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Energetic Metal–Organic Framework (EMOF) compounds have gained significant attention in recent years as a hot research topic in the fields of explosives and propellants. This article provides an overview of the latest research progress of EMOFs in various areas, including heat-resistant explosives, burning rate catalysts and initiating explosives. It discusses the recent development trends of high-energy EMOFs, such as high-dimensional and solvent-free structural design, simplified and scalable synthesis conditions, environmentally friendly manufacturing processes with tunable structures, high-energy, low-sensitivity and multifunctional target products. The challenges and issues faced by EMOFs in heat-resistant explosives, burning rate catalysts and initiating explosives are presented. Furthermore, the key research directions for future applications of EMOFs in the fields of explosives and propellants are discussed, including solvent-free high-dimensional EMOFs design and synthesis, precise modulation of EMOFs molecular composition and pore structure, improvement of accurate prediction methods for physicochemical properties of high-energy EMOFs, low-cost large-scale production and development of multifunctional composite EMOFs as energetic materials, exploration of influencing factors, and comprehensive study on the application of novel and high-performance multifunctional EMOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder that affects multiple organ systems, with a higher prevalence among women in their reproductive years. The disease's multifactorial etiology involves genetic, environmental, and hormonal components. Recent studies have highlighted the potential impact of dietary factors, particularly unsaturated fatty acids, on the modulation of SLE due to their anti-inflammatory properties. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association between unsaturated fatty acid consumption and the risk, progression, and clinical manifestations of SLE, providing evidence-based guidance for dietary management. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search across major medical databases up to January 2024, focusing on studies that examined the intake of unsaturated fatty acids and the impact of such intake on SLE. Using the PICOS (population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, study design) framework, we included randomized controlled trials and case–control studies, assessing outcomes such as SLE activity, measured by SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) or the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index, inflammation biomarkers. Studies were analyzed using either a fixed- or random-effects model based on heterogeneity (I2 statistic), with sensitivity analyses performed to assess the robustness of the findings. Results: Our search included 10 studies, encompassing a wide variety of designs and populations. The meta-analysis showed that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids is significantly associated with a reduction in SLEDAI scores (pooled SMD) of −0.36, 95% CI: −0.61 to −0.11, p = 0.007, indicating a beneficial effect on disease activity. Additionally, we found that unsaturated fatty acid intake has a significant impact on HDL levels, suggesting a positive effect on lipid profiles. However, no significant effects were observed on levels of the inflammatory marker IL-6 or other lipid components (LDL and cholesterol). With minimal heterogeneity among studies (I2 ≤ 15%), sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability and reliability of these results, highlighting the potential role of unsaturated fatty acids in SLE management. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids may play a positive role in reducing SLE activity and may significantly affect HDL levels without having significant effects on inflammation markers or other lipid profiles. These findings support the inclusion of unsaturated fatty acids in the dietary management of SLE patients, although further research is required to refine dietary recommendations and explore the mechanisms underlying these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The balance between pertinence and universality of high value-added energetic materials has gained importance in recent years. Inspired by the efficient working mechanism of stem cells, an innovative energetic material concept, multifunctional modular energetic materials (MMEMs), with the ability of quantity production and multifunctional uses was first proposed. A machine learning-assisted high-throughput screening system was developed and applied to guide the discovery of MMEMs, and promising energetic compounds were rapidly targeted and synthesized. These compounds exhibited a satisfactory density, thermal properties, detonation performance and sensitivity. Furthermore, they can be easily synthesized to maintain the "energetic stem cell pool" and can undergo "differentiation" for functioning as various compounds such as crystal explosives, cast explosive carriers, energetic binders, and plasticizers through different processing forms/different formulae as needed. