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In fields such as Sociology and Political Science, there have been, over the course of three decades, attempts to engage elected officials in 'Evidence-Based Decision-Making'. Evidence is generally conceived as 'expert' advice provided to politicians. A question that has gained more centrality in recent years is 'why do elected officials not trust expert opinion or technical evidence?' and the answer to this question has been sought in historical or general terms (e.g. Irwin 2006; Weiss et al. 2008; Kraft et al. 2015). Here I will propose an alternative question: 'when politicians exhibit a lack of trust in expert advice, how is such skepticism publicly accounted for?' I will examine this question by utilizing a case study ethnographic approach to the City of Toronto's controversial decision to endorse the Hybrid alternative for the Gardiner expressway. By doing so, I intend to show that knowledge controversies are not inherently a form of deficiency on the part of the elected official--that they are ignorant to the implications of evidence--but rather the standard by which elected officials and appointed experts review and understand evidence can lead to very different (although both reasonably 'correct') conclusions. Keywords: Public Policy; Evidence; Knowledge Sociology; Ethnomethodology Des disciplines comme la sociologie et la science politique tentent depuis trois decennies de susciter l'interet de personnes elues pour la << prise de decisions fondee sur des donnees probantes >>. On entend generalement par donnees probantes des conseils d'experts fournis aux personnalites politiques. Ces dernieres annees, on accorde une place de plus en plus centrale a la question de savoir << pourquoi les personnes elues ne font-elles pas confiance aux opinions d'experts ou aux donnees probantes techniques ? >>, question a laquelle on a tente de repondre de maniere historique ou generale (p. ex., Irwin, 2006; Weiss et al. 2008; Kraft et al. 2015). Dans cet article, je propose une autre question : << quand les personnalites politiques font preuve d'un manque de confiance a l'egard des conseils d'experts, comment cette mefiance est-elle publiquement justifiee ? >> Je vais aborder cette question a l'aide d'une etude de cas ethnographique de la decision controversee par la Ville de Toronto d'appuyer la solution dite hybride pour l'autoroute Gardiner. Ainsi, je compte demontrer que des controverses des connaissances ne temoignent pas en soi d'une forme de lacune chez une personne elue--que celle-ci ignore ce que signifient les donnees probantes--mais plutot que les criteres selon lesquels les personnalites elues et les experts designes evaluent et comprennent les donnees probantes peuvent mener a des conclusions differentes (bien que toutes deux raisonnablement << justes >>). Mots cles: Politique publique; Preuve; Sociologie de la connaissance; Ethnomethodologie., INTRODUCTION For over 30 years, sociologists of science and technology and political scientists have exhibited interest in integrating or understanding scientific and technical models of information evaluation and planning in [...]

Adaptation, interactions between species and their environments, and change over time are fundamental principles in biology. They represent aspects of two of the big ideas in science: evolution and natural selection. To help students understand these ideas, the authors developed the "Guppy Game." In this article, they describe the game and how they used it in an AP biology classroom to model the dynamic processes of population genetics and environmental influence on behaviors. The Guppy Game models the balance between the pressures of natural selection and sexual selection. While playing the game, students learn science content in an interactive, student-driven manner. (Contains 5 figures.)

This article is situated in ongoing discussions about the influx of images of police violence. To date, much scholarship has centred on Foucauldian notions of knowledge-power and sousveillance. Alternatively, I attend to how video evidence produces understanding of police violence in court through a case study of the murder trial of Officer Michael Slager who shot and killed Walter Scott in North Charleston, South Carolina. While audio and video direct evidence of the moments leading up to Slager's decision to shoot was presented, cross-examination focused more explicitly on post-shooting conduct as circumstantial evidence. This approach highlights an issue for video evidence, that what is to be settled at trial may not be directly re-presented in video. Gurwitsch's notion of Gestalt and Garfinkel's adaptation thereof are proposed as an alternative means of interrogating video evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to examine the characteristics of the owners of small businesses that participate in the informal sector of an emerging economy. Findings indicate that small business owners are motivated to participate in the informal sector when they believe that the risk of detection by tax authorities is low.