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2. Production and distribution of iron in the Angkor kingdom: evolution of technical practices and networks between smelters and consumers (9th -15th c)

Author

Leroy, Stéphanie, Hendrickson, Mitch, Delqué-Količ, Emmanuelle, Vega, Enrique, Venunan, Pira, Vincent, Brice, Brauns, Michael, IRAMAT - Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l'Altération (IRAMAT-LAPA), Institut de Recherche sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, Laboratoire de mesure du carbone 14 (LMC14 - UMS 2572), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Silpakorn University [Bangkok, Thaïlande], École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archeaometrie (CEZA), and Leroy, Stéphanie

Subjects
[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Since 2014, a transdisciplinary project has been documenting the technical practices and organization of iron smelting activities within the territory of the Angkorian kingdom. This research project applies a holistic approach to archaeometallurgical analyses developed at the interface between field studies, material sciences, and data analysis. A vast archaeometallurgical database has been constructed from the analysis of waste products of iron smelting operations, the investigation of finished products found in use context, and from contextual (spatial and chronological) data from the sites. On a large scale of investigation, it is possible to observe an evolution through space and time of technical practices and of relationships between the smelters and the consumers. Important shifts in the production and distribution networks that related to the political and cultural fluctuations of the Angkorian state can be evidenced. At a local level, we can investigate the logistics of supply, and use or storage of metal products at various sites. This paper discusses some results obtained at these two scales of investigation by presenting, first, the production behaviour that took place around Phnom Dek (Cambodia) over a period of 1400 years; second, the data obtained on the origin and period of production of the iron armatures related to the Prakhon Chai bronzes (7th-9th c., Buriram province, Thailand). Through these two examples, we will demonstrate the methods developed specifically to reveal and describe these patterns.

Published
2022

3. Iron exchange networks in the Khmer kingdom between the 9th and the 15th centuries (Angkor, Cambodia). A review of the IRANGKOR project

Author

Leroy, Stéphanie, Hendrickson, Mitch, Vega, Enrique, Delqué-Količ, Emmanuelle, Vincent, Brice, Venunan, Pira, Pottier, Christophe, Soutif, Dominique, IRAMAT - Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l'Altération (IRAMAT-LAPA), Institut de Recherche sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Laboratoire de mesure du carbone 14 (LMC14 - UMS 2572), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), Silpakorn University [Bangkok, Thaïlande], ANR-14-CE31-0007,IRANGKOR,Le fer à Angkor: production, circulation, consommation du métal et expansion de l'Empire Khmer, Cambodge (9e -15e s.), une approche multidisciplinaire et intégrée(2014), Leroy, Stéphanie, and Appel à projets générique - Le fer à Angkor: production, circulation, consommation du métal et expansion de l'Empire Khmer, Cambodge (9e -15e s.), une approche multidisciplinaire et intégrée - - IRANGKOR2014 - ANR-14-CE31-0007 - Appel à projets générique - VALID

Subjects
[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; The international IRANGKOR project was established in 2014 to investigate the spatial, diachronic and synchronic organization of iron consumption and distribution practices within the Khmer empire throughout the period of Khmer expansion and decline of Angkor in the 15th centuries. It also proposes to highlight the role played by the roadways in facilitating movement, aggregation and distribution of iron resources. The relationships between the sources, production workshops and consumption sites were therefore identified as a whole to shed new light on the organization of the Angkorian economy.To reach these large-scale objectives, this project has developed and applied a new methodology based on a combination of archaeological, technological, chronological (14C dating) and provenance (geochemistry, statistics, model) investigations of different types of iron artefacts (architectural crampons, tools and weapons, armatures) associated with various socio-cultural contexts and with wide temporal and spatial distribution within the Khmer Empire. The project was thus coupled with major methodological advances in both provenance investigation and direct dating of iron by radiocarbon dating based on statistical and experimental interpretations. The project has examined a statistically significant number of architectural supports (300 crampons) recovered from different Angkorian masonry complexes (Royal Palace, Baphuon, Angkor Vat, Preah Khan of Kompong Svay, Preah Khan, Banteay Chhmar, Ta Som, Bayon), and tools and weapons from consumption sites (9th to 12th centuries). The methodology was recently implemented on the iron armatures from the religious statuary and objects made of bronze that were also produced in massive quantities and exhibited today in different museums. This paper will expose the methodology, the main results as well as the research perspectives in other archaeological and geographical contexts.

