198 B-ALL cases with 450K array data [meta-analysis summary RM (sRM) = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.10-1.57]. The polyepigenetic smoking score was positively associated with gene deletion frequency among all 482 B-ALL cases (sRM = 1.31 for each 4-unit increase in score; 95% CI, 1.09-1.57)., Conclusions: We provide further evidence that prenatal tobacco-smoke exposure may influence the generation of somatic copy-number deletions in childhood B-ALL., Impact: Analyses of deletion breakpoint sequences are required to further understand the mutagenic effects of tobacco smoke in childhood ALL., (©2021 American Association for Cancer Research.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. #Vape: Measuring E-Cigarette Influence on Instagram With Deep Learning and Text Analysis.
- Author
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Vassey J, Metayer C, Kennedy CJ, and Whitehead TP
- Abstract
E-cigarette use is increasing dramatically among adolescents as social media marketing portrays "vaping" products as healthier alternatives to conventional cigarettes. In September 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an anti-vaping campaign, in U.S. high schools, on social media and other platforms, emphasizing "The Real Cost" of e-cigarettes. Using a novel deep learning approach, we assessed changes in vaping-related content on Instagram from 2017 to 2019 and drew an inference about the initial impact of the FDA's Real Cost campaign on Instagram. We collected 245,894 Instagram posts that used vaping-related hashtags (e.g., #vape, #ejuice) in four samples from 2017 to 2019. We compared the "like" count from these posts before and after the FDA campaign. We used deep learning image classification to analyze 49,655 Instagram image posts, separating images of men, women, and vaping devices. We also conducted text analysis and topic modeling to detect the common words and themes in the posted captions. Since September 2018, the FDA-sponsored hashtag #TheRealCost has been used about 50 times per month on Instagram, whereas vaping-related hashtags we tracked were used up to 10,000 times more often. Comparing the pre-intervention (2017, 2018) and post-intervention (2019) samples of vaping-related Instagram posts, we found a three-fold increase in the median "like" count (10 vs. 28) and a 6-fold increase in the proportion of posts with more than 100 likes (2 vs. 15%). Over 70% of Instagram vaping images featured e-juices and devices, with a growing number of images depicting a "pod," the type of discrete vaping device that delivers high concentration of nicotine and is favored by novice e-cigarette users. In addition, the Instagram analytics data shared by the vaping influencers we interviewed showed underage Instagram users among their followers., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants in California Children's Whole Blood and Residential Dust.
- Author
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Whitehead TP, Crispo Smith S, Park JS, Petreas MX, Rappaport SM, and Metayer C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Breast Feeding, California, Child, Child, Preschool, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene blood, Female, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers blood, Housing, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated blood, Leukemia blood, Male, Odds Ratio, Pesticides blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls blood, Dust analysis, Organic Chemicals blood
- Abstract
We evaluated relationships between persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels in the blood of children with leukemia and POP levels in dust from their household vacuum cleaners. Blood and dust were collected from participants of the California Childhood Leukemia Study at various intervals from 1999 to 2007 and analyzed for two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), two polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and two organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Due to small blood sample volumes (100 μL), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and BDE-153 were the only analytes with detection frequencies above 70%. For each analyte, depending on its detection frequency, a multivariable linear or logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between POP levels in blood and dust, adjusting for child's age, ethnicity, and breastfeeding duration; mother's country of origin; household annual income; and blood sampling date. In linear regression, concentrations of BDE-153 in blood and dust were positively associated; whereas, DDE concentrations in blood were positively associated with breastfeeding, maternal birth outside the U.S., and Hispanic ethnicity, but not with corresponding dust-DDE concentrations. The probability of PCB-153 detection in a child's blood was marginally associated with dust-PCB-153 concentrations (p = 0.08) in logistic regression and significantly associated with breastfeeding. Our findings suggest that dust ingestion is a source of children's exposure to certain POPs.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Tobacco alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in dust from homes of smokeless tobacco users, active smokers, and nontobacco users.
- Author
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Whitehead TP, Havel C, Metayer C, Benowitz NL, and Jacob P 3rd
- Subjects
- Carcinogens analysis, Child, Chromatography, Liquid, Humans, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Nicotiana chemistry, Air Pollution, Indoor analysis, Alkaloids analysis, Dust analysis, Nitrosamines analysis, Tobacco Smoke Pollution analysis, Tobacco, Smokeless analysis
- Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products, such as moist snuff or chewing tobacco, contain many of the same carcinogens as tobacco smoke; however, the impact on children of indirect exposure to tobacco constituents via parental smokeless tobacco use is unknown. As part of the California Childhood Leukemia Study, dust samples were collected from 6 homes occupied by smokeless tobacco users, 6 homes occupied by active smokers, and 20 tobacco-free homes. To assess children's potential for exposure to tobacco constituents, vacuum-dust concentrations of five tobacco-specific nitrosamines, including N'-nitrosonornicotine [NNN] and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [NNK], as well as six tobacco alkaloids, including nicotine and myosmine, were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We used generalized estimating equations derived from a multivariable marginal model to compare levels of tobacco constituents between groups, after adjusting for a history of parental smoking, income, home construction date, and mother's age and race/ethnicity. The ratio of myosmine/nicotine was used as a novel indicator of the source of tobacco contamination, distinguishing between smokeless tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Median dust concentrations of NNN and NNK were significantly greater in homes with smokeless tobacco users compared to tobacco-free homes. In multivariable models, concentrations of NNN and NNK were 4.8- and 6.9-fold higher, respectively, in homes with smokeless tobacco users compared to tobacco-free homes. Median myosmine/nicotine ratios were lower in homes with smokeless tobacco users (1.8%) compared to homes of active smokers (7.7%), confirming that cigarette smoke was not the predominant source of tobacco constituents in homes with smokeless tobacco users. Children living with smokeless tobacco users may be exposed to carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines via contact with contaminated dust and household surfaces.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. High levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in vacuum cleaner dust from California fire stations.
- Author
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Shen B, Whitehead TP, McNeel S, Brown FR, Dhaliwal J, Das R, Israel L, Park JS, and Petreas M
- Subjects
- California, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Pilot Projects, Vacuum, Dust analysis, Firefighters, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers analysis
- Abstract
Firefighters are exposed to chemicals during fire events and may also experience chemical exposure in their fire stations. Dust samples from used vacuum cleaner bags were collected from 20 fire stations in California and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Median dust concentrations were higher for PBDEs (e.g., 47 000 ng/g for BDE-209) than for PAHs (e.g., 220 ng/g for benzo[a]pyrene) or PCBs (e.g., 9.3 ng/g for PCB-180). BDE-209 concentrations in dust from California fire stations were among the highest of any previously documented homes or occupational settings in the world. We examined factors such as the frequency of emergency responses, the number of fire vehicles on site, and building age, but we could not account for the high levels of BDE-209 observed in fire station dust. Based on the findings of our pilot study, we hypothesize that possible sources of BDE-209 in fire stations include contaminated ash tracked back from fire events via boots, clothing, and other equipment as well as specialized equipment treated with BDE-209, including turnout gear and fire vehicles. We suggest possible follow-up studies to confirm these hypotheses.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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