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The volume density of vehicles is a problem that often occurs in every city, as for the impact of vehicle density is congestion. Classification of vehicle density levels on certain roads is required because there are at least 7 vehicle density level conditions. Monitoring conducted by the police, the Department of Transportation and the organizers of the road currently using video-based surveillance such as CCTV that is still monitored by people manually. Deep Learning is an approach of synthetic neural network-based learning machines that are actively developed and researched lately because it has succeeded in delivering good results in solving various soft-computing problems, This research uses the convolutional neural network architecture. This research tries to change the supporting parameters on the convolutional neural network to further calibrate the maximum accuracy. After the experiment changed the parameters, the classification model was tested using K-fold cross-validation, confusion matrix and model exam with data testing. On the K-fold cross-validation test with an average yield of 92.83% with a value of K (fold) = 5, model testing is done by entering data testing amounting to 100 data, the model can predict or classify correctly i.e. 81 data.

This article introduces a kind of composite material made of kapok fibre and polycaprolactone by the hot-pressing method. The effects of volume density, mass fraction of kapok fibre, and thickness on the sound-absorption performance of composites were researched using a single-factor experiment. The sound-absorption performance of the composites was investigated by the transfer function method. Under the optimal process parameters, when the density of the composite material was 0.172 g/cm3, the mass fraction of kapok was 40%, and the thickness was 2 cm, the composite material reached the maximum sound-absorption coefficient of 0.830, and when the sound-absorption frequency was 6300 Hz, the average sound-absorption coefficient was 0.520, and the sound-absorption band was wide. This research used the box dimension method to calculate composites’ fractal dimensions by using the Matlab program based on the fractal theory. It analysed the relationships between fractal dimension and volume density, fractal dimension and mass fraction of kapok fibre, and fractal dimension and thickness. The quantitative relations between fractal dimension and maximum sound-absorption coefficient, fractal dimension, and resonant sound-absorption frequency were derived, which provided a theoretical basis for studying sound-absorption performance. The results showed that kapok fibre/polycaprolactone composites had strong fractal characteristics, which had important guiding significance for the sound-absorption performance of kapok fibre composites.

We study the scattering properties of a cloud of particles. The particles are spherical, close to the incident wavelength in size, have a high albedo, and are randomly packed to 20% volume density. We show, using both numerically exact methods for solving the Maxwell equations and radiative-transfer-approximation methods, that the scattering properties of the cloud converge after about ten million particles in the system. After that, the backward-scattered properties of the system should estimate the properties of a macroscopic, practically infinite system. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Background\ud \ud Tissue microarrays (TMAs), where each block (and thus section) contains multiple tissue cores from multiple blocks potentially allow more efficient use of tissue, reagents and time in neuropathology.\ud \ud \ud \ud New Method\ud \ud The relationship between data from TMA cores and whole sections was investigated using ‘virtual’ TMA cores. This involved quantitative assessments of microglial pathology in white matter lesions and motor neuron disease, alongside qualitative TDP-43 inclusion status in motor neuron disease cases. Following this, a protocol was developed for TMA construction.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud For microglial pathology we found good concordance between virtual cores and whole sections for volume density using one 1.75 mm core (equivalent to a 2 mm core after accounting for peripheral tissue loss). More sophisticated microglial cell size and measures required two cores. Qualitative results of pTDP-43 pathology showed use of one 1.75 mm core gave a 100% sensitivity and specificity within grey matter, and 88.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity within white matter. A method of producing the TMAs was suitable for immunohistochemistry both manually and by autostainer, with the minimal core loss from the microscope slide.\ud \ud \ud \ud Comparison with Existing Methods\ud \ud TMAs have been used infrequently in post mortem neuropathology research. However, we believe TMAs give comparable tissue assessment results and can be constructed, sectioned and stained with relative ease.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud We found TMAs could be used to assess both quantitative (microglial pathology) and qualitative pathology (TDP-43 proteinopathy) with greatly reduced quantities of tissue, time and reagents. These could be used for further work to improve data acquisition efficiency.