Published
2022

4. Reconstructing the ancient route network in the Thailand–Cambodia borders: A case study of the Angkorian Royal Road.

Author

Khamsiri, Sutthikan, Venunan, Pira, Khaokheiw, Chawalit, Silapanth, Praon, and Pailoplee, Santi

Subjects
*GEOGRAPHIC information systems, *DIGITAL elevation models
Abstract

A large number of ancient remnants from the Angkor kingdom of the 15th–19th centuries are widely observable across present day north‐eastern Thailand and Cambodia. Archaeologically, these features represent the ancient communities and were possibly connected according to various socioeconomic reasons. In order to reconstruct the route of human mobility between the remains, the geographic information system (GIS)‐based least cost path (LCP) analysis was employed along the Angkor–Phimai route. By recognizing the geographic parameters, the mobility of 292 moated sites was tracked to eight mountain passes that traverse the barrier of the Dângrêk Mountain Range. The LCP‐derived routes revealed that the Ta Muen pass was the most suitable (shortest source‐to‐site distance) route for almost all moated sites. When compared with a previous interpretation of the Angkorian Royal Road route, our LCP route conforms reasonably well when overlaid with this possible Royal Road. The locations of ancient activities were also in the vicinity of the dense LCP route, and most monuments were located within a 1.5 km buffer line. This underlines that the LCP track obtained in this study is reasonable with a high reliability and is beneficial for guiding further studies to find out more about the ancient remains or archaeological evidence in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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5. Luminescence dating of archaeometallurgical slag from Buriram Province, northeastern Thailand.

Author

Khamsiri, Sutthikan, Venunan, Pira, Khaokheiw, Chawalit, Silapanth, Praon, Banron, Sirittha, and Pailoplee, Santi

Subjects
*THERMOLUMINESCENCE dating, *OPTICALLY stimulated luminescence, *SLAG, *QUARTZ, *X-ray diffraction measurement, *OPTICALLY stimulated luminescence dating, *ALUMINUM smelting, *RADIOACTIVE elements
Abstract

In this study, the possibility of directly dating archaeometallurgical slags is assessed. The enormous slag heaps distributed in the Ban Kruat district, Buriram Province, Thailand, have been interpreted as one of the most prominent archaeometallurgical sites in Mainland Southeast Asia. Therefore, five slag samples were collected from the topmost level of two heaps. The X-ray diffraction measurement of each slag revealed the existence of quartz minerals, which is conceptually useful to luminescence dating. Based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) measurements, two of the five samples showed a weak luminescence signal, which was not suitable for OSL dating, and may reflect the lack of quartz minerals. However, the other three quartz-rich slag samples clearly expressed an OSL signal. Therefore, 40 or 96 aliquots of a single aliquot regenerative measurement were employed to date them. With the combination of the activated dose rate obtained from environmental radioactive elements (U, Th, and K), two timespans of iron-smelting activity were defined, as approximately 140 y ago and 470-710 y ago. Compared with the radiocarbon dates of the adjacent slag heap in Buriram (560-280 y BP), the 140-y-old slag heap dated in this study is younger and represents the latest (most recently) datable iron-smelting industry in the Angkor highland (Thailand). Meanwhile, the radiocarbon dates (140-20 y BP) of the slag heap in the Angkor lowland (Cambodia) conformed to the date obtained in this study. Therefore, it is concluded that OSL dating is effective for direct dating of the slag-bearing quartz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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6. The Bagan Iron Project: Preliminary results of the first intensive study of iron production in the Bagan region, Myanmar (11th to 20th c. CE)

