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A total of 300 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initial pen average BW of 6.98 ± 0.12 kg) were used in a 22 d growth trial to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of nursery pigs from 7 to 15 kg. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and allotted to pens based on BW and gender. There were 10 replicate pens per treatment and 6 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed a common diet for 10 d post-weaning. Pens were then randomly assigned to 1 of 6 experimental diets in a randomized complete block design based on BW. The 6 dietary treatments were formulated to 1.10, 1.20, 1.30, 1.40, 1.50, and 1.60% SID Lys by increasing the inclusion of crystalline amino acids at the expense of corn. Experimental diets were fed for 11 d. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and non-linear mixed models, fitting the data with heterogeneous residual variances as needed. Competing models included linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear, and broken-line quadratic. For the overall treatment period, increasing SID Lys linearly improved (P<0.001) ADG and G:F, with no evidence for differences observed in ADFI (P>0.05). For ADG, the best-fitting models were LM [predicted equation: 239.95 + 124.74 × (SID Lys)] and QP [predicted equation: -321.14 + 975.22 × (SID Lys) – 315.70 × (SID Lys)2]. The maximum ADG was estimated at 1.54% (95% CI: [1.34, >1.60]%), with 99% of the maximum ADG achieved at 1.43% SID Lys in the QP model. Similarly, the best-fitting models for feed efficiency were the QP [predicted equation: 89.81 + 261.27 × (SID Lys) – 63.50 × (SID Lys)2] and the LM [predicted equation: 222.26 + 86.18 × (SID Lys)], estimating the requirement at greater than 1.60% for both models. In conclusion, the mean SID Lys required for nursery pigs from 7 to 15 kg ranged from 1.54% to at least 1.60% depending on the model and response criteria considered. Item SID Lys, % SEM 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 ADG, g1 365 398 397 450 425 437 13.04 ADFI, g2 542 589 559 606 573 577 18.27 G:F, g/kg3 675 676 711 744 745 759 1.59 1 ADG linear: P<0.001, quadratic: P=0.106; 2 ADFI linear: P=0.253, quadratic: P=0.183; 3 G:F linear: P<0.001, quadratic: P=0.613. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding left over finisher diet containing ractopamine HCl (RAC) and 0.82% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys to grower pigs of different BW at placement in the finisher. A total of 1,188 pigs (PIC 359 × 1050; initially 16.6 ± 0.16 kg) were used in a 72-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by location and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments. Treatments included three BW categories: light (12.0 ± 0.27 kg), medium (15.9 ± 0.38 kg), and heavy (21.9 ± 0.55 kg); and two dietary strategies: standard grow-finisher diets throughout (Control) or 4.5 kg/pig of a late finishing feed containing 5 mg/kg RAC and 0.82% SID Lys fed at placement and then standard diets thereafter. There were 7 pens per treatment and 27 pigs per pen. Dietary strategy, BW category, and their interaction were included as fixed effects in the statistical model and location block as a random effect. An interaction (P<0.03) between BW and diet occurred for ADG and G:F from d 0-15. Pigs fed the finisher diet with RAC had reduced ADG and G:F within all three BW categories. However, the decrease was greater in the medium BW than the other two BW categories. Pigs fed the finisher diet with RAC had reduced ADFI compared to pigs fed the control (P<0.001) from d 0-15. Overall, ADG, ADFI, and G:F differed between the BW categories (P<0.001), with heavy pigs having greater ADG and ADFI, and poorer G:F. Pigs fed the 4.5 kg/pig of finisher diet with RAC had reduced growth rate (761 vs 784 g/d; P<0.001) and feed intake (1.61 vs 1.65 kg/d; P<0.005), but no evidence for differences were observed for G:F. In conclusion, feeding a finishing diet containing ractopamine during the early stages of the grower period reduced growth performance regardless of BW category due to a decrease in feed intake compared to pigs fed standard grow-finisher diets. This demonstrates that bins holding a finisher diet containing RAC and 0.82% SID Lys should be emptied prior to placement of the next group of pigs. Item Light Medium Heavy SEM Control RAC Control RAC Control RAC d 0 to 15 ADG, g1 572d 499e 640c 544d 744a 689b 6.8 ADFI, g2 807 740 916 866 1,202 1,175 10.9 G:F, g/kg3 709c 674c 699c 628b 619b 586a 7.3 1 Diet x BW: P=0.018; 2 Diet: P<0.001, BW: P<0.001; 3 Diet x BW: P=0.026. