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Dental cement materials have been developed with the aim to replace hard dental tissues. The first material used for pulp capping, root canal obturation, bifurcation perforation and apexification is calcium hydroxide (in 1920). A half century later, glass-ionomer cements began to suppress it as dentine substitutes. Finally, in the 1990s, calcium silicate (CS) material appeared in the dental research community as the most promising dentine substitute capable to adequately meet all clinical requirements. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of literature related to studies about CS materials taking into account their physical, chemical and biological properties and clinical applications. This review aims to discuss beneficial and adverse characteristics of CSs concerning interactions to the hard dentine and soft pulp/periodontal tissues. This review article deals with the literature data about currently commercially available CS concerning laboratory and clinical findings. 109 scientific articles were analyzed of which 62 references reported in vitro and 26 in vivo investigations while 21 references comprised reports, reviews and books dealing with both, in vitro and in vivo investigations. Although further data collection is necessary, CSs are promising materials that represent a gold standard for numerous dental clinical procedures. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 172026 and Grant no. III 45005]

Background/Aim. In dentistry, the concept of using inert materials for tissue repair has been replaced by the strategy to find bioactive materials which positively interact with human tissues. The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of the commercially available calcium silicate and calcium carbonate-based dental cement, biodentine (Septodont, France). Methods. Material elucidation included the measurements of radiopacity, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray dispersive analyses, wettability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, microindentation, micro- to nanoporosity, setting time, pH and calcium ion release. The cells (mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells – BMSCs) were grown on biodentine surface in order to evaluate its behaviour under biological conditions. Results. The radiopacity of the cement (2.8 mmAl) was below ISO requirement for a root canal filling material. The cement was composed of fine powder with particles similar in size and shape, changing from oval to cubic after having been soaked in a simulated body fluid. Biodentine demonstrated good micromechanical properties and low porosity attributed to microporosity with the average pore size of 92 μm. Wettability (contact angle = 41°), calcium ion release (0.098 μg/cm2) and pH of storage solution (9.07) showed satisfactory characteristics. The BMSCa in intimate contact with cement particles remained viable, indicating biodentine good biocompatibility. Conclusion. Biodentine exhibits good mechanical and physicochemical characteristics, but possesses insufficient radiopacity. © 2021 Inst. Sci. inf., Univ. Defence in Belgrade. All rights reserved.

Introduction Direct pulp capping is an important therapeutic method that has goal to provide formation of dentin bridge and healing process of the pulp. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of new nanostructural materials based on calcium silicate systems and hydroxyapatite on exposed dental pulp in Vietnamese pigs. Material and Methods The study was conducted on 30 teeth of two Vietnamese pigs (Sus scrofa verus). On buccal surfaces of incisors, canines and first premolars, class V cavities were prepared with a small round bur and pulp horn was exposed. In the first experimental group (10 teeth) the perforation was covered with new nanostructural material based on calcium silicate systems (CS). In the second experimental group, the perforation was covered with compound of calcium silicate systems and hydroxyapatite (HA-CS) (10 teeth). In the control group, exposed pulp was covered with Pro Root MTA® (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) (10 teeth). All cavities were restored with glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Observation period was 28 days. After sacrificing the animals, histological preparations were done to analyze the presence of dentin bridge, inflammatory reaction of the pulp, pulp tissue reorganization and the presence of bacteria. Results Dentin bridge was observed in all teeth (experimental and control groups). Inflammation of the pulp was mild to moderate in all groups. Neoangiogenesis and many odontoblast like cells responsible for dentin bridge formation were detected. Necrosis was not observed in any case, neither the presence of Gram-positive bacteria in the pulp. Conclusion Histological analysis indicated favorable therapeutic effects of new nanostructural materials based on calcium silicate systems and hydroxyapatite for direct pulp capping in teeth of Vietnamese pigs. Uvod Direktno prekrivanje pulpe je važan terapijski postupak koji ima zadatak da obezbedi zatvaranje pulpne komore i omogući proces zarastanja. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita efekat novih nanostrukturnih materijala na bazi kalcijum-silikatnih sistema i hidroksiapatita na eksponiranu pulpu zuba vijetnamskih svinja. Materijal i metode rada Istraživanje je sprovedeno na 30 zuba kod dve vijetnamske svinje (Sus scrofa verus). Na vestibularnim površinama sekutića, očnjaka i prvih premolara urađene su preparacije kaviteta V klase, pri čemu je malim okruglim svrdlom napravljena namerna eksploracija komore pulpe. U prvoj eksperimentalnoj grupi (10 zuba) perforacija je prekrivana novim nanostrukturnim materijalom na bazi kalcijum-silikatnih sistema (CS). U drugoj eksperimentalnoj grupi (10 zuba) perforacija je prekrivana smešom kalcijum-silikatnog sistema i hidroksiapatita (HA-CS). U kontrolnoj grupi (10 zuba) perforacija je prekrivana sa MTA® (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Džonson Siti, Tenesi, SAD). Svi kaviteti su restaurirani glas-jonomer cementom (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokio, Japan). Opservacioni period iznosio je 28 dana. Nakon žrtvovanja životinja napravljeni su histološki preparati na kojima su analizirani postojanje dentinskog mostića, inflamatorna reakcija pulpe, reorganizacija pulpnog tkiva i prisustvo bakterija. Rezultati Na svim zubima eksperimentalnih grupa i kontrolne grupe zabeleženo je stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Zapaljenje pulpe je bilo blago do umereno i u eksperimentalnim i u kontrolnoj grupi. Uočeni su znaci neoangiogeneze i mnoštvo ćelija sličnih odontoblastima koje su odgovorne za stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Nekroza nije zabeležena ni u jednom slučaju, kao ni prisustvo gram-pozitivnih bakterija u pulpi. Zaključak Histološka analiza je ukazala na povoljne terapijske efekte novih nanostrukturnih materijala na bazi kalcijum-silikatnih sistema i hidroksiapatita u direktnom prekrivanju pulpe zuba vijetnamskih svinja.

Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP) are widely used in alveolar ridge regeneration as a porous scaffold for new bone formation. The aim of this case series was to evaluate the regenerative effect of the combination of BCP and polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) which can serve as a barrier membrane during bone regeneration. The study included five patients. Four months into the healing period, bone samples were collected for histological and morphometric analyses. The results of morphometric analysis showed that newly formed bone represented 32.2 ± 6.8% of the tissue, 31.9 ± 8.9% was occupied by residual graft and 35.9 ± 13.5% by soft tissue. Active osteogenesis was seen around the particles of the graft. The particles were occupied mostly by immature woven bone and connective tissue. The quality and quantity of newly formed bone, after the use of BCP/PLGA for ridge preservation, can be adequate for successful implant therapy after tooth extraction. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. OI 175021 i br. OI 173009]

Background/Aim. There are very few data about the effects of endogenous growth factors in vital pulp therapy, and still they are often controversial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in conjugation with hydroxyapatite (HAP), as pulp capping materials, to root and periodontium formation. Methods. Eight young monkeys (Cercopithecus Aethiops) with permanent dentition and incomplete root formation were involved in this study. After pulpotomy, the pulp lesion was capped with calcium hydroxide (control), hydroxyapatite (experimental group I) or hydroxyapatite in conjugation with PRP (experimental group II). Six months later, the animals were sacrificed, the tissue was removed en block, and prepared for the histological analysis in a routine way. Results. The results of the histological analysis revealed that healing process was characterised by dentin bridge formation, maintained morphological and functional integrity of dental pulp and complete formation of dental root and surrounding periodontium. The inflammatory reaction was scored as mild to moderate, in almost all the samples in all groups, suggesting the biocompatibility of the used materials. Conclusion. Materials used in this study are convenient as capping agents, contributing maintaining the integrity of the pulp tissue and facilitating root and periodontium formation. According to histological data it could be suggested that hydroxyapatite in conjugation with endogenous growth factors, represents superior alternative to other materials used in this study.