The chemical and physical evolution of starless and pre-stellar cores are of paramount importance to understanding the process of star formation. The Taurus Molecular Cloud cores TMC 1-C and TMC 1-CP share similar initial conditions and provide an excellent opportunity to understand the evolution of the pre-stellar core phase. We investigated the evolutionary stage of starless cores based on observations towards the prototypical dark cores TMC 1-C and TMC 1-CP, mapping them in the CS $3\rightarrow 2$, C$^{34}$S $3\rightarrow 2$, $^{13}$CS $2\rightarrow 1$, DCN $1\rightarrow 0$, DCN $2\rightarrow 1$, DNC $1\rightarrow 0$, DNC $2\rightarrow 1$, DN$^{13}$C $1\rightarrow 0$, DN$^{13}$C $2\rightarrow 1$, N$_2$H$^+$ $1\rightarrow 0$, and N$_2$D$^+$ $1\rightarrow 0$ transitions. We performed a multi-transitional study of CS and its isotopologs, DCN, and DNC lines to characterize the physical and chemical properties of these cores. We studied their chemistry using the state-of-the-art gas-grain chemical code Nautilus and pseudo time-dependent models to determine their evolutionary stage. Observational diagnostics seem to indicate that TMC 1-C is in a later evolutionary stage than TMC 1-CP, with a chemical age $\sim$1 Myr. TMC 1-C shows signs of being an evolved core at the onset of star formation, while TMC 1-CP appears to be in an earlier evolutionary stage due to a more recent formation or, alternatively, a collapse slowed down by a magnetic support., 26 pages, 10 figures

We have used catalogues from several Galactic plane surveys and dedicated observations to investigate the relationship between various maser species and Galactic star forming clumps, as identified by the ATLASGAL survey. The maser transitions of interest are the 6.7 & 12.2 GHz methanol masers, 22.2 GHz water masers, and the masers emitting in the four ground-state hyperfine structure transitions of hydroxyl. We find clump association rates for the water, hydroxyl and methanol masers to be 56, 39 and 82 per cent respectively, within the Galactic longitude range of 60�� > $l$ > -60��. We investigate the differences in physical parameters between maser associated clumps and the full ATLASGAL sample, and find that clumps coincident with maser emission are more compact with increased densities and luminosities. However, we find the physical conditions within the clumps are similar for the different maser species. A volume density threshold of $n$(H$_{2}$) > 10$^{4.1}$ cm$^{-3}$ for the 6.7 GHz methanol maser found in our previous study is shown to be consistent across for all maser species investigated. We find limits that are required for the production of maser emission to be 500 L$_{\odot}$ and 6 M$_{\odot}$ respectively. The evolutionary phase of maser associated clumps is investigated using the L/M ratio of clumps coincident with maser emission, and these have similar L/M ranges (~10$^{0.2}$ - 10$^{2.7}$ L$_{\odot}$/M$_{\odot}$) regardless of the associated transitions. This implies that the conditions required for the production of maser emission only occur during a relatively narrow period during a star's evolution. Lower limits of the statistical lifetimes for each maser species are derived, ranging from ~0.4 - 2 x 10$^{4}$ yrs and are in good agreement with the "straw man" evolutionary model previously presented., Accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 17 pages, 14 figures, 5 tables

We present APEX-LABOCA 870-μm observations of the fields surrounding the nine brightest high-redshift unlensed objects discovered in the South Pole Telescope’s (SPT) 2500 deg2 survey. Initially seen as point sources by SPT’s 1-arcmin beam, the 19-arcsec resolution of our new data enables us to deblend these objects and search for submillimetre (submm) sources in the surrounding fields. We find a total of 98 sources above a threshold of 3.7σ in the observed area of 1300 arcmin2, where the bright central cores resolve into multiple components. After applying a radial cut to our LABOCA sources to achieve uniform sensitivity and angular size across each of the nine fields, we compute the cumulative and differential number counts and compare them to estimates of the background, finding a significant overdensity of $\delta \, {\approx }\,$10 at $S_{870}= 14$ mJy. The large overdensities of bright submm sources surrounding these fields suggest that they could be candidate protoclusters undergoing massive star formation events. Photometric and spectroscopic redshifts of the unlensed central objects range from $z= $3 to 7, implying a volume density of star-forming protoclusters of approximately 0.1 Gpc−3. If the surrounding submm sources in these fields are at the same redshifts as the central objects, then the total star formation rates of these candidate protoclusters reach 10 000 M⊙ yr−1, making them much more active at these redshifts than seen so far in either simulations or observations.

