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This study explored the relationship between scientific context (SC), scientific reasoning (SR), and scientific behaviour (SB) across the environmental principles to show their significance as essential scientific competencies in the development of environmental programmes in the Philippine K-12 curriculum in a process where environmental education has a key role to play. One hundred and seventy-seven high school students from Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro in the Philippines were selected through the cluster purposive probabilistic sampling method. A descriptive normative survey method of research was employed in this study. The students' SC had a high relationship with their SR, which is a direct indicator of SB. This was a sign that SC, SR, and SB all work together in a continuous way. Findings of this study will serve as baseline information for the framework of environmental education programmes through science, in the K-12 Philippine Science curriculum. So, when students learn things in the real world, they gain environmental effect, which is thought to be a key reason why people act in ways that are good for the environment and an important goal of environmental education.

Abstract The timing of the initial dispersal of hominins into Eurasia is unclear. Current evidence indicates hominins were present at Dmanisi, Georgia by 1.8 million years ago (Ma), but other ephemeral traces of hominins across Eurasia predate Dmanisi. However, no hominin remains have been definitively described from Europe until ~1.4 Ma. Here we present evidence of hominin activity at the site of Grăunceanu, Romania in the form of multiple cut-marked bones. Biostratigraphic and high-resolution U-Pb age estimates suggest Grăunceanu is > 1.95 Ma, making this site one of the best-dated early hominin localities in Europe. Environmental reconstructions based on isotopic analyzes of horse dentition suggest Grăunceanu would have been relatively temperate and seasonal, demonstrating a wide habitat tolerance in even the earliest hominins in Eurasia. Our results, presented along with multiple other lines of evidence, point to a widespread, though perhaps intermittent, presence of hominins across Eurasia by at least 2.0 Ma.

Background: A considerable proportion (21%) of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) suffers from depression. These subjects are characterized by reduced naïve T cells and a premature T cell senescence similar to that of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). It is known that T cells are essential for limbic system development/function. Treatment with thymosin α1 (Tα1) is capable to increase the thymus output of naïve T cells. Objective: To treat CVID patients with a comorbid depressive episode with Tα1 to increase naïve T cells and thereby improve mood. Design: A small open-label, proof of concept trial. Five depressed CVID patients (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HDRS >12) could be treated with Tα1 (8 weeks, 1.6 mg daily subcutaneously, 1st week, thereafter 1.6 mg twice weekly). At the start, at 8 weeks and 8 weeks after the last injection, the HDRS was recorded and blood samples drawn for measuring naïve and memory T cells, Th17 and Treg cells, hsCRP, IL-6 and IL-7. Outcomes were compared to those of a contrast group (42 MDD patients, same severity but treated as usual (TAU)). Results: In all 5 depressed CVID patients HDRS decreased during Tα1 treatment (with average 52%, TAU decreased scores with 36% in MDD patients). All 5 CVID patients showed an increase in naïve/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell ratios, and in 4 of the 5 patients with detectable IL-6 levels reductions were recorded. TAU did not show such immune improvements. In the 8-week wash-out, depression recurred in the 2 most severe patients, while continued to improve in the others. Immune effects were not sustained in the wash-out. Conclusion: This preliminary small study suggests thymus hormone treatment to have antidepressive and related immune correcting effects. Data urge for larger placebo-controlled trials.

Mangalia area harbors in the western Black Sea a distinctive marine environment thriving under specific hydrochemical conditions, largely influenced by a significant number of sulphurous springs occurring in shallow marine waters. These springs led to the designation of the area as part of the Natura 2000 Marine Protected Area (MPA) network at European level (Underwater Sulphurous Springs from Mangalia - ROSAC0094), as unique hydro-geomorphological features in the region. In 2021 and 2023, two research cruises led by GeoEcoMar investigated underwater sulphurous springs primarily located offshore of Mangalia (Constanţa County, Romania). The study area, located between 17-29 meters water depth and 1.8-3 km offshore, encompasses two marine protected areas: the Underwater Sulphurous Springs from Mangalia (ROSAC0094) and Cape Aurora (ROSCI0281). The research combined geophysical and geochemical techniques and sediment sampling. Considering the susceptibility of these natural systems to human activities such as fishing and dredging, as well as the impact of ecological and climate changes, this paper offers significant insights contributing to the development of effective conservation and management strategies for these environments. The surveys were conducted for benthic habitats mapping, with the objective of improving our understanding of these ecosystems’ distribution, composition and dynamics. As these sulphurous waters are rich in methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, our results also contribute to the inventory of greenhouse gas sources. The results presented in this paper provide valuable new insights into this specific environment, contributing to the understanding of its complex functioning and evolution.

