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Objective To summarize the clinical features of infection - associated autoimmune encephalitis (IAE) with different antibodies in Xinjiang region, and to explore the diagnostic value of relevant laboratory indicators for IAE. Methods A total of 47 patients with IAE diagnosed and treated in People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uiger Autonomous Region from January 2018 to October 2023 were enrolled, including 18 cases (38.30%) of anti - leucine - rich glioma - inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody - associated encephalitis, 16 cases (34.04%) of anti - N - methyl - D - aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, 8 cases (17.02%) of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated encephalitis, and 5 cases (10.64%) of anti-γ -aminobutyric acid receptor type B (GABABR) encephalitis. Social demographic data, clinical manifestations, laboratory and other examinations were collected, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the diagnostic value of relevant laboratory indicators for IAE. Results The age of onset (χ2 = 9.500, P = 0.023), myasthenia (χ2 = 9.967, P = 0.019), vision loss (χ2 = 9.967, P = 0.019) and seizures (χ2 = 8.046, P = 0.045), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell count (χ2 = 15.237, P = 0.002) and chloride (F = 4.156, P = 0.011) in patients with anti - LGI1 antibody - associated encephalitis, anti - NMDAR encephalitis, anti - MOG antibody - associated encephalitis and anti - GABABR encephalitis were statistically significant. The age of onset in patients with anti-LGI1 antibody-associated encephalitis was larger than that in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis (Z = - 2.384, P = 0.017) and anti- MOG antibody-associated encephalitis (Z = - 2.420, P = 0.016). The CSF white blood cell count in patients with anti - NMDAR encephalitis was higher than that in patients with anti - LGI1 antibody - associated encephalitis (Z = - 3.307, P = 0.001) and anti-MOG antibody-associated encephalitis (Z = - 2.835, P = 0.005). CSF chloride was higher in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis (t = 3.159, P = 0.007) and anti-GABABR encephalitis (t = - 4.592, P = 0.007) than in patients with anti-LGI1 antibody-associated encephalitis. ROC curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of age of onset for diagnosis of anti-LGI1 antibodyassociated encephalitis was 0.722 (95%CI: 0.569-0.875, P = 0.012), the sensitivity was 0.556, the specificity was 0.821, and the cut-off value was 54.50 years old. The AUC of CSF white blood cell count in the diagnosis of anti-LGI1 antibody-associated encephalitis was 0.706 (95%CI: 0.558-0.855, P = 0.019), the sensitivity was 0.889, the specificity was 0.571, and the cut-off value was 4.50 × 106/L. The AUC in the diagnosis of anti - NMDAR encephalitis was 0.790 (95%CI: 0.643-0.937, P = 0.002), the sensitivity was 0.600, the specificity was 0.967, and the cut-off value was 13.50 × 106/L. The AUC of CSF chloride for the diagnosis of anti-LGI1 antibody-associated encephalitis was 0.748 (95%CI: 0.598-0.898, P = 0.005), with a sensitivity of 0.722 and a specificity of 0.714, and a cut-off value of 122.70 mmol/L. Conclusions IAE with different antibodies in Xinjiang region has specific clinical features. Age of onset, CSF white blood cell count and chloride have important value in the diagnosis of anti-LGI1 antibody-associated encephalitis, and CSF white blood cell count has important value in the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Polyphenol is one of the characteristic physical and chemical indexes of edible plant enzyme, which has the effects of anti-oxidation, reducing fat and anti-tumor. This paper reviews the composition of polyphenols in food plant enzyme products, the factors affecting the formation of polyphenols in food plant enzyme products, the health care effects of polyphenols, and the further research directions of polyphenols in edible plant enzymes are also prospected.