Author

Htwe, Kalayar Myat Myat, Phyo Pyae Ko Ko, U., Venunan, Pira, Hendrickson, Mitch, Leroy, Stéphanie, Hudson, Bob, Pryce, T.O., Department of Archaeology, Dagon University, Silpakorn University [Bangkok, Thaïlande], Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l'Altération (LAPA - UMR 3685), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), IRAMAT - Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures (IRAMAT - LMC), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Préhistoire et Technologie (PréTech), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Silpakorn University, Palacin, Serge, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; The Kingdom of Bagan, with its capital on the Irrawaddy River in central Myanmar, was a primary regional competitor to Angkor whose success was similarly based on rice, trade and conquest. A key question is whether other practices, such as intensified iron production, similarly enabled Bagan's political domination of the region. The Bagan Iron Project represents the first exploration of iron smelting practices conducted around the capital , focussing on three production sites at the village of Zi-O. This paper presents the preliminary results of excavation, mapping and pXRF analyses from the 2019 field season. Comparison of slag and slag mound morphology, furnace visibility and spatial organization between each site suggests the presence of different technical traditions or modifications of one tradition over time. Overall, the scale of Bagan's iron production shows some important differences with their counterparts in Cambodia.

Published
2019

8. IRANGKOR project: production, trade and consumption of iron in the Khmer Empire, Cambodia (9th to 15th CE)

Author

Leroy, Stéphanie, Hendrickson, Mitch, Vega, Enrique, Delqué-Količ, Emmanuelle, Venunan, Pira, Pottier, Christophe, Soutif, Dominique, Vincent, Brice, IRAMAT - Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures (IRAMAT - LMC), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l'Altération (LAPA - UMR 3685), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Laboratoire de mesure du carbone 14 (LMC14 - UMS 2572), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Silpakorn University, École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), INDAP, ANR-14-CE31-0007,IRANGKOR,Le fer à Angkor: production, circulation, consommation du métal et expansion de l'Empire Khmer, Cambodge (9e -15e s.), une approche multidisciplinaire et intégrée(2014), Silpakorn University [Bangkok, Thaïlande], Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Investigation into material production and distribution is an important way of understanding the political and socioeconomic organization of premodern states. Iron, with its specific technological characteristics and diverse cultural utility, can be perceived as one of the most dynamic materials for facilitating social and cultural transformation. Reconstructing how iron was managed in the Khmer Empire is therefore a critical perspective for documenting the interrelationship between its multiple sociotechnical systems and greater historic trajectory. This paper discusses the combined results of technological, chronological and sourcing analyses of iron to generate a holistic view of Angkor’s iron economy. This investigation was paired with extensive analyses of the vast iron production landscape of central Cambodia (INDAP project) and evidence from northeast Thailand. The focus will be on the issue of provenance to determine the origin of the production sites and how iron was incorporated into the broader exchange system. Combining multiple types of analyses enables us to identify changes in the production and consumption strategies of the Khmer state and how they translated into broader impacts felt across the empire.

Published
2018

9. An integrated archaeometallurgical investigation of architectural crampons for documenting the iron economy of Angkor, Cambodia (10th to 13th c.)

Author

Leroy, Stéphanie, Hendrickson, Mitch, Vega, Enrique, Delqué-Kolic, Emmanuelle, Disser, Alexandre, Dillmann, Philippe, Venunan, Pira, Boun Suy, Tan, Voeun, Vuthy, Phon, Kaseka, Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l'Altération (LAPA - UMR 3685), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), IRAMAT - Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures (IRAMAT - LMC), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, Laboratoire de mesure du carbone 14 (LMC14 - UMS 2572), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Silpakorn University, APSARA Authority, Institute of Culture and Fine Arts, royal academy of cambodia, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Silpakorn University [Bangkok, Thaïlande]