Introduction Direct pulp capping procedure is a therapeutic application of a drug on exposed tooth pulp in order to ensure the closure of the pulp chamber and to allow the healing process to take place. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the histological effects of Emdogain® on exposed tooth pulp of a Vietnamese pig (Sus scrofa verus). Methods The study comprised 20 teeth of a Vietnamese pig. After class V preparation on the buccal surfaces of incisors, canines and first premolars, pulp was exposed. In the experimental group, the perforations were capped with Emdogain® (Straumann, Basel, Switzerland), while in the control group pulp capping was performed with MTA® (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA). All cavities were restored with glass-ionomer cement (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The observational period was 28 days, after which the animal was sacrificed and histological preparations were made. A light microscope was used to analyze dentin bridge formation, tissue reorganization and inflammation, and the presence of bacteria in the pulp. Results The formation of dentin bridge was observed in the experimental and control groups. Inflammation of the pulp was mild to moderate in both groups. Angiogenesis and many odontoblast-like cells, responsible for dentin bridge formation, were observed. Necrosis was not observed in any case, nor were bacteria present in the pulp. Conclusion Histological analysis indicated a favorable therapeutic effect of Emdogain® Gel in direct pulp capping of Vietnamese pigs. Pulp reaction was similar to that of MTA®. Uvod Direktno prekrivanje pulpe je važan terapijski postupak primene leka na eksponiranu pulpu zuba, čiji je cilj da obezbedi zatvaranje pulpne komore i omogući proces zarastanja. Cilj rada Cilj ovog rada je bio da se histološki ispita efekat gleđnog emdogaina na eksponiranu pulpu zuba vijetnamske svinje (Sus scrofa domesticus). Metode rada Istraživanje je urađeno na 20 zuba vijetnamske svinje. Na vestibularnim površinama sekutića, očnjaka i prvih premolara urađene su preparacije kaviteta V klase s eksponiranjem komora pulpe. U eksperimentalnoj grupi perforacija je prekrivana proizvodom Emdogain® (Straumann, Bazel, Švajcarska), a u kontrolnoj sa MTA® (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Džonson Siti, Tenesi, SAD). Svi kaviteti su restaurirani glasjonomer-cementom (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokio, Japan). Period posmatranja trajao je 28 dana, a nakon žrtvovanja životinja, napravljeni su histološki preparati na kojima su analizirani postojanje dentinskog mostića, zapaljenjska reakcija pulpe, reorganizacija pulpnog tkiva i postojanje bakterija. Rezultati Na svim zubima eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe uočeno je stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Upala pulpe je bila blaga do umerena i u eksperimentalnoj i u kontrolnoj grupi. Uočeni su znaci neoangiogeneze i mnoštvo ćelija sličnih odontoblastima koje su odgovorne za stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Nekroza nije zabeležena ni u jednom slučaju, kao ni prisustvo bakterija u pulpi. Zaključak Histološka analiza je ukazala na povoljne terapijske efekte emdogaina u direktnom prekrivanju pulpe zuba vijetnamskih svinja. Reakcija pulpe bila je slična onima koje je izazvao MTA.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Biodentine® and two new nanostructured materials based on active silicate cements on exposed tooth pulp of Vietnamese pigs. The study comprised 40 teeth in two Vietnamese pigs (24 months old). After class V cavity preparation, the pulp on each tooth was exposed using a small round bur. The following materials were applied on pulp exposures: Biodentine® (10 teeth), ALBO MPCA-I (10 teeth), and aLbO MPCA-II (10 teeth). In the control group, exposed pulp was covered with ProRoot MTA® (10 teeth). After the observation period of 28 days, the animals were sacrificed and the teeth prepared for histological analysis. Light microscope was used for the analysis of dentin bridge formation, tissue reorganization and inflammation, and the presence of bacteria in the pulp. In the group of Biodentine®, a complete dentin bridge was noted in 3 cases, while incomplete dentin bridge in the form of dental islets was detected in 4 cases. Nanostructured material ALBO-MPCA I provided complete dentin bridge formation in 5 teeth, in 3 teeth the formed dentin bridge was incomplete. ALBO MPCA-II showed complete closure of the pulp opening by dentin bridge in 4 samples, while in the same number of teeth it was incomplete. In the control group, 4 teeth showed a complete dentin bridge, whereas in 6 teeth it was incomplete. Histological analysis indicated favourable therapeutic effects of Biodentine® and the two materials ALBO-MPCA I and ALBO-MPCA II after teeth pulp capping in Vietnamese pigs. Pulp reaction was similar to that caused by ProRoot MTA®. Cilj ovog rada je bio dase ispita efekat Biodentina i dva nova nanostrukturna materijala na bazi aktivnih cilikatnih cemenata na eksponiranu pulpu zuba vijentamskih svinja. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 40 zuba i dve vijetnamske svinje starosti 24 meseca. Na svima zubima je urađena preparacije kaviteta V klase i malim okruglim svrdlom eksponirana komora pulpe. Na perforaciju pulpe aplikovani su materijali: Biodentin (10 zuba), ALBO-MPCA I (10 zuba), ALBO-MPCA II (10 zuba). U kontrolnoj grupi pulpa je prekrivena MTA-om (10 zuba). Nakon observacionog perioda od 28 dana, životinje su žrtvovane i pripremljene za histološku analizu. Svetlosnom mikroskopijom analizirano je formiranje dentinskog mostića, postojanje reorganizacije tkiva, prisustvo inflamacije i bakterija u pulpi. Kod Biodentina kompletan dentinski mostić je zabeležen u 3 slučaja, a inkompletan dentinski mostić u vidu dentinskih ostrvaca u 4 slučaja. Nanostrukturni materijal ALBO-MPCA I je doveo do stvaranja kompletnog dentinskog mostića kod 5 zuba, a kod 3 zuba dentinski mostić je bio inkompletan. ALBO-MPCA II je pokazao kompletno zatvaranje komore pulpe dentinskim mostićem u 4 uzorka, dok je kod 4 uzorka on bio inkompletan. Kontrolni materijal MTA je kod 4 zuba imao stvoren kompletan dentinski mosti}, a u kod 6 zuba je on bio inkompletan. Histološka analiza je ukazala na povoljne terapijske efekte i Biodentina i dva novosintetisana materijala ALBO-MPCA I i ALBO-MPCA II u direktnom prekrivanju pulpezuba vijentamskih svinja. Reakcija pulpe bilaje slična onima koje je izazvao MTA.