Natural and synthetic esters are liquids characterized by insulating properties, high flash point, and biodegradability. For this reason, they are more and more often used as an alternative to conventional mineral oils. Esters are used to fill new or operating transformers previously filled with mineral oil (retrofilling). It is technically unfeasible to completely remove mineral oil from a transformer. Its small residues create with esters a mixture with features significantly different from those of the base liquids. This article presents electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) tests for mixtures of fresh and aged Trafo EN mineral oil with Envirotemp FR3 natural ester from the retrofilling point of view. Under unfavorable conditions, the flow electrification phenomenon can damage the solid insulation in transformers with forced oil circulation. The ECT of the insulating liquids has been specified using the volume density of the qw charge. This parameter has been determined using the Abedian&ndash, Sonin model on the basis of the electrification current measured in the flow system, as well as selected physicochemical properties of the liquids. It was shown that ECT is strongly dependent on the type of insulating liquid and pipe material, as well as the composition of the mixtures. The most important finding from the research is that a small amount (up to 10%) of fresh and aged mineral oil is effective in reducing the ECT of Envirotemp FR3 natural ester.

Fringing reefs have significant impacts on beach dynamics, yet there is little research on how they should be considered in beach nourishment design, monitoring, and conservation works. Thus, the behavior and characteristics of nourishment projects at two reef protected beaches, Royal Hawaiian Beach (RHB) in Hawaii, USA, and Victoria Beach (VB) in Cadiz, Spain, are compared to provide transferable information for future nourishment projects and monitoring in fringing reef environments. The nourishment cost at RHB was nine times higher than VB. This is partly due to lower total volume and a more complex placement and spreading method at RHB, despite the much closer borrow site at RHB. There was a significant difference in post-nourishment monitoring frequency and assessment of accuracy. RHB elevation was monitored quarterly for 2.7 years at 30 m-spaced profiles, compared to 5 years of biannual surveys of 50 m-spacing at VB. An additional problem related to the presence of reefs at both RHB and VB was estimating the beach volume increase after nourishment, due to variable definitions of the &lsquo, beach&rsquo, area and high alongshore variability in reef topography. At sites where non-native sediment is used, it is imperative to understand how wave and current energy changes due to reefs will influence nourishment longevity. Thus, differences in erosion and accretion mechanisms at both beaches have been detected, though are still little understood. Moreover, discrepancies in sediment porosity between the two sites (which should be surveyed in future nourishments) have been found, probably due to differences in the nourishment sand transportation and distribution methods. In summary, more dialogue is needed to explicitly consider the influence of fringing reefs on coastal processes and beach nourishment projects.

We present observations of HCN 3-2 emissions towards 37 local galaxies using 10-m Submillimeter Telescope (SMT). HCN 3-2 emission is detected in 23 galaxies. The correlation of infrared luminosity (LIR) and the luminosity of HCN 3-2 line emission measured in our sample is fitted with a slope of 1.11 and correlation coefficient of 0.91, which follows the linear correlation found in other dense gas tracers in the literatures. Although molecular gas above a certain volume density threshold (i.e., $n_{\rm H_2}\geq$ 10$^4$ cm$^{-3}$) statistically gave similar relation with infrared luminosity, the large scatter of HCN 3-2/HCN1-0 ratios for galaxies with different LIR indicates that dense gas masses estimated from the line luminosities of only one transition of dense gas tracers should be treated with caution for individual galaxies., 15 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ

The range limitation (>200 m) for high-frequency echosounders does not allow for complete multifrequency studies of the mesopelagic layers from vessel-mounted echosounders. The layers of mesopelagic fish and zooplankton in the Arctic region north of Svalbard (Spitsbergen) were studied using vessel-mounted echosounders and a profiling acoustic probe, using 38, 120, 200 and 333 kHz. Volume density estimates of mesopelagic fish have shown to be marginally higher with the probing system in relation with measured from the vessel-mounted echosounders at 38 kHz. This shows that the swimbladder resonance phenomenon is not occurring in low density layers with limited vertical migration. The use of the profiling probe allowed densities to be calculated with an in situ measured target strength (TS). In depths >200 m where high-frequency hull-mounted transducers cannot effectively reach, the profiling system measured a mixture of krill and amphipods down to 600 m. Vertical profiles of measured target categories, from vessel transducers and from the probing system are compared in relation to the biological sampling conducted during the survey. Profiling acoustics are shown to be a valuable tool to address some limitations in the current surveying methods for studying mesopelagic layers beyond the reach for high-frequency vessel-mounted systems.

Smelting fine ore into a block with the lower phosphorus content before entering the furnace can achieve cleaner production and value-added efficiency for ferromanganese alloy enterprises, and microwave sintering technology shows bright application prospects in the secondary utilization of waste materials and environmental-friendly preparation of high-performance alloy materials. In this work, FeMn78C8.0 grade bulk alloy with enhanced volume density properties was efficiently prepared via an environmental-friendly microwave sintering approach, using high-carbon ferromanganese powder with low processing efficiency in factories as the raw material. Results indicate that adding certain carbon can prevent the oxidation behavior of Mn and Fe elements during the sintering process, and the qualified FeMn78C8.0 alloy can be obtained by controlling sintering temperature and duration time, with the optimum sintering conditions determined at 1168 °C for 11 min and with the alloy powder of

Reproducible and unbiased methods to quantify alveolar structure are important for research on many lung diseases. However, manually estimating alveolar structure through stereology is time consuming and inter-observer variability is high. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a fast, reproducible and accurate (semi-)automatic alternative. A FIJI-macro was designed that automatically segments lung images to binary masks, and counts the number of test points falling on tissue and the number of intersections of the air-tissue interface with a set of test lines. Manual selection remains necessary for the recognition of non-parenchymal tissue and alveolar exudates. Volume density of alveolar septa ([Formula: see text]) and mean linear intercept of the airspaces (Lm) as measured by the macro were compared to theoretical values for 11 artificial test images and to manually counted values for 17 lungs slides using linear regression and Bland-Altman plots. Inter-observer agreement between 3 observers, measuring 8 lungs both manually and automatically, was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). [Formula: see text] and Lm measured by the macro closely approached theoretical values for artificial test images (R2 of 0.9750 and 0.9573 and bias of 0.34% and 8.7%). The macro data in lungs were slightly higher for [Formula: see text] and slightly lower for Lm in comparison to manually counted values (R2 of 0.8262 and 0.8288 and bias of -6.0% and 12.1%). Visually, semi-automatic segmentation was accurate. Most importantly, manually counted [Formula: see text] and Lm had only moderate to good inter-observer agreement (ICC 0.859 and 0.643), but agreements were excellent for semi-automatically counted values (ICC 0.956 and 0.900). This semi-automatic method provides accurate and highly reproducible alveolar morphometry results. Future efforts should focus on refining methods for automatic detection of non-parenchymal tissue or exudates, and for assessment of lung structure on 3D reconstructions of lungs scanned with microCT. ispartof: PLOS ONE vol:15 issue:9 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Production of briquette bio-fuel is related to several aspects of densification process. The present paper deals with the relation between briquette volume density ρ (kg·m−3) and required deformation energy Ed (J). Wood, energy crop and cardboard feedstocks were compressed by a laboratory briquetting press of two diameters (40 and 65 mm); in this way six kinds of briquette samples (W40, W65, E40, E65, C40, C65) were produced. The values of compressing force F (N) and briquette volume density ρ were measured directly during feedstock densification; the deformation energy Ed was calculated subsequently. The amount of deformation energy Ed consumed within the achievement of specific briquette volume density ρ levels differed in case of all samples, the same as the maximum achieved briquette volume density ρ levels. Best results, i.e. efficiency of briquette production (the highest ρ, the lowest Ed), were achieved by cardboard samples, followed by wood and finally by energy crop samples. An overall evaluation indicated a higher production efficiency of briquette samples 40 mm in diameter and the disadvantage of the production of briquette samples with briquette volume density ρ > 1000 kg·m−3; above such level, the amount of consumed deformation energy Ed increased disproportionately sharply.