This article develops two metaheuristics optimization techniques, Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), to handle multi-objective optimal power flow (MOOPF) issues. Multi Objective GWO (MOGWO) and Multi Objective HHO (MOHHO) are the names of the developed techniques. By combining these optimization techniques with Pareto techniques, the non-dominated solution set can be obtained. These developed approaches are characterized by simplicity and have few control parameters. Fuel cost, emissions, real power losses, and voltage deviation were the four objective functions considered. The theories used to determine the best compromise solution and organize the Pareto front options are the fuzzy membership equation and the crowding distance approach, respectively. To validate and evaluate the performance of the presented techniques, two standard IEEE bus systems—30-bus and 57-bus power systems—were proposed. Bi, Tri, and Quad objective functions with 21 case studies are the types of objective functions and the scenarios that were applied in this paper. As compared to the results of the most recent optimization techniques documented in the literature, the comparative analysis results for the proposed methodologies demonstrated the superiority and robustness of MOGWO and MOHHO.

The Grăunceanu site in the Olteţ River Valley has yielded a rich carnivoran assemblage including at least 10, possibly 11 species: Vulpes alopecoides, Nyctereutes megamastoides, Ursus etruscus, Meles thorali, Lutraeximia sp., Pliocrocuta perrieri, Lynx issiodorensis, Puma pardoides, Megantereon cultridens, Homotherium latidens and possibly Pachycrocuta brevirostris. The faunal assemblage is compared with approximately coeval sites Europe and western Asia. This comparative analysis shows that the Grăunceanu assemblage shows the greatest similarities with sites to the west such as Senèze and, particularly, Saint-Vallier, rather than more easternly ones such as Liventsovka and Dmanisi. The relative abundance of the taxa at Grăunceanu was compared to that of Saint-Vallier and broad similarities were found, except for the absence of some cursorially adapted taxa present at Saint-Vallier but absent from Grăunceanu. The absence at Grăunceanu of taxa with a reconstructed cursorial hunting strategy, such as Chasmaporthetes and Acinonyx, may suggest less open habitat at Grăunceanu than indicated in previous paleoenvironmental reconstructions.

ObjectiveTo examine factors influencing decisions to test for COVID-19 among Native Americans on the Flathead Reservation in Montana and the Latino community in the Yakima Valley of Washington state.MethodsWe conducted 30 key informant interviews with community leaders and six focus groups with community members to examine factors impacting decisions to test for COVID-19 during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic from May 2021 to June 2021.ResultsThree major themes that impacted testing for COVID-19 were identified: (1) Social factors, including the influence of families and friends and employment practices; (2) health factors, including testing procedures, home-based testing, and health communication; and (3) contextual factors, including distrust for government and medical communities and the impact on cultural practices and celebrations.ConclusionsSocial, health, and contextual factors influence the decision to test for COVID-19. Understanding the community's perception is critical for successful implementation of preventive strategies.

`Calypso II' perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (Reg. no. CV- 202, PI 592530) was developed by The Scotts Company, Marysville, OH, using germplasm obtained from the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment [...]

