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The surface of grapes lodges a complex community of yeast species responsible for spontaneous alcoholic fermentation. The study of indigenous Saccharomyces and "non-Saccharomyces" yeasts during grape must fermentation constitutes a major research area in microbial enology. Although there are detailed studies on the microbiota of Vitis vinifera grapes, little is known about the diversity of yeast communities present in non-vinifera Vitis ecosystems (i.e., grapes and spontaneously fermenting grape musts). Potentially scientific and/or enological valuable yeast strains from these non-vinifera Vitis ecosystems might never be isolated from V. vinifera L. In this updated review, we summarize relevant aspects of the microbial studies conducted on V. non-vinifera grapes and spontaneously fermenting grape musts. La superficie de las uvas aloja una comunidad compleja de especies de levaduras responsables de la fermentación alcohólica espontánea. El estudio de estas levaduras Saccharomyces y «no-Saccharomyces» durante la fermentación del mosto de uvas constituye un área relevante de investigación microbiológica en enología. Si bien existen estudios detallados de la microbiota de uvas de Vitis vinifera L., poco se sabe sobre la diversidad de comunidades de levaduras presentes en ecosistemas de Vitis no-vinifera (i.e., uvas y mostos en fermentación espontánea). Cepas de levaduras presentes en ecosistemas de Vitis no-vinífera, con valor potencial científico y/o enológico, podrían no estar presentes en V. vinifera L. En esta revisión actualizada, resumimos los aspectos relevantes de los estudios microbiológicos efectuados en mostos en fermentación espontánea de uvas de V. no-vinifera.

This study has been conducted to find out the effects of foliar treatments of seaweed (SW) and humic acid (HA) on cv. Riesling wine grape throughout ripening period from veraison period to harvest period at 15 days of interval. Such as veraison period, 15 days after veraison period and 30 days after veraison period aimed to examine the biochemical variations in berry. In this research, the doses of 0, 1000, 2000 ppm of SW and HA treatments have been selected, and applied to grapevines three times at different phenological stages of grapevine. Among the berry sampling, in terms of measurement and analysis, the best quality characteristics were respectively obtained from the period of 30 days after veraison, 15 days after veraison and veraison, and the results showed that the foliar sprays of SW and HA could modify the biochemical characteristics of berries in cv. Riesling. In terms of free volatile terpenes (FVTs) and potentially volatile terpenes (PVTs) of berries, which are also very important for aromatic grape cultivars, 1000 ppm doses of both of SW and HA treatments respectively displayed the highest contents in FVTs (0.880 and 0.804 mg L-1) and PVTs (2.153 and 2.084 mg L-1). Consequently, 1000 ppm doses of SW and HA foliar treatments provided the best improvements in most quality characteristics of berry when they were harvested at 30 days after veraison period. Bu çalışma, yapraktan uygulanan deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarının şaraplık Riesling üzüm çeşidinde ben düşme döneminden hasat dönemine kadar olan süreçte (ben düşme dönemi, ben düşmeden 15 gün sonra ve ben düşmeden 30 gün sonra olmak üzere) tanedeki biyokimyasal değişimleri incelemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada, deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarının 0, 1000 ve 2000 ppm dozlarından yararlanılmış ve bu dozlar asmalara 3 farklı fenolojik gelişme döneminde uygulanmıştır. Yapılacak ölçüm ve analizler için düşünülen örnek toplama dönemleri arasında en iyi kalite özellikleri sırasıyla ben düşme döneminden 30 gün sonra, ben düşme döneminden 15 gün sonra ve ben düşme dönemlerinden elde edilmiş ve yapraktan uygulanan deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarının Riesling üzüm çeşidinin tane biyokimyasal özelliklerini değiştirdiği görülmüştür. Aromatik üzüm çeşitleri açısından da oldukça önemli olan serbest uçucu terpen bileşikler ile potansiyel uçucu terpen bileşikler yönüyle, her iki deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarının 1000 ppm dozları sırasıyla üzümde en yüksek serbest uçucu terpen bileşikler (0.880 and 0.804 mg L-1) ile potansiyel uçucu terpen bileşiklerin (2.153 and 2.084 mg L-1) oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, deniz yosunu ve hümik asit uygulamalarından özellikle 1000 ppm dozları, üzümler ben düşme döneminden 30 gün sonra hasat edildiklerinde en iyi tane kalite özelliklerinin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur.

'Teran' and 'Refošk' grapes are traditionally grown on the Istrian peninsula, a region encompassing three diff erent national territories (Croatia, Slovenia and Italy). Th e question of identity of these grape varieties has therefore intrigued stakeholders in the wine industry for many years now. Th e confusion about their identity has also led to problems related to labeling planting material and protecting designation of origin for 'Teran' wines at the level of the EU. Th is paper details the history of this problem with an outline of past research. It then shows the results of ampelographic and genetic characterization of selected samples of 'Teran'/'Refošk' vines of diff erent age and origin, all from Istrian vineyards.Th e results show that these are two diff erent grape varieties (on the basis of 21 SSR loci), but also that these are phenotypically similar grape varieties (on the basis of OIV descriptors), which might have been the main reason for the confusion. Finally, the paper defi nes characteristic morphological diff erences which enable us to distinguish them on a practical level.

