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Objective: Monochorionic (MC) triplet pregnancies are extremely rare and information on these pregnancies and their complications is limited. We aimed to investigate the risk of early and late pregnancy complications, perinatal outcome and the timing and methods of fetal intervention in these pregnancies. Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of MC triamniotic (TA) triplet pregnancies managed in 21 participating centers around the world from 2007 onwards. Data on maternal age, mode of conception, diagnosis of major fetal structural anomalies or aneuploidy, gestational age (GA) at diagnosis of anomalies, twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), twin anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS), twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence and or selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) were retrieved from patient records. Data on antenatal interventions were collected, including data on selective fetal reduction (three to two or three to one), laser surgery and any other active fetal intervention (including amniodrainage). Data on perinatal outcome were collected, including numbers of live birth, intrauterine demise, neonatal death, perinatal death and termination of fetus or pregnancy (TOP). Neonatal data such as GA at birth, birth weight, admission to neonatal intensive care unit and neonatal morbidity were also collected. Perinatal outcomes were assessed according to whether the pregnancy was managed expectantly or underwent fetal intervention. Results: Of an initial cohort of 174 MCTA triplet pregnancies, 11 underwent early TOP, three had an early miscarriage, six were lost to follow‐up and one was ongoing at the time of writing. Thus, the study cohort included 153 pregnancies, of which the majority (92.8%) were managed expectantly. The incidence of pregnancy affected by one or more fetal structural abnormality was 13.7% (21/153) and that of TRAP sequence was 5.2% (8/153). The most common antenatal complication related to chorionicity was TTTS, which affected just over one quarter (27.6%; 42/152, after removing a pregnancy with TOP < 24 weeks for fetal anomalies) of the pregnancies, followed by sFGR (16.4%; 25/152), while TAPS (spontaneous or post TTTS with or without laser treatment) occurred in only 4.6% (7/152) of pregnancies. No monochorionicity‐related antenatal complication was recorded in 49.3% (75/152) of pregnancies. Survival was apparently associated largely with the development of these complications: there was at least one survivor beyond the neonatal period in 85.1% (57/67) of pregnancies without antenatal complications, in 100% (25/25) of those complicated by sFGR and in 47.6% (20/42) of those complicated by TTTS. The overall rate of preterm birth prior to 28 weeks was 14.5% (18/124) and that prior to 32 weeks' gestation was 49.2% (61/124). Conclusion: Monochorionicity‐related complications, which can impact adversely perinatal outcome, occur in almost half of MCTA triplet pregnancies, creating a challenge with regard to counseling, surveillance and management. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cerclage has been reported to be associated with poor outcome when performed in twin gestation. The aim of this study was to assess pregnancy outcomes among women with twin pregnancy who underwent rescue cervical cerclage compared to that in singleton. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Vascular rings (VRs) present with varied symptoms and may result in significant morbidity before an accurate diagnosis is made. Prenatal diagnosis may be useful to plan surgery after birth., Objectives: The purpose of the study was to see the feasibility of accurate diagnosis of VR during antenatal ultrasound examination and describe their outcome., Methods: This is a retrospective observational study between January 2014 and December 2019. Vascular rings were diagnosed on the basis of three vessel tracheal view and neck vessels arrangements on fetal echocardiogram. Postnatal evaluation by transthoracic echocardiography and computerized tomography angiogram was performed. Surgical repair was done as per standard indications., Results: A total of 35 cases of fetal VRs (median gestational age: 24 weeks [range: 19-35]) were diagnosed during the study period. There were four dichorionic diamniotic twin gestation pregnancies. The right aortic arch (RAA) with anomalous left subclavian artery (ALSA) was suspected in 31 fetuses, double aortic arch (DAA) in 3, and circumflex aorta in 1. Twenty-six (74%) patients had successful deliveries. One patient had a spontaneous miscarriage, 2 underwent termination, and 6 were lost to follow-up. Postnatal assessment showed RAA with ALSA in 18, DAA in 5, circumflex aorta in 2, and no abnormality in 1. Twenty-two (86%) were operated (RAA with ALSA: 17, DAA: 4, and circumflex aorta: 1) and four were waiting for surgery. Two patients died due to prematurity-related complications. All survivors are symptom free during follow-up (median: 2.24; range: 0.2-5.6 years)., Conclusions: Fetal echocardiography enables prenatal diagnosis and planning of postnatal repair of VRs., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Annals of Pediatric Cardiology.)