Abstract A techno-economic study of a stand-alone PV water pumping system for water supply is done in this paper. An optimal design of the system is realized thanks to a double-objective optimization based on a proposed operational strategy of the system and on firefly algorithm (FA). The two objective functions simulated simultaneously using FA are: the function defining the cost of water (COW) and the function which defines the loss of water supply probability (LWSP). The system is designed to supply water to around 328 households in Cameroon, each composed by an average of six (06) persons. For different LWSP, the double-objective simulation determines the optimal configurations of the system with their related cost. The optimal and reliable (LWSP of 0%) system configuration obtained is composed by a number of 7 PV modules, a reservoir volume of 98.4 m3 with 2 days autonomy, a total dynamic head of 40 m, and a pump power of around 1 kW. The related COW corresponding to this configuration is 0.1185 $/m3, and the total investment cost is 27,506 $. The sensitivity analysis of the system revealed that the PV size, the volume of reservoir storage, and the efficiency of the pump influence the system both technically and economically, whereas the total dynamic head only influences the system economically. The validation of the optimized system has been done by comparison with manufacturer datasheets. It is demonstrated in this paper that the techno-economic analysis of energy systems based on multi-objective optimization using firefly algorithm is a powerful tool for decision-making.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: COVID-19 disproportionately impacts rural communities of color. Socioeconomic status, occupation and chronic illnesses lead to worse COVID-19 outcomes. This study identifies motivators and barriers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the Latino and Flathead Reservation agricultural communities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Thirty key informant interviews and 6 focus groups (N=39 focus group participants) were conducted with community and tribal leaders using an interview guide informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Social Contextual Factor Frameworks. The interview guide was designed to understand the motivators and barriers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. The Community Advisory Board, community investigators and community health workers from the community reviewed and revised the guide. A codebook applied deductive coding to informant responses, followed by an inductive, constant comparison approach. Three analysts met to refine the codebook and conduct inter-rater agreement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants from Flathead reservations and Yakima frequently noted a desire to protect one’s self, family and elders. This significant motivator encouraged individuals to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, despite sincere vaccine concerns and government rollout. Barriers included concerns regarding rumored, serious or rare side effects, speed of vaccine development and misinformation. Key differences exist between both communities. Yakima participants noted religious concerns and ID requirements as major barriers. Flathead reservation participants noted distrust and historical trauma of the U.S. government and issues with access (e.g. transportation, technology). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The pandemic disproportionately impacts vulnerable communities in agricultural settings. Participants in both communities felt vaccine availability had outpaced uptake. Clearly, culturally sensitive education and respectful communication would be key in addressing vaccine concerns and improving vaccine uptake.

Abstract Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease driven by dysregulations at the cellular, genomic and genetic levels. MicroRNAs are key mediators of gene expression regulation. However, how microRNAs control the pathogenesis of psoriasis is still unclear. Here, we reported a significant up-regulation of miR-378a-3p (miR-378a) in skin biopsies from active psoriatic lesions while it was down-regulated after treatment with methotrexate or narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy. Using the keratinocyte in vitro model, we showed that miR-378a disturbed the cell cycle progression, causing cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Transcriptomic analysis of keratinocytes with miR-378a overexpression and depletion revealed several important biological mechanisms related to inflammation and tight junction. Target mRNA transcript assessed by luciferase assay identified bone morphogenetic protein 2 as a novel target gene of miR-378a. These findings offer a mechanistic model where miR-378a contributes to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Logging network traffic offers valuable insights into data flow, enabling the proactive analysis and troubleshooting of issues as they arise. Moreover, it provides a means to access and examine the exchanged information among network users that would otherwise be inaccessible. To enhance network traffic analysis, the integration of innovative technologies that facilitate real-time querying and pattern matching proves indispensable. This research paper presents a system that exemplifies such advancements—an innovative network traffic logging tool. The tool specifically focuses on performing real-time network packet transfer to Apache Kafka and ksqlDB, leveraging their capabilities to ensure swift and dependable storage of network packets in Apache Kafka topics. By showcasing this solution, the paper demonstrates the benefits and effectiveness of employing modern technologies for network traffic analysis and management.

This paper presents a novel approach for network slicing in 5G backhaul networks, targeting services with low or very low latency requirements. We propose a modified A* algorithm that incorporates network quality of service parameters into a composite metric. The algorithm’s efficiency outperforms that of Dijkstra’s algorithm using a precalculated heuristic function and a real-time monitoring strategy for congestion management. We integrate the algorithm into an SDN module called a path computation element, which computes the optimal path for the network slices. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces processing time compared to Dijkstra’s algorithm, particularly in complex topologies, with an order of magnitude improvement. The algorithm successfully adjusts paths in real-time to meet low latency requirements, preventing packet delay from exceeding the established threshold. The end-to-end measurements using the Speedtest client validate the algorithm’s performance in differentiating traffic with and without delay requirements. These results demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in achieving ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) in 5G backhaul networks.

