Search

Introduction This study aims to estimate the impact of smoking-attributable mortality of selected cancers, in the period 2010–2019 in Tianjin, China. Methods A case-control study was conducted to assess the smoking-attributed major causes of cancer deaths. Unmatched multiple logistic regression was used to calculate mortality risk ratios. Results Smoking-attributable cancer deaths were 23709 (28.87%) among adult males and 8648 (13.37%) among adult females in the period 2010–2019 in Tianjin, China. Lung cancer remains the largest cause of smoking-attributable deaths; among men, the death rates were 49.06% of lung cancers, 27.55% of mouth, pharynx, larynx, or esophagus cancers, 13.56% of kidney and other urinary cancers, and 10.11% of liver cancers; among women the corresponding death rates were 31.56% of lung cancers and 10.59% of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, or esophagus cancer, 10.56% of bladder cancers. Smoking-attributed cancer deaths in men increased from 1817 in 2010 to 2695 in 2019; for women, the number remained stable at just over 800 per year during the past decade. Conclusions At least one in three cancer deaths in men and one in six in women would be potentially preventable through appropriate control of tobacco smoking in Tianjin, China. Effective control programs against tobacco smoking should be further implemented.

Introduction Smoking-attributed mortality is increasing steadily in most developing countries. The aim of the study is to assess the reduction in smoking-associated mortality following cessation. Methods Death data were collected from 2016 to 2017. Cases were deaths from pre-defined diseases of interest (65298); controls were deaths from pre-defined non-smoking-related diseases (13527). Case versus control odds ratios for exsmokers versus smokers were calculated by age, sex, marital status and education with standardized logistic regression. These are described as mortality rate ratios (RRs, calculated as odds ratios), with a group-specific confidence interval (CI). The statistical analysis of the data was conducted from June to August 2019. Results For deaths from pre-defined non-smoking-related diseases at age 35–59 years, the RRs for quitting smoking 0–4, 5–9 or ≥10 years ago and never smoking were 0.66 (95% CI: 0.55–0.78), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.38–0.88), 0.61 (95% CI: 0.45– 0.82), and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.39–0.46), respectively. The same trend was found at ages 60–69 years and 70–79 years. Younger age of quitting (25–44 or 45–64 years) appeared to be associated with greater protection among the age groups: RR was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.42–0.74) and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.56–0.79), respectively, at age 35–59 years. Among the patients who died of lung cancer, the strong protective effect can only be observed when the duration of quitting is ≥10 years. The effect of smoking cessation on the risk of death from cardiovascular disease can be observed when the duration of quitting is 1–5 years. Conclusions Longer durations of smoking cessation are associated with progressively lower mortality rates from the diseases of interest, such as lung cancer and other smoking related cancers. For sustainable monitoring of tobacco-attributed mortality, smoking information over decades, such as smoking duration and quit smoking years, should be recorded during registration of death.

Introduction The All Causes of Death Surveillance (ACDS) system was used to measure smoking-attributed mortality by inserting questions on smoking on death certificates. Smoking status information of the deceased has been routinely collected in death certificates since 2010. We describe a death registry-based casecontrol study using smoking and cause-of-death data for the period 2010–15. Methods From 2010, three questions about the smoking status of the deceased were inserted in a revised death certificate: 1) Smoking status (current smoker, quit smoking, never smoker); 2) Number of cigarettes per day smoked; and 3) Number of years of smoking. A data-accuracy survey of 1788 telephone interviews of the family of the deceased was also conducted. Smoking habits (current/ex-smoker vs non-smoker) were compared in study cases (persons who died of lung cancer and other diseases known to be caused by smoking) and the controls (never smokers). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate relative risks, RR (odds ratios) for smoking-attributed mortality, for lung cancer and all causes of death related to smoking, adjusted for 5-year interval age groups, education, marital status, and year of death. Results During the study period (2010–15), the annual crude death reporting rates ranged from 6.5‰ to 7.0‰. The reporting rates of smoking status, smoking history and the number of cigarettes smoked daily were 95.5%, 98.6% and 98.6%, respectively. Compared to never smokers, the RR of ever smoking in males was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.33–1.43) for all causes of smoking-related deaths and 3.07 (95% CI: 2.91–3.24) for lung cancer, while in females the values were 1.46 (95% CI: 1.39–1.54) for all causes of smoking-related deaths and 4.07 (95% CI: 3.81–4.35) for lung cancer. The results in Tianjin are in accord with published results from previous studies. Conclusions Levels and trends in smoking attributed mortality can be measured at low cost by using the stable, complete and effective ACDS system in Tianjin.

The spontaneous magnetic field in a spherically symmetric laser plasma is discussed and the expression for the magnetic field caused by a transverse electric wave is derived. This solution is contrasted with results for an s-polarized wave in a planar plasma. By means of these theoretical results, the performance of the spontaneous magnetic field observed in recent experiments can be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]