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) His:Lys ratio requirement for 7 to 11 kg pigs. A total of 360 pigs (DNA 600 × 241, initially 7.1 ± 0.31 kg BW) were fed experimental diets for 10 d with 12 replicates and 5 pigs per pen. Pens were blocked by weight and assigned in a randomized complete block design to 1 of 6 dietary treatments containing 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, or 44% SID His:Lys. Dietary SID Lys was 1.25% and all other AA met or exceeded the NRC (2012) requirement estimates. Diets were corn, spray-dried whey, and whey protein concentrate-based and treatments were formed by adding crystalline L-His at the expense of corn. Response variables ADG, ADFI, and G:F were fitted using general linear and nonlinear mixed models with heterogeneous variances and pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included quadratic polynomial, broken-line linear, and broken-line quadratic. For each response variable, the best fitting model was selected based on Bayesian Information Criterion. Increasing the His:Lys resulted in quadratic increases (P < 0.01) in ADG, ADFI, and G:F. The best fitting model for the three response variables was the broken-line linear. For ADG, the requirement was estimated at 29.7% SID His:Lys (95% CI: 27.8 to 31.6). For ADFI, the breakpoint occurred at 29.1% SID His:Lys (95% CI: 27.6 to 30.6). The maximum G:F was obtained at 29.8% SID His:Lys (95% CI: 27.6 to 32.1). In conclusion, the estimated SID His:Lys requirement for 7 to 11 kg pigs ranged from 29.1% to 29.8%. SID His:Lys, % SEM 24 28 32 36 40 44 BW d 0 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 0.306 BW d 101 10.3 11.3 11.8 11.8 11.5 11.7 0.415 ADG, g1 327 423 469 474 448 462 15.16 ADFI, g1 463 541 570 572 567 566 19.59 G:F1 0.709 0.782 0.826 0.829 0.791 0.818 0.013 1 Quadratic, P < 0.01 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 300 maternal line barrows (DNA; 200 x 400, initially 6.75 ± 0.23 kg BW) were used in a 21d trial to determine die standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of nursery pigs from 6.8 to 15.9 kg. Pigs were randomly allotted to pens at weaning based on B W and were fed a common diet for 9 d after weaning. There were 10 replicate pens/treatment and 5 pigs/pen. Pens of pigs were allotted to experimental diets based on average BW, in a completely randomized design. The 6 dietary treatments consisted of 1.05, 1.15, 1.25, 1.35, 1.45, and 1.55% SID Lys and were achieved by increasing the inclusion of crystalline amino acids, allowing soybean-meal to stay constant across dietary treatments. Experimental data was analyzed using general linear and nonlinear mixed models with heterogeneous residual variances and pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). The best-fitting model for each response was selected using Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Increasing SID Lys linearly improved (P = 0.001) G:F. There was a marginal quadratic response for ADG (P = 0.067) with increasing SID Lys. The ADFI increased in a quadratic manner (P = 0.019) from 1.05 to 1.25% SID Lys. For ADG, die best-fitting comparable models were BLL [predicted equation: 462- 271 x (1.29- Lys), if SID Lys < 1.29%] and BLQ [predicted equation: 465- 372 x (1.47- Lys)2, if SID Lys < 1.47%], estimating the requirement at 1.29% (95% CI: [1.23, 1.35]%) and 1.47% (95% CI: [1.31, > 1.55]%), respectively. For G:F, the best-fitting models were QP [predicted equation: 0.750- 0.317 x (Lys) + 0.214 x (Lys)2] and LM [predicted equation: 0.392 + 0.241 x (Lys)], estimating the requirement at greater than 1.55% for both models. In conclusion, the estimated mean SID Lys required for nursery pigs from 6.8 to 15.9 kg ranged from 1.29% for maximum ADG to at least 1.55% for maximum G:F [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the following in individuals after stroke: (1) relationship between upper limb (UL) use by direct observation at home with use perceived and measured by accelerometers; (2) complementarity of these three measurements; and (3) relationship between UL bilateral capacity and bilateral use., Materials and Methods: Thirty-one individuals with chronic hemiparesis participated in this cross-sectional study. UL use was assessed using a behavioral map (BM), the Motor Activity