Osteocyte lacunae are small cavities within the bone matrix. Their dimensions and spatial arrangement affect bone mechanical properties. Furthermore, their size and shape affect the strain in bone tissue close to the lacunae; hence, they are supposed to affect the mechanosensory function of the osteocytes residing in the lacunae. It was the purpose of this study to quantify the morphological features of osteocyte lacunae, whether these are affected by aging and whether these vary among different anatomical location. In addition, we aimed at quantifying the vascular canals as these affect bone's microporosity too. We quantified the microporosity in the fibular midshaft of young-adult and old female C57BL/6 mice. Using micro-computed tomography (μCT), we found that advanced age was associated with a significantly decreased vascular canal number and volume density. In aged mice, the mean volume of the lacuna was significantly smaller than in young animals and they were more round. Lacuna number density close to the neutral axis of the fibula was higher in older mice than in young ones. The characterization of bone microporosity presents a first step in further unraveling their potential role in age-related reductions in bone strength.

Star-forming regions presenting a density gradient experience a higher star formation rate than if they were of uniform density. We refer to the ratio between the star formation rate of a spherical centrally-concentrated gas clump and the star formation rate that this clump would experience if it were of uniform density as the magnification factor $\zeta$. We map $\zeta$ as a function of clump mass, radius, initial volume density profile and star formation time-span. For clumps with a steep density profile (i.e. power-law slope ranging from $-3$ to $-4$, as observed in some high-density regions of Galactic molecular clouds), we find the star formation rate to be at least an order of magnitude higher than its top-hat equivalent. This implies that such clumps experience faster and more efficient star formation than expected based on their mean free-fall time. This also implies that measurements of the star formation efficiency per free-fall time of clumps based on their global properties, namely, mass, mean volume density and star formation rate, present wide fluctuations. These reflect the diversity in the density profile of star-forming clumps, not necessarily variations in the physics of star formation. Steep density profiles inside star-cluster progenitors may be instrumental in the formation of multiple stellar populations, such as those routinely observed in old globular clusters., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

This review presents an historical overview of stereological methods used for the quantitative evaluation of plant anatomical and cytological structures. It includes the origins of these methods up to the most recent developments such as the application of stereology based on 3D images. We focus especially on leaf, as the vast majority of studies of plant microscopic structure examine this organ. An overview of plant cell ultrastructure measurements as well as plant anatomical characteristics (e.g. plant tissue volume density, internal leaf surface area, number and mean size of mesophyll cells and chloroplast number), which were estimated by stereological methods most frequently, is presented. We emphasize the importance of proper sampling needed for unbiased measurements. Furthermore, we mention other methods used for plant morphometric studies and briefly discuss their relevance, precision, unbiasedness and efficiency in comparison with unbiased stereology. Finally, we discuss reasons for the sparse use of stereology in plant anatomy and consider the future of stereology in plant research.

The perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) provides mechanical support to blood vessels and modulates vascular physiology in obesity. Our goal is to provide a reproductive protocol using morphometric and stereological tools to assess PVAT morphology. The thoracic aorta from male Wistar rats (n=6) and C57BL/6 mice (n=7) underwent routine histological procedures, and two independent observers analyzed the same set of digital images. Agreement and reproducibility were assessed. Both observers showed that the diameter of rat brown adipocytes is larger than mice (PA) of brown adipocytes is smaller in rats compared to mice (PV) than mice (P=0.035), but observer #2 found the opposite for lipid droplet diameter (P=0.001). White adipocytes were not found in the PVAT. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated agreement and reproducibility between observers since the means are close to the main difference (bias) and within the 95% limits of agreement. In conclusion, the methodology proposed can quantify morphological aspects of the aorta PVAT in rodents. It is reproducible and can be performed by both expert and inexperienced researchers, once they know how to recognize the structures of interest to be measured.