Aim of the Study: In this study, antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of sulphated polysaccharides (SPs) extracted from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) was evaluated against Neisseria mucosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp. and Bacillus subtilis., Methods and Results: Antibacterial potential of Cr-SPs was evaluated by agar-cup diffusion, time-kill and colony-forming ability (CFU), minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration assays. Antibiofilm potential was evaluated by biofilm inhibition, eradication, extracellular-DNA, metabolic activity and microscopy assays. Cr-SPs at 0·5 mg ml -1 showed 34·52, 48·6, 66·1 and 55·6% reduced CFU in B. subtilis, Streptococcus, N. mucosa and E. coli respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Cr-SPs was as low as 480 μg ml -1 for Streptococcus, N. mucosa and 420 μg ml -1 for B. subtilis and E. coli. At 1 mg ml -1 , Cr-SPs showed 50% biofilm inhibition, whereas 4-8 mg ml -1 showed 100% inhibition. Cr-SPs also effectively dissolved preformed biofilms. Dose-dependent reduction in extracellular DNA revealed that Cr-SPs interacts with the extra polymeric substance of the biofilm and destroys them. Light microscopy reconfirmed the above results., Conclusion: Cr-SPs not only inhibited biofilm formation but also effectively dissolved preformed-biofilms., Significance and Impact of the Study: The current study showed the promising potential of Cr-SPs as antibiofilm agents. Further validation will help in developing Cr-SPs as natural antibiotics against biofilm-causing bacteria., (© 2019 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

Objectives: To study the recent trends in maternal and perinatal outcomes of triplet pregnancy from a perinatal centre in South India., Methods: All triplet pregnancies booked at Fernandez hospital, Hyderabad (a tertiary care perinatal centre in South India), or those referred between 2000 and 2014 were included in the study. The maternal, fetal and neonatal outcome and any interventions like cerclage, steroid administration were studied., Results: There were 82 triplet deliveries over the study period of 15 years (82 per 69,584 live births). Most of them (78%) conceived with assistance and 83% of the triplets were trichorionic triamniotic. Anaemia and pregnancy induced hypertension were the commonest medical disorders (40.2 and 22%, respectively). Mean gestational age at delivery was 32 ± 2.8 weeks and 91% were delivered by caesarean section. Preterm labour and preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes were present in 29 and 15%, respectively. Antenatal steroids were administered in 87.8 and 53.7% had a cerclage. There were 20.7% growth restricted fetuses and 5.6% still births among the triplets. The mean birthweight among the live born neonates was 1.5 kg, and birthweight discordancy of >25% was seen in 14%. Among the live born neonates, 80% required admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, 11% had culture positive sepsis, 3% had bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and 4% died during the hospital stay. None of them had periventricular leukomalacia or retinopathy requiring LASER. Mothers in the spontaneous conception group were younger and had more monochorionic triamniotic pregnancies than in the assisted conception groups (11.8 vs. 2.9%, p  = 0.001). The incidence of PPROM was significantly more in the spontaneous conception group than in the ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination groups (29.4 vs. 2.9%, p  = 0.03), we do not have an explanation for this. There was no difference in the other maternal, fetal or neonatal parameters based on the mode of conception., Conclusion: Though triplet pregnancies are encountered infrequently, obstetricians should be familiar with their management. Appropriate antenatal, perinatal care with neonatal support can result in optimal outcome., Competing Interests: Compliance with Ethical StandardsThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.This is an analysis of records over 15 years, approved by the institute research board and ethical committee.

Background: Prediction of neonatal respiratory morbidity may be useful to plan delivery in complicated pregnancies. The limited predictive performance of the current diagnostic tests together with the risks of an invasive procedure restricts the use of fetal lung maturity assessment., Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of quantitative ultrasound texture analysis of the fetal lung (quantusFLM) to predict neonatal respiratory morbidity in preterm and early-term (<39.0 weeks) deliveries., Study Design: This was a prospective multicenter study conducted in 20 centers worldwide. Fetal lung ultrasound images were obtained at 25.0-38.6 weeks of gestation within 48 hours of delivery, stored in Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine format, and analyzed with quantusFLM. Physicians were blinded to the analysis. At delivery, perinatal outcomes and the occurrence of neonatal respiratory morbidity, defined as either respiratory distress syndrome or transient tachypnea of the newborn, were registered. The performance of the ultrasound texture analysis test to predict neonatal respiratory morbidity was evaluated., Results: A total of 883 images were collected, but 17.3% were discarded because of poor image quality or exclusion criteria, leaving 730 observations for the final analysis. The prevalence of neonatal respiratory morbidity was 13.8% (101 of 730). The quantusFLM predicted neonatal respiratory morbidity with a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 74.3% (75 of 101), 88.6% (557 of 629), 51.0% (75 of 147), and 95.5% (557 of 583), respectively. Accuracy was 86.5% (632 of 730) and positive and negative likelihood ratios were 6.5 and 0.3, respectively., Conclusion: The quantusFLM predicted neonatal respiratory morbidity with an accuracy similar to that previously reported for other tests with the advantage of being a noninvasive technique., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.)