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Since the advent of nanotechnology, nanocomposites (NCs) have been synthesized via novel approaches. In this regard, polymer-based NCs have been widely explored due to their exceptional characteristics as a result of the incorporation of nanofillers into the polymer matrix. In the present research, the synthesis of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) was synthesized using Azadirachta indica seed extract. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used to synthesize metal oxide NCs. Using the solution casting approach, PVA/TiO2 NC films with various weight percentages of TiO2 NPs (2, 4, 6, and 8%) were fabricated. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to characterize the TiO2 and PVA/TiO2 NCs. The antibacterial activity of the TiO2 NPs and PVA/TiO2 NCs was investigated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Methyl orange and methylene blue breakdown of undoped TiO2 and PVA/TiO2 nanomixture was examined under UV–visible irradiation. Uniformly dispersed nanoflake particles were visible in the PVA film matrix and on the 4% TiO2 NC surface. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that TiO2 NPs synthesized using a higher concentration of the extract showed larger crystallite sizes, whereas those fabricated using a lower concentration of plant extract showed larger crystallite sizes. Among the different concentrations investigated, 4% PVA/TiO2 NCs showed the highest extent of degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange. Furthermore, these NCs showed the highest antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally sustainable method was used to synthesize a novel class of biopolymer‐based PVP/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) with pomegranate peel residue extract as a biosurfactant, zinc acetate as the primary material, PVP as the stabilizing substance and sodium hydroxide as the resolving product. Significant global concerns for human health and the environment are caused by the presence of disease‐causing microbes and toxic dyes in water supplies. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibit exceptional photocatalytic and antibacterial efficacy toward reactive dye and bacterial strains. The microstructure of the NPs was analyzed by employing X‐ray diffraction (XRD), with a size of 20.24 nm. Investigation using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) revealed the appearance of nanoflakes‐shaped PVP‐ZnO nanoparticles with a size ranging from 20 to 30 nm. The mixed composition of the nanoparticles was demonstrated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and an intensity of absorption at 346 nm was seen using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The PVP‐ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic efficacy, destroying about 90% of the reactive MB dye. The NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against E. aerogenes, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumonia, with boundaries of inhibition of 21, 19, 18, and 16 mm, correspondingly. The results indicate that PVP‐ZnO nanoparticles may be efficiently employed for water purification, successfully removing both dye and pathogenic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, there has been a significant surge in enthusiasm surrounding the topic of nanotechnology due to the rapid progress of innovation. The enhanced benefits exhibited by nanoparticles (NPs) in comparison to micro‐materials provide a diverse array of applications. Sustainable synthesis is a very efficient technique for producing nanomaterials using a simple, rapid, and eco‐friendly approach. In this investigation, titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs were produced by combining the residue of coffee extract with PVA/TiO2 as an anchor material. The use of PVA/TiO2 substrates was employed to enhance the surface area of TiO2 NPs to enhance their characteristics. The TiO2 NPs/PVA nanocomposites (NCs) were characterized using procedures. The TiO2/PVA NCs exhibited an absorbance peak at 319 nm in the ultraviolet–visible spectrum, and the particle size was calculated to be 19.2 nm based on the data obtained from FE‐SEM and x‐ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted to examine the photodecomposition and germicidal properties of the TiO2/PVA NCs. The TiO2/PVA NCs showed remarkable germicidal efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The investigation focused on examining the photodecomposition performance of the TiO2/PVA NCs in the presence of methylene blue (MB). The MB dye exhibited the greatest photocatalytic activity, reaching 89% within 70 min. Hence, the findings of this study indicate that the TiO2/PVA NCs have promising characteristics for use as both germicidal and photodecomposition properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a lot of interest in the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) due to the growing importance of developing recyclable assets, affordable methods, sustainable substances, and safe compounds. The current study demonstrates the environmentally friendly fabrication of ZnO NPs through the use of an aqueous extract derived from discarded eggshells. The analysis of ZnO NPs involved the use of UV, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) with EDX techniques. The anti‐germs effects of fabricated NPs on pathogens were investigated using the agar diffusion technique. The cell‐damaging effects were assessed using the MTT assay, whereas the photodecomposition capacity was examined with Congo red and methylene blue dye. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the existence of tetragonal crystal morphology. The generated ZnO NPs have a crystallite size of 17.6 nm. According to FE‐SEM examination, the created sample's average grain size has been determined to be between 20 and 30 nm. The sustainable production of ZnO NPs showed remarkable anti‐germs properties against human pathogenic organisms and had good efficacy in damaging Osteosarcoma cell lines (MG‐63) during the experiment. Additionally, it emerged that the manifestation of remarkable catalytic efficiency fell by 78.1% after 60 min for methylene blue. Based on the findings, it has been determined that sustainable production of ZnO NPs shows great potential across multiple fields such as anti‐germs, anti‐proliferative, and photodecomposition properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a perspective on photoacoustic tomography (PAT) under realistic scenarios. While PAT has gained much attention in preclinical and clinical research, most early works used image reconstruction techniques based on ideal assumptions, and thus these techniques may not be fully effective in real environments. In this work, we consider such non-ideal conditions as a limited view, limited bandwidth, lossy medium, or heterogeneous medium. More importantly, we use k-Wave simulation to numerically evaluate the effects of these limiting factors on various image reconstruction algorithms. Then, to enable more reliable PAT image reconstruction, we introduce recent techniques for mitigating each of the limiting conditions. We seek to emphasize the importance of working within these realistic limitations, and we encourage researchers to develop compensating solutions that advance PAT's translation to real clinical environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prime challenge faced by agriculture today is to serve a large population with limited land availability and massive pollution. TiO2 nanoparticles are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials in today's world due to their captivating properties and diverse applications that can mitigate many of the challenges in agriculture. Green nanoparticle synthesis is often used to ensure an environmentally safe pathway and as a possible agent through their relevance. Green synthesis was favored in this study due to the responsive implications of TiO2 nanoparticles in disease resistance and yield enhancement in crop farming. Fruit peel extract of Citrus medica L. was used as a reducer and capping medium. UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the optical, structural, and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, which exposed their crystalline structure and spherical nature with 20–30 nm dimensions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to classify functional moieties involved in the efficient production and steadiness of nanoparticles, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to determine the purity of synthesized nanoparticles. In nature, nanoparticles were discovered to maintain purity, dispersion, and utility. Furthermore, TiO2 nanoparticles were found to be effective in improving Capsicum annuum seed germination and other growth parameters. As a result, green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles made from C. medica L fruit peel extract can be used as a nutrient and catalyzing agent in agro-food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of compatible nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical applications is a crucial requirement of today’s research advancements. Furthermore, using environmentally acceptable technologies to create biocompatible and less toxic NPs is a significant win. Medical implants, photodynamic treatment, medicinal delivery, bio-sensing, and antimicrobial agents have all been thoroughly investigated using titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs. In this study, extracts of Leechai kottai keerai (Pisonia grandis) were employed for the first time in the phytosynthesis of TiO2 NPs. XRD, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, FT-IR, FE-SEM, with EDAX analyses were used to characterize the NPs, which are confirmed their formation, shape, crystallinity, and size. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized TiO2 NPs against microbial pathogens was investigated by well diffusion method. MTT and NRU assays were used to examine the cytotoxicity. Methylene blue dye was explored for its photocatalytic properties. The phytosynthesized TiO2 NPs with an average size of 34 ​nm displayed exceptional antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, as demonstrated by MTT and NUR assessments of SaOS-2 ​cell lines, with IC50 values of 80.6 and 38.4 ​g/mL, accordingly. Overall results shows that the synthesized TiO2 NPs degrading efficiency, cell viability, and zone inhibition layer show that they have been a promising choice for environmental and biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information security is one of the significant research challenges in the IT world. Most of the time, information is transmitted through a network that is not in a secured format. In this paper, the proposed work is to improve the critical strength of the DNA algorithm. The key strength is improved with the combination of the genetic algorithm and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm. The Shannon entropy measures the data compression while the critical entropy measures the key strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physico-chemical methods of synthesizing the nanoparticles which are expensive and involve harmful substances are exuded to the environment. Hence, green synthesis of nanoparticles with low cost, non-toxic and eco-friendly advances currently into new research. Amidst the metal oxides, ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized using various biological species that have tremendously increased for various applications. This review details on algae intervened synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles used for numerous biological applications such as antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, larvicidal, and photocatalytic activities. • Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using various algal extract. • Shape and size of the nanoparticles were reported using various characterizations. • Various biological applications were included in this review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles has attracted much attention in recent years owing to the increasing impact for improving hygienic substances, cost effective approaches, environment friendly solvents and reusable resources. The present study has shown the eco synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of egg shell waste. UV, XRD, FT-IR, and FE-SEM with EDX methods were implied for TiO 2 nanoparticles. The agar well approach was used to investigate the antimicrobial properties of biosynthesized nanoparticles against pathogenic organisms. The cytotoxicity analysis was investigated by MTT assay method and photocatalytic activity was studied using methylene blue, methyl orange and Congo red dye. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the presence of tetragonal structure. The crystallite size of synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles is 27.3 nm. FE-SEM analysis indicates that the average grain size of the prepared sample was found to be in the range of 30–40 nm. Eco synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles displayed amazing antimicrobial efficacies against human pathogenic organisms and obtained excellent cytotoxicity investigation was performed against Osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63). Further it was also found that the expression of impressive catalytic efficiency, 91.1 percent decreased in 60 min for methylene blue. From the results, we found that eco synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles has promising utility in multidisciplinary like antimicrobial, anticancer and photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DMSO fruit peel extract of Citrus aurantium possess excellent antimicrobial activity. • This is the first study to report the MIC,MBC/MFC antimicrobial activities of Citrus aurantium. • Flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds were present only in DMSO fruit peel extract of Citrus aurantium. • Eleven main peaks in HPLC and twelve compounds in GC–MS were detected. Control of multi drug resistant bacteria and their infection rate is a threat for biomedical and clinical research. Citrus fruits have proven effective against incurable bacterial infections suggesting alternate therapeutics to replace antibiotics in the near future. The antimicrobial potential of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), citron (Citrus medica), and wood apple (Limonia acidissima) fruit peel extracts against pathogenic microorganisms was focused in this study. The antimicrobial activities and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) values were determined using the agar well diffusion and micro dilution method respectively against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis), Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). HPLC, GC-MS, and FT-IR analyses were used to identify phytochemicals and functional groups in addition to cytotoxicity investigations using MTT assay. DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium has shown superior antimicrobial activity against the studied pathogens, particularly S. aureus (33 mm), followed by C. medica (DMSO extract – inhibition zone of 26 mm) against S. aureus. While the methanolic extract of C. aurantium had the lowest inhibitory zone against S. epidermis (12 mm). The MIC varied from 0.39 µg/mL to 6.24 µg/mL, while the MBC/MFC ranged from 0.78 µg/mL to 12.5 µg/mL.In all samples of studied fruit peel extracts, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, phenolics, and cardiac glycoside. Only the DMSO extract of C. aurantium contained flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium exhibited eleven main peaks in HPLC and GC-MS analysis, revealing twelve chemicals in total. The FT-IR spectrum was used to determine the chemical composition of the peel extract. The DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium outperformed other extracts and even conventional medications in terms of antimicrobial activity. The results prove that this plant may be evaluated further to uncover active biomolecules in the development of antimicrobial therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plumbago zeylanica exhibited effective antimicrobial activity. • The identified bioactive compound from P. zeylanica is heneicosane. • Heneicosane was identified by GC–MS, TLC, HPLC, 13C and H1NMR • Heneicosane was firstly indentified in Plumbago zeylanica leaves Today the quick advancement of multi drug resistance in microorganisms is expanding worldwide and the related medical issues for the treatment of infectious diseases that researchers claim could return to the stage of the pre-antibiotic era. Medicinal plants possess a potential holistic role for the provision of drugs to cure microbial infections. The present work, has aimed to isolate and analyze the new bioactive molecule and to test their antimicrobial activities from the Plumbago zeylanica L leaf extracts. For analyzing the phytochemistry and microbicidal activities of the herb, extracts with various solvents have been used. The various crude leaf extracts