Recent large-area, deep CO surveys in the Galactic disk have revealed the formation of ~50 high-mass stars or clusters triggered by cloud-cloud collisions (CCCs). Although the Galactic Center (GC) -- which contains the highest volume density of molecular gas -- is the most favorable place for cloud collisions, systematic studies of CCCs in that region are still untouched. Here we report for the first time evidence of CCCs in the common foot point of molecular loops 1 and 2 in the GC. We have investigated the distribution of molecular gas toward the foot point by using a methodology for identifying CCCs, and we have discovered clear signatures of CCCs. Using the estimated displacements and relative velocities of the clouds, we find the elapsed time since the beginnings of the collisions to be 105-6 yr. We consider possible origins for previously reported peculiar velocity features in the foot point and discuss star formation triggered by CCCs in the GC., 27 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables, accepted PASJ

This study focuses on improving the performance of asphalt mixture at low- and high- temperature and analyzing the effect of diatomite and basalt fiber on the performance of the asphalt mixture. Based on the L16(45) orthogonal experimental design (OED), the content of diatomite (D) and basalt fiber (B) and the asphalt-aggregate (A) ratio were selected as contributing factors, and each contributing factor corresponded to four levels. Bulk volume density (&gamma, f), volume of air voids (VV), voids filled with asphalt (VFA), Marshall stability (MS) and splitting strength at &minus, 10 &deg, C (Sb) were taken as the evaluation indexes. According to the results of the orthogonal experiment, the range analysis and variance analysis were used to study the effect of the diatomite content, basalt fiber content and asphalt-aggregate ratio on the performance of the asphalt mixture, and the grey correlation grade analysis (GCGA) was used to obtain the optimal mixing scheme. Furthermore, the performance tests were conducted to evaluate the performance improvement of asphalt mixtures with diatomite and basalt fibers, and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were carried out to analyze the mechanism of diatomite and basalt fibers in asphalt mixtures. The results revealed that the addition of diatomite and basalt fiber can significantly increase the VV of asphalt mixture, and reduce &gamma, f and VFA, the optimal performance of the asphalt mixture at high- and low-temperature are achieved with 14% diatomite, 0.32% basalt fibers and 5.45% asphalt-aggregate ratio. Moreover, the porous structure of diatomite and the overlapping network of basalt fibers are the main reasons for improving the performance of asphalt mixture.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica do acúmulo de forragem e as características estruturais do capim faixa-branca submetido a diferentes frequências de desfolhação, no período de janeiro de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Foram avaliadas quatro frequências de desfolhação: muito alta (25 cm), alta (35 cm), média (45 cm) e baixa (55 cm), em duas épocas do ano: maior insolação (setembro a março) e menor insolação (abril a agosto). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. De maneira geral, a redução na frequência de desfolhação aumentou o intervalo entre cortes, o índice de área foliar, as taxas de acúmulo de forragem total, de colmos e forragem morta e as porcentagens de colmos e forragem morta. Por sua vez, esta redução na frequência de desfolhação diminuiu a taxa de acúmulo de lâmina foliar e a porcentagem de lâmina foliar. De maneira geral, o capim faixa-branca apresentou maiores taxas de acúmulo de forragem total, de lâmina foliar e colmos, porcentagens de colmos e forragem morta, densidade volumétrica de colmo e a densidade populacional de perfilhos no período de maior insolação. Por sua vez, o capim faixa-branca apresentou no período de menor insolação menor taxa de acúmulo de forragem morta e porcentagem de forragem morta. Desfolhações menos frequentes aumentam as taxas de acúmulo de forragem do capim faixa-branca, porém com composição morfológica menos desejável. This study was undertaken to examine the herbage accumulation dynamics and structural characteristics of digit grass subjected to different defoliation frequencies in the period of January 2015 to February 2016. Four defoliation frequencies [very high (25 cm), high (35 cm), medium (45 cm), and low (55 cm)] were evaluated in two periods of the year [greater insolation (September to March) and lesser insolation (April to August)]. The experiment was set up as a randomized-block design with four replicates. Overall, the decreasing defoliation frequencies increased the cutting interval; leaf area index; total-herbage, stem, and dead-herbage accumulation rates; and percentages of stems and dead herbage. This reduction in defoliation frequency also resulted in a lower leaf accumulation rate and percentage of leaves. In overall terms, digit grass showed higher total-herbage, leaf, and stem accumulation rates; percentages of stems and dead herbage; stem volume density; and tiller density in the period of greater insolation. In the period of lesser insolation, however, digit grass exhibited a lower dead-herbage accumulation rate and a lower percentage of dead herbage. Less frequent defoliations increase the herbage accumulation rates of digit grass, but result in a less desirable morphological composition. Londrina