Pošip je autohtona sorta vinove loze iz područja primorske Hrvatske koja se najvećim dijelom uzgaja na otoku Korčuli. Od 2006. godine ta je sorta uključena u postupak klonske selekcije. U pokusni nasad „Baštica“ 2007. godine posađeno je vegetativno potomstvo odabranih matičnih trseva s pozitivnim karakteristikama koji su ujedno pokazali odsutnost gospodarski štetnih virusa. U 2010. godini na klonskim je kandidatima provedena ampelografska analiza koja uključuje mjerenje prinosa grožđa po trsu, uvometrijska mjerenja te kemijsku analizu mošta. Prikupljeni podaci statistički su obrađeni i interpretirani kako bi se utvrdile značajne razlike među kandidatima. U većini promatranih parametara utvrđene su visoko signifikantne razlike. Signifikantna razlika nije utvrđena jedino u prosječnoj masi grozda. Mehaničkom analizom grozda utvrđen je kod određenog broja klonova iznimno visok udio mesa u grozdu., Pošip is an autochthonous grapevine cultivar dominantly grown in Costal Croatian region, mostly expanded on the island of Korčula. Since 2006 this grapevine variety is included in process of clonal selection. Vegetative offspring of chosen mother vines with positive characteristic, which have also shown the lack of economically harmful viruses, were planted in the experimental plantation “Baštica“. In 2010 there was made an ampelographic evaluation which included yield per vine measurement, uvometric research and chemical analysis of must. An adequate statistical data processing was carried out in order to determine the significance of differences between the clonal candidates. It was determined that there are highly significant differences between clone candidates in all of the measured characteristics. Significant difference is not registered only in bunch weight parameter. As well, mechanical analysis of bunches has shown very high content of pulp in total bunch weight.

Grk je autohtona sorta vinove loze sa ženskim cvijetom koja se uzgaja na području primorske Hrvatske. Od 2006. godine provodi se klonska selekcija sorte Grk. U pokusni nasad “Baštica” 2007. posađeno je vegetativno potomstvo odabranih matičnih trseva s pozitivnim karakteristikama koji su ujedno pokazali odsutnost gospodarski štetnih virusa. Utvrđeno je kako između klonskih kandidata postoje visoko signifikantne razlike u svim mjerenim svojstvima. Također je utvrđeno da udio neoplođenih bobica tj. pasolina ima utjecaj na uvometrijske karakteristike, te kemijska svojstva mošta. Provedena je i odgovarajuća statistička obrada podataka s ciljem utvrđivanja značajnosti razlika između klonskih kandidata na sva mjerena svojstva., Grk is an autochthonous grapevine cultivar dominantly grown in Costal Croatia region. A clonal selection of Grk cultivar has been conducted since 2006. Vegetative offsprings of chosen mother vines with positive characteristics, which have also shown the lack of economically harmful viruses, were planted in the experimental plantation “Baštica“. Significant differences between clonal candidates were determined in all characteristics evaluated. It is also determined that proportion of seedless berries has an impact on must chemical composition and some uvometric characteristics. A matching statistical data processing was conducted with the goal of determining the significance of differences between clone candidates to all measured characteristics.

The national collection of Croatian autochthonous grapevine cultivars was established in 2001. It contains 120 autochthonous grapevine cultivars from all over Croatia, although most of them come from Dalmatia region. So far 95 varieties have been described by using 39 OIV descriptors determining their ampelographic and basic commercial features. r to estimate ampelografic variability and mutual difference between varieties In orde in collection comparison of OIV descriptor results has been made by using cluster analysis plus a dendrogram. A high degree of similarity has been found between some varieties, such as: Tanetova loza and Vlaška white ; Prć & Žumić and Palagružonka while & Stradunska, as well as some others. The varieties which are in the dendrogram shown to have a high degree of similarity will be additionally tested by using genetic methods in order to determine if they are also genetically related or are even synonymous.

Many grapevine cultivars are grown in Croatia, most of which are considered to be autochthonous. Mass positive selection together with sanitary selection of 15 economically important cultivars was initiated. To this aim, visual observations were made for the presence of virus-induced symptoms. Samples of dormant canes were collected from vines with positive agronomic traits and no visible symptoms of virus infection. Th e presence of four economically important viruses was evaluated using ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay): two nepoviruses, Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) and two closteroviruses Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3). Th e Survey of virus diseases in commercial vineyards of diff erent vinegrowing regions of Croatia disclosed a widespread presence of viruses and a low occurrence of non-infected vines. Th is is true especially for the coastal region where not a single healthy plant could be found for certain cultivars. Although no visible symptoms were observed, it was not rare to detect multiple infections by two or even three viruses. Th e most widespread virus in Dalmatia was GFLaV- 3 with approximately 80 % of vines infected. In the northern regions almost half of the analysed plants were negative in ELISA and the most represented virus was GLRaV-1. Th e presence of both nepoviruses is rather low, especially ArMV (only 1 % of vines infected).