Subjects
[CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry
Abstract

International audience; The Khmer Empire, based at Angkor (UNESCO) in Cambodia, rapidly extended their political influence across mainland Southeast Asia between the 11th and 13th c. AD. Traditionally, Angkor's power base is attributed to an elaborate bureaucratic system interconnected to regional centres via a road system. Lack of key resources around the capital suggests this network provided materials necessary to enhance a broad range of activities including temple building, external trade, and military campaigns. Iron with its broad technological characteristics and universal utility is known as being one of the most dynamic materials for facilitating social transformation. Reconstructing how iron was managed in the Khmer Empire is therefore a critical perspective for understanding the socioeconomic processes that enabled the rise of this influential state. The IRANGKOR project was established to investigate the diachronic organization of iron consumption and distribution practices. In combination with INDAP, which focuses on the evidence of iron production, our broader aim is to address the overall impact that iron played in the processes of Angkorian state-building during this time period. In this paper, we discuss the results of a comprehensive archaeometallurgical typology of iron architectural supports that represent the most frequent evidence of iron consumption in Angkor (9th to 15th c. CE). The study has examined a statistically significant number of crampons (100) recovered from five major temples that span the 11 th to 13 th centuries. Technological, chronological and sourcing analyses of this class of iron objects were combined to generate information about secondary manufacturing, association with reduction systems, and date of production. The large sample size and range of construction dates for each building allow us to assess diachronic patterns of metal consumption and manufacture during the critical period of Khmer expansion. This investigation was paired with extensive analyses of the vast iron production landscape of two known production zones (Cambodia, northeast Thailand) (200 sites) that were part of the Khmer empire. It was therefore possible to investigate the origin of the ore resources and to shed new light on the broader exchange system. Compiling this vast data set allows us to identify changes in the production and consumption strategies of the Khmer state that seem to be linked to key historical developments of the empire. More importantly, this study provides an important step in the reconstruction of premodern iron economies and the interrelationship between the sociotechnical system and historic trajectory of states and empires in the past.

Published
2017

10. An integrated archaeometallurgical typology of architectural crampons as a method for reconstructing the iron economy of Angkor, Cambodia (10th to 13th c.)

Author

Leroy, Stéphanie, Hendrickson, Mitch, Vega, Enrique, Blanchet, Théo, Bauvais, Sylvain, Delqué-Kolic, Emmanuelle, Disser, Alexandre, Dillmann, Philippe, Venunan, Pira, Pottier, Christophe, Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l'Altération (LAPA - UMR 3685), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), IRAMAT - Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures (IRAMAT - LMC), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de mesure du carbone 14 (LMC14 - UMS 2572), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Silpakorn University, École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), ANR-14-CE31-0007,IRANGKOR,Le fer à Angkor: production, circulation, consommation du métal et expansion de l'Empire Khmer, Cambodge (9e -15e s.), une approche multidisciplinaire et intégrée(2014), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Silpakorn University [Bangkok, Thaïlande], Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Iron economy, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Khmer empire, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, archaeometallurgical typology, architectural crampons, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; The Khmer Empire, based at the UNESCO World Heritage site of Angkor in Cambodia, rapidly extended their political influence across mainland Southeast Asia between the 11th and 13th c. AD. Traditionally, Angkor's power base is attributed to an elaborate bureaucratic system, regional centres, and road system. Lack of key resources around the capital suggests this network provided materials necessary to enhance a broad range of activities (e.g. construction efficiency, military capability,…). Iron with its technological characteristics and universal utility is known as being one of the most dynamic materials for facilitating social transformation. Reconstructing how iron was managed in the Khmer empire is therefore a critical perspective for drawing a socioeconomic context in terms of development of states and polities. The international IRANGKOR project was established to investigate the diachronic organization of iron consumption and distribution practices. In combination with the INDAP project, which focuses on the evidence of iron production, our broader aim is to address the overall impact that iron played in the processes of Angkorian state-building during this time period.

