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2. An 'Oxfam of the mind'? : humanitarianism, overseas development and the BBC World Service, 1965-1999

Author

Westlake, Steve J., Potter, Simon, and Huxford, Grace

Abstract

From its creation as the Empire Service in 1932 until the present day, the BBC's overseas broadcasting arm has depicted itself as a fundamentally benevolent organisation, serving humanity as a whole by 'telling the truth'tohundreds of millions of listeners worldwide. As the empire ebbed away in the 1960s, the BBC was forced to adapt its approach to international broadcasting in recognition of Britain's diminished global status. This adaptation wasbroadly successful: by theend of the millennium, the rebranded 'World Service' had retained its international reputation as a trusted source of impartial news and vital information, while also adopting a new and prominent role within the global development sector, reflected by thelaunch of a World Service-branded international development NGO, the BBC World Service Trust (now BBC Media Action)in 1999.In the same year, UN Secretary-GeneralKofi Annancelebrated the organisation's impact as a global force for good, describing it as 'perhaps Britain's greatest gift to the world in the twentieth century'.This thesis critically evaluates this characterization of the World Service as a post-imperial 'gift to the world',focusing on its interactions with a range of governmental and non-governmental actors within the interconnected fields of humanitarian, human rights, and overseas developmentbetween the mid-1960s and the end of the 1990s. Throughclose analysis of recently declassified or previously unstudied official documents from the BBC and FCO archives, newly collected oral history testimony from former World Service staff, andWorld Service-related source material located drawn from the NGO sector, itdemonstrates how the World Service succeeded in sustaining itself through this period despite the numerous challenges to its existence and status. It argues that the World Servicecarefully but consistently deployedthe language of humanitarianism and human rights, alongsidenew forms of overseas development activity, tohelpit tonavigatethree closely related long-term challenges: the end of empire, the conduct and sudden conclusion of the Cold War, and the emergence ofnew, neoliberal modes of governance on both the national and international stage. In doing so, itnot only challengesand complicatesthe prevailing image of the BBC World Service as a benevolent 'gift to the world', but also situatesthe World Service as a unique and valuable vantage point from which we might better understandhow and why Britain projected itself as a force for good on the global stage in the latter third of the twentieth century.

Published
2023

4. The power of leading by example with high-impact low-carbon behaviour : emulation, trust, credibility, justice

Author

Westlake, Steve

Abstract

Leadership is said to be essential for addressing the climate crisis. Nations make claims of "leading by example" when they set climate targets and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But leading by example is rarely discussed or researched at an individual level, despite established knowledge about leader influence and the need for society-wide behaviour change. This thesis enters the gap. It presents mixed methods research exploring the effects of leaders who adopt visible high-impact low-carbon behaviour: flying less, eating less meat, improving home energy efficiency, living car-free, or choosing to have fewer children. The leaders in question are high-profile figures who advocate for climate action, specifically politicians, celebrities, and business leaders. Four focus groups reveal a complex process of meaning-making when the public observes low-carbon action from leaders. Interviews (n=19) with UK Members of Parliament (MPs) show their caution about acting as environmental role models. A representative survey experiment (n=1,267) finds significant effects of leading by example, with members of the public expressing more willingness to adopt high-impact low-carbon behaviour if they observe a leader doing so. And a survey of people who stopped flying for a year (n=344) reveals how the behaviour of leaders had influenced them. The evidence suggests leaders who lead by example enjoy much greater approval and are considered more credible leaders. They are perceived as more trustworthy, ethical, likeable; and as caring more about climate change, believing it's more serious, and being more knowledgeable about it. Leading by example is shown to be a collective act, not an individual one, because of its influence on peoples' attitudes and behaviours in relation to climate change. There are many layers of complexity. The conditions under which leading by example inspires others to act are contingent on the specifics of the situation and the relationship between leaders and the public. The exploratory investigations in this thesis lay the ground for a broad spectrum of further research on the nature of climate leadership and the power of walking the talk.

Published
2022

5. Reforming the UCAS Personal Statement: Making the Case for a Series of Short Questions. HEPI Debate Paper 31

Author

Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI) (United Kingdom), Fryer, Tom, Westlake, Steve, and Jones, Steven