Objective To summarize and analyze the clinical features and comorbidity of attention deficit and hyperactive disorder (ADHD) with self⁃limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) in children. Methods A total of 89 SeLECTS patients diagnosed in Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from July 2020 to December 2022 were selected. The social demographic data, clinical manifestation, video electroencephalography (VEEG) results, treatment and prognosis of the children were collected. Swanson, Nolan and Pelham⁃Ⅳ Rating Scale (SNAP⁃Ⅳ) was used to assess the comorbidity of ADHD. Results 1) Clinical features: there were 49 males and 40 females in 89 cases of SeLECTS. The age of onset was 3-12 years old, with an average of (7.22 ± 2.04) years old. The main seizure forms were motor seizures of focal origin (36 cases, 40.45%) and focal progression to bilateral tonic ⁃ clonic seizures (46 cases, 51.69%), and 7 cases (7.87%) had both. Main manifestations were unilateral clonic or tonic⁃clonic seizures, drooling, strabismus or upward movement of eyes, abnormal oral movement, and throat vocalization. 2) EEG characteristics: background activity of VEEG of 56 patients was normal, and epileptiform discharge waveforms were mainly sharp (spike) waves, sharp (spike) slow waves complex, spike clusters, and electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES). Spike wave index (SWI) during slow wave sleep was 33.00 (19.25, 53.25). 3) Treatment and prognosis: 37 cases (41.57%) were seizure⁃free at least 6 months, and 23 cases (25.84%) were seizure⁃free at least 12 months. 4) Comorbidity: 44 patients (49.44%) had comorbid ADHD. Compared with the non⁃ADHD group, the ADHD group had a younger age of onset (t = 1.621, P = 0.002), a higher SWI (Z = ⁃ 2.134, P = 0.038) and a higher incidence of ESES (χ2 = 4.308, P = 0.038). Conclusions SeLECTS is a self⁃limited epilepsy syndrome in children with characteristic clinical and electroencephalographic features. For children with younger age, higher SWI and ESES, comorbid ADHD should be considered.

Background: According to previous studies on professional English course teaching, the evaluation of course teaching was positive, but the vast majorities focus on medical English literature reading, professional English vocabulary, and professional English translation. As an alternative, the course design based on academic learning needs under the outcome-oriented education/model emphasizes the improvement of students’ comprehensive ability in oral expression, literature reading, writing, and academic communication.

In silico toxicogenomics methods are resource- and time-efficient approaches for inferring chemical–protein–disease associations with potential mechanism information for exploring toxicological effects. However, current in silico toxicogenomics systems make inferences based on only chemical–protein interactions without considering tissue-specific gene/protein expressions. As a result, inferred diseases could be overpredicted with false positives. In this work, six tissue-specific expression datasets of genes and proteins were collected from the Expression Atlas. Genes were then categorized into high, medium, and low expression levels in a tissue- and dataset-specific manner. Subsequently, the tissue-specific expression datasets were incorporated into the chemical–protein–disease inference process of our ChemDIS system by filtering out relatively low-expressed genes. By incorporating tissue-specific gene/protein expression data, the enrichment rate for chemical–disease inference was largely improved with up to 62.26% improvement. A case study of melamine showed the ability of the proposed method to identify more specific disease terms that are consistent with the literature. A user-friendly user interface was implemented in the ChemDIS system. The methodology is expected to be useful for chemical–disease inference and can be implemented for other in silico toxicogenomics tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been developed rapidly in recent years and has been widely used in many fields. Although MALDI MSI can obtain multiple imaging data of different compounds in one experiment, the imaging analysis of small molecules with low abundance, low ionization efficiency, and matrix interference is still very challenging. In order to improve the signal response of target molecules in MALDI MSI, it is necessary to apply the on tissue derivatization to MALDI MSI. In recent years, the combination of derivatization and mass spectrometry imaging has shown excellent results for the analysis of target molecules containing reactive groups such as carboxyl, amino, and aldehyde groups. This review aims to introduce the application of on tissue derivatization on MALDI MSI, including developed derivatization reagents and pretreatment methods for derivatization, the selection of matrix and the reagent coating device. Finally, the perspectives for derivatization in mass spectrometry imaging are outlooked.