Published
2017

11. IRANGKOR Le fer à Angkor : production, circulation, consommation du métal et expansion de l’Empire Khmer, Cambodge (9e -15e s.), une approche interdisciplinaire

Author

Leroy, Stéphanie, Hendrickson, Mitch, Delqué-Količ, Emmanuelle, Vega, Enrique, Dillmann, Philippe, Venunan, Pira, Disser, Alexandre, Soutif, Dominique, Pottier, Christophe, Polkinghorne, Martin, Fletcher, Roland, IRAMAT - Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures (IRAMAT - LMC), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l'Altération (LAPA - UMR 3685), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Laboratoire de mesure du carbone 14 (LMC14 - UMS 2572), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Silpakorn University [Bangkok, Thaïlande], École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), Flinders University of South Australia, The University of Sydney, ANR-14-CE31-0007,IRANGKOR,Le fer à Angkor: production, circulation, consommation du métal et expansion de l'Empire Khmer, Cambodge (9e -15e s.), une approche multidisciplinaire et intégrée(2014), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Silpakorn University, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; C’est à partir du site d’Angkor au Cambodge, classé aujourd’hui au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO, que l'Empire khmer étend entre les 11e et 13e siècles son influence politique en Asie du Sud Est. Il est communément admis que la puissance de cet empire reposait sur la mise en place d’un système bureaucratique avancé, et s’appuyait à la fois sur une forte implantation régionale de temples et sur un réseau routier élaboré. Mais les mécanismes qui ont présidés à son expansion rapide restent à ce jour mal compris. L’absence de ressources en matières premières à proximité immédiate de la capitale angkorienne confère au réseau d’échange conçu pour répondre aux nécessités d’approvisionnement une importance indéniable dans un contexte de fort développement. La dimension industrielle de l’exploitation des ressources, des procédés de fabrication, des circuits de distribution et de l’utilisation des produits devrait témoigner d’une telle mobilisation des activités socioéconomiques. Consommé sous diverses formes, le fer occupe une place essentielle dans l’économie des sociétés anciennes. Encore non documenté dans l’économie angkorienne, ce matériau représente un outil pertinent pour appréhender les processus qui ont contribués au développement de l’Empire khmer.Ce poster se propose de présenter les contours (contexte et collaborations), objectifs et premiers résultats du projet ANR INTERNATIONAL IRANGKOR (2015-2019), première étude de grande ampleur menée sur la production et les réseaux de distribution du fer khmer dans le but de fournir un éclairage nouveau sur les échanges économiques et technologiques au sein de l’empire. L’étude se focalise sur deux problématiques intimement liées. D’une part, il s’agit d’étudier l’évolution de l’organisation de la production, de la circulation et de la consommation des matériaux ferreux aux périodes comprises entre le 9e siècle et le 15e siècle, deux repères chronologiques qui balisent l’histoire angkorienne par son émergence et son déclin. Nous proposons d’autre part d’éclairer le rôle joué par les temples régionaux et le réseau routier dans l’organisation de ces activités. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous nous appuyons sur une approche combinant étroitement études archéologique, technologique, chronologique et de provenance de deux régions de production attestées à l’échelle de l’empire khmer et de trois classes d’objets ferreux représentatifs des divers contextes socio-culturels et répertoriés dans la zone d’influence de l’empire khmer à l’époque angkorienne. A échéance plus lointaine, une approche intégrée inscrite dans un cadre Bayésien innovant sera mis en place afin de modéliser dans leur ensemble les liens (‘pattern’) entre la source (minerais), la production (déchets) et la consommation (objets) dans l’objectif de restituer dans une approche diachronique et synchronique les formes d’organisation des échanges des matériaux ferreux en Asie du Sud-Est entre le 9e et le 15e siècle. Couplé à des avancées méthodologiques majeures, ce projet permettra de poser in fine des jalons pour l’étude des matériaux ferreux en Asie du Sud-Est et de mettre en place des référentiels pour l’étude d’activités industrielles comparables (céramique, métallurgie du bronze).

Published
2016

12. Beyond 'Community Craft Specialisation' in Prehistoric Mainland Southeast Asian Metallurgy: Copper Smelting Behaviours at Khao Sai On, Nil Kham Haeng, Non Pa Wai, Phromthin Tai, and Tha Kae in Central Thailand.