with antimicrobial activity was treated against pathogenic microorganisms such as two Gram positive, two Gram negative, one acid fast staining bacteria and one fungus using agar well method. New bioactive molecule was isolated via GC–MS, TLC, HPLC, FTIR and NMR spectrum. Current study had used ethyl acetate leaf extract and exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity compared with other extracts and conventional drugs. The ethyl acetate extract was analyzed by GC–MS which was detected in fifteen compounds, followed by TLC analysis to elucidate the ten compounds with ten fractions. Among the active fractions, a single compound was detected using HPLC analysis. The identified bioactive molecule Heneicosane was used for measuring the antimicrobial activity. Depending on the results obtained, it was verified that heneicosane exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 31 ± 0.64 mm and Aspergillus fumigatus 29 ± 0.86 mm respectively at 10 μg/ml concentrations. Hence this study derives its novelty in isolating the bioactive molecule with pronounced microbicidal role from the herbal source mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of the green strategy of metallic oxide creation provides considerable profits via a minimum of effort, making it an acceptable substitute to the most laborious and challenging conventional processes. The suggested approach involved the creation of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles through Orthosiphon stamineus extracts of leaves. The synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were then characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM with EDX, and UV-visible spectroscopy. UV-visible spectroscopy validated the presence of optical imperfections in the TiO 2 NPs at frequencies of 286 nm. This research specifically focused on examining the photodecomposition and germicidal traits of NPs. Initiatives aimed must be made to mitigate the hazardous effects of TiO 2 NPs in an ecologically sensitive way throughout their production. Exposing the dye methylene blue (MB), a major water polluting produced by garment manufacturing, to TiO 2 NPs resulted in a considerable increase in photodecomposition efficiency. The photodecomposition process exhibited a rate of breakdown of 83%. The findings indicate that the diameter inhibition zone exhibits the most potent resistance versus pathogenic microorganisms. These results have led to the identification of a long-term, sustainable, and ecologically beneficial solution for removing pollutants from water and biological properties., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Fabricating metal oxide nanoparticles has garnered much attention lately because creating safe chemicals, sustainable materials, economic processes, and renewable resources is becoming increasingly important. This research shows how TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) could be generated in an ecologically responsible way using waste coconut husk with the help of tender coconut. This extract functions as both a reducing agent and a sealing agent. The investigation of TiO 2 NPs exploited ultraviolet (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) methods. The germicidal properties of TiO 2 NPs against food-borne pathogenic strains were studied using the agar well method. Employing Congo red pigment, the photodecomposition behavior was investigated. The TiO 2 NPs produced had a crystallite size measuring 16.2 nm. The average grain size of the sample, as measured by FE-SEM inspection, falls within the range of 15 to 25 nm. Impressive anti-germ effects against food-borne germs like Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes), Gram-negative (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli) bacteria, and fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) have been proved by the sustainable fabrication of TiO 2 NPs. The catalytic effectiveness of Congo red decreased by 88% after 90 min. The findings suggest that sustainable synthesis of TiO 2 NPs is an effective tool for food-borne germicides and photodecomposition behaviors., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Alternate antibiotics developed through the involvement of nanomaterials are gaining interest due to their economical and lower toxicity concerns. A newly developed biopolymer-based polyvinylpyrrolidone/zinc oxide (PVP/ZnO) nanocomposite (NCs) was efficiently synthesized by an environment-friendly approach, utilizing onion and garlic peel extract as a bio-surfactant, zinc acetate as the source, PVP as the stabilizing agent, and sodium hydroxide as the precipitant. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations verified the crystalline properties of ZnO, PVP, and PVP/ZnO-based NCs. The structure of the biopolymer-linked ZnO particles interpolated inside the PVP array was seen to have a layered and flaky structure, as validated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis, which revealed its occurrence in the nanometer range. The XRD examination verified that the surface topographical image of PVP/ZnO NCs had an average thickness of 21 nm. The PVP/ZnO nanocrystals demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic efficacy, with a breakdown rate of 88% and almost 92% for the methylene blue dye. Therefore, the PVP/ZnO matrix exhibits superior antibacterial activity compared to other extracts, resulting in greater microbial suppression. The results above indicate that the ZnO-intercalated PVP array has a stronger reinforcing effect than other components. Hence, PVP/ZnO nanocrystals exhibit enormous potential as a favorable substance for environmental and biomedical intentions., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)