This article investigates the study of Topology Optimization (TO) in 3D elasticity problems to determine the optimal topology by applying the evolutionary methods of Smoothing Evolutionary Structural Optimization (SESO), Sequential Element Rejection and Admission (SERA), and Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO). These procedures were implemented in MATLAB code as an extension of Top3d implemented for SIMP by using the eight-node hexahedral finite element formulation in three-dimensional elastostatic structures. The approaches conducted in the present study are demonstrated with numerical examples involving the compliance minimization criterion. Further, a brief synthesis of flexible mechanisms was studied to emphasize the performance of complaint mechanisms measured in terms of two design specifications/functionalities: mechanical and geometrical advantages, which are the highlights of this article. To show the gains of the proposed methods, numerical results obtained are compared with Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) models.

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Abstract Background Indigenous food systems have been displaced with the emergence of colonization, industrialization, and cultural, economic, political, and environmental changes. This disruption can be seen in marked health and food environment disparities that contribute to high obesity and diabetes mellitus prevalence among Native American peoples. Methods A Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach was used to document food environment experiences among residents of the Flathead Reservation in rural Montana. Participants were identified using purposive sampling techniques to participate in a survey and a semi-structured interview. Descriptive statistics helped to describe participant demographics, food access variables, and household food security status. Food environment perceptions were analyzed using the constant comparison method among trained researchers. Results Participants completed surveys (n = 79) and interviews (n = 76). A large number participated in federal nutrition assistance programs. Many self-reported experiencing diet-related chronic diseases. Major themes included the community food environment, dietary norms, and food-health connections. Subthemes were represented by perceptions of food environment transitions and the important role of food in familial life. Further, opportunities and challenges were identified for improving community food environments. Conclusions Perceptions of the food environment were linked to strategies that could be targeted to improve dietary quality along a social-ecological model continuum. There is need for skill-based education that directly addresses the time and monetary constraints that were commonly experienced by residents. Coinciding food environment interventions to promote dietary quality that engage community members, store management, and government policy stakeholders are also needed to reestablish healthy Native American food systems and environments within this community.