Abstract

There are increasing calls for the UCAS personal statement to be reformed. These calls are based on the claim that the current personal statement gives unfair advantages to more privileged applicants within higher education admissions. While this topic has attracted political attention, there is much about the personal statement that remains unknown. Of the evidence that does exist, it suggests that applicants from under-represented backgrounds face larger challenges with their personal statements, and that this results in fewer offers from more selective higher education providers. However, there has been less attention on understanding applicants' perspectives and the specific challenges they face in writing their UCAS personal statement. This report offers two new pieces of evidence to address this gap: (1) By analysing 164 personal statement drafts from 83 applicants from under-represented backgrounds, this report outlines the challenges applicants face when writing a UCAS personal statement. Particular challenges were found on including an appropriate academic discussion, with 83 per cent of drafts failing to supply an evidence-based opinion about a topic in their subject area. Similarly, applicants struggled to organise their statement in an effective way, with 35 per cent of applicants struggling in at least one draft to write with cohesive paragraphs; and (2) Surveys and interviews with under-represented applicants. The applicants describe three main challenges in writing their statements: (a) the opening paragraph; (b) meeting the character limit; and (c) knowing what would impress the admissions tutors. Applicants tell of the large toll of the personal statement, with some spending 30 to 40 hours on it, which requires sacrifices in both their studies and their wider lives. Combining this new evidence and the existing literature, the report then assesses the case for reforming the UCAS personal statement by considering its compatibility with Universities UK and GuildHE's "Fair admissions code of practice." Four options for reform are considered, and it is argued that a series of short-response questions is most compatible with the "Fair admissions code of practice." To be compatible, these short-response questions should assess 'baseline' suitability for a course rather than being used to distinguish between applicants that demonstrate competencies above this. The report concludes with three example short-response questions, arguing that these have considerable potential to increase fairness in higher education admissions. [For the related policy note, see ED630778.]

Published
2022

8. Building the BBC-branded NGO: Overseas Development, the World Service, and the Marshall Plan of the Mind, c.1965–99.

Author

Westlake, Steve

Subjects
*PROPAGANDA, *MUNICIPAL services, *EMPLOYMENT in foreign countries, *NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations, *SPHERES, *BROADCASTERS
Abstract

Overseas broadcasting has been an integral part of the BBC's remit since the creation of its Empire Service in 1932. Throughout its history, the BBC has consistently argued that its services for overseas listeners should not be classified as a form of British propaganda, but instead understood as a fundamentally benevolent undertaking, providing objective, impartial, and trustworthy news and information to hundreds of millions of listeners worldwide. In the post-imperial era, the World Service increasingly depicted itself as not just a 'global public service broadcaster', but also as a kind of humanitarian endeavour, an 'Oxfam of the Mind' which made a significant contribution to Britain's wider efforts in the field of overseas development. This article critically evaluates this vision of the BBC World Service as a post-imperial 'gift to the world'. It outlines how, in the early 1990s, the World Service created the first BBC-branded overseas development NGO, the Marshall Plan of the Mind (MPM), which used both UK government and external philanthropic funding to help promote British commercial and diplomatic interests in post-communist Eastern Europe. MPM is then contextualized in relation to the World Service's longer (and largely overlooked) history of overseas development work and its relationship with the NGO sector, both before and after the end of the Cold War. By exploring how and why the World Service inserted itself into the NGO sphere, this work contributes to ongoing historical debates regarding the BBC's relationship with the state and the role(s) that global development NGOs have played in shaping Britain's post-imperial 'place in the world'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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9. Lord of the Ring.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE and HOPSON, RICHIE

Subjects
CHURCH buildings, BICYCLE trails, IRELAND description & travel
Abstract

The article offers information on travel guide related to cycling in the Ring of Kerry in Ireland including rocky landscape with sheep's, visiting the St Mary's Cathedral and narrow roads of hills.

Published
2016

10. The pain in Spain.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE and HOPSON, RICHIE

Subjects
SPAIN description & travel, BICYCLE trails, MOUNTAINEERING
Abstract

The article offers information on travel guide related to cycling in Spain including difficulties while going on slippery roads of Pola de Lena, stopping for coffee at the Mirador del Angliru, and problems while climbing the mountain tops and accommodation at the Santa Cristina.

Published
2016

11. Europe's Grand Canyon.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE and LUNDIN, PATRIK

Subjects
FRANCE description & travel, BUNGEE jumping, ROCK climbing
Abstract

The article offers travel tips for the Verdon Gorge, known as the Grand Canyon of Europe in province of France and includes information on cycling trips, bungee jumping, paddle boating and rock climbing.

Published
2016

12. Battleground of the Vuelta.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
CYCLING, MOUNTAINS
Abstract

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of going on a cycling trip to the Picos de Europa mountains, Spain.

Published
2016

13. HEART & SOUL.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
BICYCLE industry, TRANSPORTATION equipment industry, ARTISANS, WORKMANSHIP
Abstract

The article features DeAnima, a racing bicycle manufacturer based in Trento, Italy. Topics covered include profiles of the men behind DeAnima including Gianni Pegoretti, Antonio Attanasio and Matt Cazzaniga, the company's goal of preserving the Italian methods of bicycle production and production of handmade carbon fiber bicycles.

Published
2015

14. Playing the long game.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
BICYCLE racing, HOTELS
Abstract

In this article, the author shares his experience on a bicycle race across the Granfondo Fizik in Marostica, Italy and offers information on accommodation and dining at the Hotel Le Nove in Nove, Italy.

Published
2015

15. Lord of the Ring.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
TOURISM, BICYCLES, TRAVEL
Abstract

The article offers travel tips for the Ring of Kerry, Ireland to cyclists and includes recommendations for accommodation, cycling, and eating, and evaluates the Moda Stretto carbon bike from Moda.