Log-Amount of Use (MAL-AOU), and accelerometers, while UL capacity was assessed using the Test d'Evaluation des Membres Supérieurs des Personnes Âgées (TEMPA)., Results: The BM was strongly correlated with perceived use (MAL-AOU, ρ = 0.76) and accelerometer (ρ = 0.70). Bilateral UL use (BM) was moderately (ρ = 0.65) correlated with bilateral MAL-AOU and bilateral use by accelerometers (ρ = 0.62). The BM aided our understanding of how the paretic UL was used. The correlation between bilateral capacity (TEMPA bilateral) and bilateral use (BM) was significant (ρ = 0.49), while that with bilateral MAL-AOU and accelerometer were ρ = 0.68 and ρ = 0.50, respectively., Conclusion: A BM is a valid way to quantify UL use and can complement information assessed regarding perceived use and by accelerometers.Implications for rehabilitationBehavioral maps may be valuable to complement information assessed by perceived UL use and accelerometers.Quantifying bilateral capacity will reflect in a better understanding of actual paretic UL use after stroke.Accelerometers can underestimate the amount of paretic UL use in asymmetrical bilateral tasks.

Background: Orofacial pain of myofascial origin is often associated with temporomandibular joint dysfunction, affects chewing muscles and may lead to functional limitations. Dry needling is an intervention commonly used for inactivating myofascial pain trigger points., Objective: To systematically review the effects of dry needling on orofacial pain of myofascial origin in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction., Methods: This systematic review has pain intensity as primary outcome. Searches were conducted on April 13th, 2018 in eight databases, without publication date restrictions. We selected randomized controlled trials published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, with no restrictions regarding subject ethnicity, age or sex., Results: Seven trials were considered eligible. There was discrepancy among dry needling treatment protocols. Meta-analysis showed that dry needling is better than other interventions for pain intensity as well as than sham therapy on pressure pain threshold, but there is very low-quality evidence and a small effect size. There were no statistically significant differences in other outcomes., Conclusion: Clinicians can use dry needling for the treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction, nevertheless, due the low quality of evidence and high risk of bias of some included studies, larger and low risk of bias trials are needed to assess the effects of dry needling on orofacial pain associated with temporomandibular joint dysfunction., (Copyright © 2018 Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Background: Low back pain (LBP) has more than doubled in the last 20 years, probably influenced by biopsychosocial factors. Noninvasive treatments have been applied in individuals with chronic nonspecific LBP as spinal manipulation and pain education. However, the neurophysiological effects of these treatments are not clear. The aim of this research is to verify the pain control, functional and neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation, and pain education in individuals with chronic nonspecific LBP., Methods: This research is an assessor and subject blinded, 2-arm, randomized sham-controlled trial and will be conducted at Governador Celso Ramos Hospital, Florianópolis, Brazil. One hundred and twenty-eight individuals with chronic nonspecific LBP will be recruited for this study. Individuals will be randomly allocated into one of the two groups: (1) spinal manipulation plus pain education or (2) sham treatment plus pain education. Each group will be received two sessions per week over six weeks of treatment. The measures will be applied at baseline, six weeks, and three months after randomization. The primary outcome will be a pain intensity at six weeks postrandomization. Secondary outcomes will be pressure pain threshold, disability, fear and avoidance beliefs, kinesiophobia, risk of poor prognosis, quality of life, and inflammatory biomarkers., Discussion: Evidence has shown that psychosocial factors are more involved in chronic pain than we thought a few years ago. Then, studies investigating both functional and neurophysiological effects of these interventions to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and what else is happening at the cellular level in nervous system are needed.