Wild foods are primary components of traditional and Indigenous food systems that are valued for food security while being vulnerable to global change. This case study examines practices, experiences, and perceptions associated with wild food environments through a household survey in the rural American state of Montana. Findings highlight that wild food environments contribute to cultural identity, sense of place, food security, and dietary quality of surveyed households while being vulnerable to loss of traditional ecological knowledge as well as climate and land-use change. Of the 182 informants, 80% hunt, 83% fish, and 68% forage wild botanicals. More than half of the informants agreed that wild food procurement is part of their cultural identity (66%). Collectively, informants procure more than 172 wild food species with the most prevalent being deer, waterfowl, elk, trout, bass, a range of berries, mushrooms, and botanicals used medicinally. Participants have a multidimensional value system where wild food procurement is valued for diets, recreation, family time, spirituality, and connection to the environment. The majority of participants agreed that the consumption of wild foods contributes to the nutritional quality (87%) and diversity (82%) of their diets while lowering food costs (59%). At least half of the informants reported observing changes in climate patterns over the past decade including increased temperature (50%) and more extreme and variable weather patterns (38%) that they perceive are impacting wild food environments including shifts in wild game, fish, and edible plant populations. Based on findings, we support that wild food environments and associated bio-cultural resources are a critical place to understand, conserve, and promote for nutrition. We thus advance the concept of “conservation for nutrition”. Community engagement, education, and policy plans are called for to promote wild food environments toward supporting sustainable diets and planetary health.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To test the effect of a trusted Community Health Worker (CHW) support model to increase accessibility, feasibility and completion of COVID-19 home-testing in Native American and Latino communities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a multi-site pragmatic randomized controlled trial among adult Native Americans and Latinos from the Flathead reservation in Montana and Yakima Valley in Washington. Participants were block randomized by site location and age to either an active or passive study arm. Participants in the active arm received assistance with online COVID-19 test kit registration and virtual swabbing support from CHWs, while the passive study arm received the standard-of-care support from the COVID-19 home testing kit vendor. Simple and multivariate logistic regression modeled the association between home-testing distribution mechanism and test completion. Multivariate models included community and sex as covariates. Descriptive feedback was collected in a post-test survey. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Overall, 63% of the 268 enrolled participants completed COVID-19 tests, and 50% completed tests yielding a valid result. Active arm participants had significantly higher odds of test completion (OR 1.66, 95% CI: [1.01, 2.75], p-value=0.04). Differences were most pronounced among adults ≥60 years, with 84% completing testing kits in the active arm, compared to 58% in the passive arm (p=0.07). Ease of use and not having to leave home were top positive aspects of the home-based test while transporting and mailing samples to lab and long/overwhelming instructions were cited as negative aspects. Most test completers (93%) were satisfied with their experience and 95% found CHW assistance useful. Sample expiration and insufficient identifiers were top causes of non-valid test results. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: While test completion rates were low in both study arms, the CHW support led to a higher COVID-19 test completion rate, particularly among older adults. Still, CHW support alone does not fully eliminate testing barriers. Socio-economic differences must be accounted for in future product development for home-based testing to improve health equity.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Despite efforts to improve COVID-19 health outcomes through testing and vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 has exacerbated health disparities in underserved populations. Through this study we examined socio-contextual factors impacting decisions to test for COVID-19 among Native Americans in the Flathead Reservation and Hispanics in the Yakima Valley. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A series of 28 key informant interviews and 6 focus groups (N=39 focus group participants) were completed with community and tribal leaders using an interview guide informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Social Contextual Factor Frameworks. The interview guide was designed to examine the socio-contextual factors impacting decisions to test for COVID-19 among Native Americans and Hispanics in the Northwest. A codebook was developed to apply deductive coding to informant responses, followed by an inductive, constant comparison approach. Three analysts met to refine the codebook and conduct inter-rater agreement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Five themes (social, cultural, health, religious and political factors) were identified that impacted testing for COVID-19. For social factors, participants discussed the influence of families and friends and unfair employment practices influencing decisions to test. Cultural factors included deep rooted distrust for the government and historical trauma. Health factors participants reported included the importance of testing to save lives, distrust for medical system, and health communications around COVID-19 affecting decisions to test. There was some interaction between religious and political factors. While participants mentioned beliefs in putting things in God’s hands, some decisions to test seemed to be affected by their political views. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Several socio-cultural factors influence decisions to test for COVID-19. Understanding the community’s perception of COVID-19 testing is critical for successful implementation of preventive strategies.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted health systems and exposed disparities in access to health care among underserved populations. We examined how the pandemic shaped social, mental, and physical health among Native American and Latino communities in rural and underserved areas. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, and Social Contextual Factor frameworks, we developed interview guides to examine perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic on social, mental, and physical health among community members. Stakeholders of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation in Montana and the Hispanic/Latinx population in Yakima Valley in Washington were selected through purposeful community-engagement. A total of six focus group discussions and 30 key informant interviews were administered in both communities. A codebook was developed and deductive coding was applied to informant responses, followed by an inductive, constant comparison approach. The codebook was further refined and inter-rater agreement was completed by three analysts. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Four themes were highlighted as areas impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (mental and physical health, family dynamics, and social disruptions) with few differences among geographic areas or between focus group (n=39) and key informant (n=28) participants. Perceived impacts on mental health included increased stress, anxiety, and depression, while pandemic-related lifestyle or family changes impacted physical health. Participants reported changes to family routines and dynamics due to staying home, social distancing, and more frequent interactions inside or limited interactions outside the household respectively. Social distruptions reported included impacts on finances, employment, and household staples, though participants highlighted how many community members stepped up to help those in need. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The COVID-19 pandemic had similar impacts on two geographically distinct underserved communities in Montana and Washington. Understanding the community’s experience with the COVID-19 pandemic is critical to identify strategies to support families, community needs, and mental and physical health in underserved communities.