The 25 April 2015 Gorkha Mw 7.8 earthquake in central Nepal caused a large number of casualties and serious property losses, and also induced numerous landslides. Based on visual interpretation of high-resolution optical satellite images pre- and post-earthquake and field reconnaissance, we delineated 47,200 coseismic landslides with a total distribution extent more than 35,000 km2, which occupy a total area about 110 km2. On the basis of a scale relationship between landslide area (A) and volume (V), V = 1.3147 × A1.2085, the total volume of the coseismic landslides is estimated to be about 9.64 × 108 m3. Calculation yields that the landslide number density, area density, and volume density are 1.32 km−2, 0.31 %, and 0.027 m, respectively. The spatial distribution of these landslides is consistent with that of the mainshock and aftershocks and the inferred causative fault, indicating the effect of the earthquake energy release on the pattern on coseismic landslides. This study provides a new, more detailed and objective inventory of the landslides triggered by the Gorkha earthquake, which would be significant for further study of genesis of coseismic landslides, hazard assessment and the long-term impact of the slope failure on the geological environment in the earthquake-scarred region.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:36:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 Considering that endodontic sealers release some components which may promote delay in the repair process, our purpose was to evaluate the tissue reaction promoted by MTA Plus and MTA Fillapex in comparison with AH Plus (standard control) and Endofill, which has a long clinical track record. One hundred rats were distributed into five groups: MTA Plus (Avalon Biom Inc., Bradenton, FL, USA), MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany), Endofill (Dentsply, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil) and CG (control group, empty polyethylene tubes). The polyethylene tubes filled with sealers or empty (CG) were implanted into subcutaneous. After 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, the tubes surrounded by capsules were paraffin-embedded. In HE-stained sections, the volume density of inflammatory cells (VvIC) was estimated in the capsules. The number of interleukin-6-immunolabelled cells (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, was also computed in the capsules. The birefringent collagen content was quantified in picrosirius-stained sections. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (p ≤ 0.05). At 7 days, the capsules showed moderate inflammatory reaction. In all groups, VvIC and IL-6-immunostained cells reduced significantly from 7 to 60 days. At 60 days, IL-6 immunoexpression was reduced significantly in MTA Plus and MTA Fillapex in comparison with AH Plus; no difference was found in the VvIC among MTA Plus, MTA Fillapex, AH Plus and CG whereas Endofill exhibited the highest VvIC. The reduction in VvIC was parallel to an increase in the collagen in all the groups, except Endofill. MTA Plus, MTA Fillapex and AH Plus induce a response that culminates in the regression of inflammation and formation of a fibrous capsule over time. The lower IL-6 immunoexpression in the capsules of MTA Plus and MTA Fillapex than AH Plus suggests that the immune response is suppressed more rapidly in the MTA-based sealers. Department of Restorative Dentistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Dentistry School of Dentistry (USC-Bauru) - Pro-Rectory of Research and Post Graduation Universidade Sagrado Coração Department of Morphology Laboratory of Histology and Embryology São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Dentistry Department of Restorative Dentistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Dentistry Department of Morphology Laboratory of Histology and Embryology São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Dentistry