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will open up a new research direction of application-oriented energetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trimerizing furoxans are ideal molecular skeletons for the construction of high energetic substances due to their compact structures and high enthalpy of formations. To explore and compare the thermal behaviors of energetic materials with tandem trimerizing furoxan molecular skeleton, we reported the first systematic research on the thermochemical behaviors and decomposition mechanism of 3,4‐bis(3‐fluorodinitromethylfuroxan‐4‐yl)furoxan (BFTF), 3,4‐bis(3‐cyanofurazan)furazan oxide (BCTFO) and benzotrifuroxan (BTF). According to the research results of the DSC‐TG experiments, both the substituted furoxan based energetic compounds (BCTFO and BFTF) exhibited low melting points and complicated thermal decomposition behaviors around 240 °C, while the melting point of unsubstituted furoxan (BTF) was much higher. Their detailed decomposition mechanisms were proposed based on the experimental results through tandem techniques including in‐situ FTIR spectroscopy method and DSC‐TG‐FTIR‐MS quadruple technology, which indicated that the cleavage of substituent would trigger the decompositions of BFTF and the decomposition of trimerizing furoxan skeletons almost synchronous occurrence with substituents in BCTFO. The self‐oxidation‐reduction of the linear and annular trimerizing furoxans lead to similar decomposition fragmented small molecule products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on N–B bonds, a novel strategy was developed for improving the energetic performance of tetrazoles. By employing the amino neighboring group participation, the azolyl borane compound 7 was selectively constructed, which exhibited excellent stability in water and air. This strategy solved the acidity problem of tetrazole as well as increasing the heat of detonation and combustion by 25% and 36%, respectively. Through laser ignition experiments, it also improved the combustion performance of tetrazoles. In DSC experiments, thermal decomposition temperatures of N–B covalent compounds were elevated as well. In an electrostatic potential calculation and sensitivity test, N–B covalent compounds exhibited good sensitivity (IS > 40 J and FS > 360 N). Through TG-DSC-FTIR-MS and in situ IR experiments, decomposition products were investigated to determine the next optimization stage for heat of detonation. It offered a significant potential for development to incorporate the N–B bond into nitrogen-rich compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the introduction of oxygen atoms, N-oxide energetic compounds have a unique oxygen balance, excellent detonation properties, and a high energy density, attracting the extensive attention of researchers all over the world. N-oxides are classified into two categories based on the structural characteristics of their skeletons: azine N-oxides and azole N-oxides, whose N→O coordination bonds are formed during cyclization. There are six kinds of azine N-oxides, namely 1,2,3,4-tetrazine-1,3-dioxide, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine-2-oxide, 1,2,3-triazine-3-oxide, 1,2,3-triazine-2-oxide, pyridazine-1,2-dioxide, and pyrazine-1-oxide. Azole N-oxides include 1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide, pyrazole-1-oxide, and triazole-1-oxide. Synthetic strategies towards these two categories of N-oxides are fully reviewed. Corresponding reaction mechanisms towards the aromatic N-oxide frameworks and examples that use the frameworks to create high-energy substances are discussed. Moreover, the energetic properties of N-oxide energetic compounds are compared and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deviations of gas phase enthalpy of formation predicted by density functional theory on the fluorine containing system are larger than those on other systems in most cases. Therefore, an enthalpy of formation test set composed of 41 organic fluorine containing compounds is proposed, and in this work it is called OFCC41 test set. Twenty exchange‐correlation functionals are estimated by CCSD(T)/CBS as benchmark. The first part of the results indicates that CAM‐B3LYP, ωB97X, and M06 are the most suitable functionals to predict enthalpies of formation for fluorine containing compounds. The remainder of this work is primarily concerned with diffuse basis sets and size‐dependent effects. Diffuse basis sets ma‐SVP and ma‐TZVP can generally improve the prediction performance. For very small molecules, using ma‐SVP is sufficient while for larger molecules more completed basis sets are demanded. Size‐dependent effect of prediction accuracy on different molecules is revealed by using a simple strategy, that the different sizes of molecules are distinguished with three intervals and given the corresponding mean absolute errors. This study provides a test set designed for organic fluorinated compounds and contributes to the selection of some functionals suitable for fluorine containing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety concerns remain a bottleneck for the application of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro- 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX) cocrystal. Melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin was chosen to fabricate CL-20/HMX cocrystal-based core–shell composites (CH@MF composites) via a facile in situ polymerization method. The resulted CH@MF composites were comprehensively characterized, and a compact core–shell structure was confirmed. The effects of the shell content on the properties of the composites were explored as well. As a result, we found that, except for CH@MF–2 with a 1% shell content, the increase in shell content led to a rougher surface morphology and more close-packed structure. The thermal decomposition peak temperature improved by 5.3 °C for the cocrystal enabled in 1.0 wt% MF resin. Regarding the sensitivity, the CH@MF composites exhibited a significantly reduced impact and friction sensitivity with negligible energy loss compared with the raw cocrystal and physical mixtures due to the cushioning and insulation effects of the MF coating. The formation mechanism of the core–shell micro-composites was further clarified. Overall, this work provides a green, facile and industrially potential strategy for the desensitization of energetic cocrystals. The CH@MF composites with high thermal stability and low sensitivity are promising to be applied in propellants and polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]