Different configurations of on/off-grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) are analyzed and compared in the present research study for optimal decision making in Sub-Saharan Africa, facing the problems of electricity deficit. A multi-criteria analysis is performed for this purpose using MATLAB software for simulation. The obtained results show that the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) corresponding to 0% power supply deficit probability (PSDP) is 0.0819 USD/kWh, 0.0925 USD/kWh, 0.3979 USD/kWh, 0.3251 USD/kWh, 0.1754 USD/kWh, 0.1641 USD/kWh, 0.5385 USD/kWh, and 1.4515 USD/kWh, respectively, for the Grid-PV/Wind/Battery, Grid-PV/Battery, Grid-Wind/Battery, Grid-Wind, PV/Wind/Battery, PV/Battery, Wind/Battery, and stand-alone Wind systems. The CO2 emissions are 14,888.4 kgCO2/year, 16,916.6 kgCO2/year, 13,139.7 kgCO2/year, 6430.4 kgCO2/year, 11,439 kgCO2/year, 14,892.5 kgCO2/year, 10,252.6 kgCO2/year, and 1621.5 kgCO2/year, respectively, for the aforementioned systems. It is found that the Grid-connected PV/Wind/Battery is the most cost-effective system leading to a grid energy cost reduction of 30.89%. Hybridization of different renewable energy sources (RESs) could significantly improve the electricity cost and reduce the CO2 emissions. However, this improvement and this reduction depend on the used RES and the system configuration. On-grid-connected HRESs are more cost-effective than off-grid-connected HRES. The least polluting energy system is the stand-alone Wind system, which allows a reduction in the grid CO2 emissions by 93.66%. The sensitivity analysis has proven that the long-term investment, the decrease in the battery cost, and the decrease in the discount rate could lead to the reduction in the LCOE.

Intrusion detection and prevention are two of the most important issues to solve in network security infrastructure. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) protect networks by using patterns to detect malicious traffic. As attackers have tried to dissimulate traffic in order to evade the rules applied, several machine learning-based IDSs have been developed. In this study, we focused on one such model involving several algorithms and used the NSL-KDD dataset as a benchmark to train and evaluate its performance. We demonstrate a way to create adversarial instances of network traffic that can be used to evade detection by a machine learning-based IDS. Moreover, this traffic can be used for training in order to improve performance in the case of new attacks. Thus, a generative adversarial network (GAN)—i.e., an architecture based on a deep-learning algorithm capable of creating generative models—was implemented. Furthermore, we tested the IDS performance using the generated adversarial traffic. The results showed that, even in the case of the GAN-generated traffic (which could successfully evade IDS detection), by using the adversarial traffic in the testing process, we could improve the machine learning-based IDS performance.

In this study, a new meta-heuristic optimization method inspired by the behavioral choices of animals and hunger-driven activities, called hunger games search (HGS), is suggested to solve and formulate the single- and multi-objective optimal power flow problem in power systems. The main aim of this study is to optimize the objective functions, which are total fuel cost of generator, active power losses in transmission lines, total emission issued by fossil-fueled thermal units, voltage deviation at PQ bus, and voltage stability index. The proposed HGS approach is optimal and easy, avoids stagnation in local optima, and can solve multi-constrained objectives. Various single-and multi-objective (conflicting) functions were proposed simultaneously to solve OPF problems. The proposed algorithm (HGS) was developed to solve the multi-objective function, called the multi-objective hunger game search (MOHGS), by incorporating the proposed optimization (HGS) with Pareto optimization. The fuzzy membership theory is the function responsible to extract the best compromise solution from non-dominated solutions. The crowding distance is the strategies carried out to determine and ordering the Pareto non-dominated set. Two standard tests (IEEE 30 bus and IEEE 57 bus systems) are the power systems that were applied to investigate the performance of the proposed approaches (HGS and MOHGS) for solving single and multiple objective functions with 25 studied cases using MATLAB software. The numerical results obtained by the proposed approaches (HGS and MOHGS) were compared to other optimization algorithms in the literature. The numerical results confirmed the efficiency and superiority of the proposed approaches by achieving an optimal solution and giving the faster convergence characteristics in single objective functions and extracting the best compromise solution and well-distributed Pareto front solutions in multi-objective functions.

The essay acknowledges, through an aesthetic perspective, the relationship between training and therapy, meant as a play or work on oneself. Through the analysis of Harun Farocki’s Serious Games, which examines this relation with reference to two virtual devices of the US Army, the essay shows how the training provides an early mastery of the traumas, while the therapeutic work offers a postponed learning. In fact, they are both based, on the one hand, on the individual ability to distance oneself from the body shock par excellence, death. On the other hand, they aim to integrate the image with a sensorimotor interaction that ultimately creates a positive feedback. The innervation of body space and image space provides the Spielraum that Benjamin perceives as an immersive space of the play, where the repetition of the experience allows the incorporation of a habit. The military context is an emblematic example of these relationships, by managing the precarious balance between the domination of the space and the freedom of movement.