Published
2015

16. The pain in Spain.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
CYCLING, BICYCLE racing, ROAD bicycles
Abstract

The article offers travel tips for Spain from cyclists perspective and offers information on the steep mountain road in Asturias, Spain. It offers brief information on the Cento 1 Air roadbike frameset from Wilier. It also presents statistics related to cycling which include highest gradient figure registered by Garmin, a GPS (global positioning system)-enabled bike computer, on the Angliru, Spain.

Published
2015

17. Out of the city.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
BICYCLE equipment
Abstract

The article offers travel tips for the Wicklow Mountains located south to Dublin, Ireland and offers recommendations for Irish road bike riding, accommodation, and flights availability; and offers brief information on the Thorpe Elite bicycle frameset from Forme Bikes. INSETS: Lighting the Wick;The rider's ride;One for the road;Do it yourself...

Published
2015

18. Time to Man up.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
CYCLING, BICYCLE touring
Abstract

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experiences of cycling in the Isle of Man.

Published
2015

19. Riders in the storm.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE and CHALLIS, SAM

Subjects
MOTORCYCLISTS, MOTORCYCLE racing, TELEVISION camera operators
Abstract

The article offers the authors' insights on the motorbike riding. Topics discussed include the work of motorbike television (TV) cameraman Fred Haenehl is a motorbike teleivion (TV) cameraman, relationship between the pro riders and support motorcyclists, and statement of long-time Tour motorcycle rider Luke Evans regarding the performance and attitude of motorcycle riders. Information regarding the job of photographers and cameramen on the racing event is also provided.

Published
2014

20. Moor is more.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
CYCLING
Abstract

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of cycling in the national park North York Moors in North Yorkshire, England.

Published
2014

21. New kid on the Blanc.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
BICYCLES, CYCLING
Abstract

The article offers information on the cycling track of La Mont Blanc. Italy and evaluates the Forme Axe Edge from Moore Large & Co. Ltd.

Published
2013

22. Monica Santini at Santini.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
CYCLING equipment, BUSINESS expansion, BUSINESSPEOPLE
Abstract

An interview with Monica Santini, managing director of Santini, is presented. When asked about the 50th year anniversary of her company, Santini mentions that they are doing a lot of things including working with a couple of young artists to assemble their stuffs. Santini adds that her father, the founder of the cycling apparel company is still involved with the business as he comes to the firm everyday. The marketing director also states that the company is still growing.

Published
2015

23. Q & A.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
BICYCLE equipment, BICYCLE & bicycle parts manufacturing
Abstract

An interview with Ernesto Colnago, founder of road-racing bicycle manufacturer Colnago Ernesto & C. S.r.l., is presented. Topics covered in the interview include how he learned to develop bicycle frames, the most significant attribute of a bicycle, and his thoughts on former Italian racing cyclist Giuseppe Saronniw.

Published
2014

24. Interview.

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE, LARNER, SAM, and WAUGH, GEOFF

Subjects
CYCLING, CYCLISTS, NATIONAL service, DOMESTIQUES (Bicycle racing)
Abstract

An interview with cyclist Vin Denson is presented. When asked about how did he get into cycling, he refers getting an advice for cycling which is the best sports for lubricating joints. Denson believes that he never wanted to be a team leader during his National Service as the domestique . He comments on riding for French superstar Jacques Anquetil.

Published
2016

25. Why do I get speed wobble?

Author

WITTS, JAMES and WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
BICYCLE racing, CYCLING accidents, CYCLISTS
Abstract

The article focuses on speed wobble problem faced by cyclists at certain speeds. It informs that Jim Papadopoulos, co-author of the book "Bicycling Science," has penned several research paper on the topic of high-speed bicycle shimmy, highlights the explanation of why front end shimmy on a bicycle occur given by Damlan Harty of Polaris Industries, and suggests to reduce rider's weight on the saddle to stop shimmy.

Published
2015

26. Which gear is the right gear?

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
BICYCLE gearing, POWER transmission, BICYCLE equipment, SPROCKETS, BLADES (Hydraulic machinery)
Abstract

The article offers suggestions for cyclists on selection of bicycle gears by considering various factors such as big ring or big sprocket, or small ring or small sprocket with same gear ratio. Topics discussed include an advantage of higher efficiency with bigger sprockets, lower chain tension high results in less frame flexibility, and increased power transmission in bicycles with harder paddles.

Published
2014

27. Are you faster when it rains?

Author

WESTLAKE, STEVE

Subjects
CYCLISTS, HUMIDITY, ATMOSPHERIC density
Abstract

The article discusses the impact of rain on speed of cyclists. It informs that Andy Ruina, professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Cornell University, explains that air drag force is the major drag on a bicycle rider and is proportional to the density of air and the speed squared. It mentions that Graeme Obree, a racing cyclist said that humid summer evenings tend to be quicker for riding.

Published
2013

28. Livin' it.

Author

Westlake, Steve

Subjects
*ROWING competitions, *ROWERS
Abstract

Presents an interview with Matt Goodman and Steve Westlake, both of New Zealand, who won the Ward Evans Atlantic Rowing Challenge, a rowing race from Tenerife to Barbados. How they entertained themselves during the race; What they wore; Pain they experienced.

Published
2001

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