Author

Cadet, Mélissa, Pryce, T. O., Ciarla, Roberto, Rispoli, Fiorella, Venunan, Pira, Lertcharnrit, Thanik, and Iizuka, Yoshiyuki

Subjects
*ARCHAEOLOGY, *COPPER metallurgy, *SMELTING, *COPPER
Abstract

Archaeology in Lopburi Province has been under long-term development since the 1970s and has led to the discovery of Khao Wang Prachan Valley (KWPV) as one of three currently known primary copper production (mining and smelting) sites in Southeast Asia. However, since the 1980s, archaeometallurgical research has focused mainly on the two sites of Non Pa Wai (NPW) and Nil Kham Haeng (NKH), dated from the Neolithic (ca. 1800 B.C.) to Early Iron Age (ca. 2300 B.C.), that are known to have large sequences of archaeological material linked to copper production. Although other sites with evidence of copper production are known in this restricted geographical area, their assemblages have not previously been subjected to archaeometric study. This article discusses the results of archaeometallurgical analyses of slags from Khao Sai On (KSO), Tha Kae (TK), and Phromthin Tai (PTT) with sequences dated during the Middle-Late Iron Age. Slag analysis reveals that different smelting behaviours were occurring at these sites. One heterogeneous smelting behaviour at Khao Sai On was probably linked to a smaller community practicing metallurgy amongst other activities, whilst Phromthin Tai shows more homogeneous production linked to a larger settlement. Although these three sites are located within 26 km of each other, smelters were probably exploiting different local copper deposits around KWPV. The results seem to support a community-based type of production where production behaviours are linked to local geology, technical competence, and intensity of exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Ricardo's Law of Comparative Advantage in Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Early Historic Mainland Southeast Asian Metallurgy: Copper-base Metal Production, Exchange, and Consumption Behaviours at Khao Sai On, Nil Kham Haeng, Non Pa Wai, Phromthin Tai, Sab Champa, and Tha Kae in Central Thailand

Author

Pryce, T. O., Cadet, Mélissa, Tomczyk, Céline, Venunan, Pira, Lertcharnrit, Thanik, Ciarla, Roberto, and Rispoli, Fiorella

Subjects
*METALLURGY in archaeology, *LEAD isotopes, *BRONZE, *COPPER, *IRON Age
Abstract

Since its late 1970s to early 1980s discovery, the Khao Wong Prachan Valley (KWPV) of central Thailand has been assumed to have been a major supplier of copper in Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Early Historic Southeast Asia. KWPV was the first regional metal production system to be characterised by lead isotope (LI) analysis in the late 2000s, revealing a coherent signature easily distinguished from subsequent analyses of production systems at Phu Lon (northern Thailand) and the Vilabouly Complex (central Laos). Despite KWPV's scale of production, its LI signature has scarcely been detected at Bronze Age metal consumption sites in nearby northeast Thailand and not at all in Iron Age assemblages. We study copper production and copper/bronze consumption behaviours of Iron Age and Early Historic sites in KWPV's immediate vicinity: Khao Sai On, Phromthin Tai, Tha Kae, and Sab Champa. Khao Sai On and Phromthin Tai production signatures are highly consistent with those previously established, whilst the uranogenic tendency at Tha Kae explains outliers from Bronze Age Non Pa Wai and Nil Kham Haeng. Analysis of consumption assemblages reveals little to no consistency with local production signatures. This tendency was tested with LI Iron Age and Early Historic datasets for Ban Khu Muang, Ban Mai Chaimongkol, Ban Pong Manao, and Ban Pong Takhob. The pattern is clear: central Thai populations imported copper/bronze, potentially from the Vilabouly Complex or production loci with closely comparable signatures. We examine this counterintuitive behaviour inductively using Ricardo's Law of Comparative Advantage combined with a technological appreciation of the relatively low productivity of central Thai primary copper production. This suggests central Thailand's unattached copper producers freely exchanged copper for exotic goods (bronze, glass, semi-precious stone), with potentially poor terms of exchange, from their desire to participate in wider regional trends in conspicuous consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
Full Text
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