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Copyright of Contributions to Contemporary History / Prispevki za Novejšo Zgodovino is the property of Prispevki za Novejso Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contributions to Contemporary History / Prispevki za Novejšo Zgodovino is the property of Prispevki za Novejso Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Avtorica se osredotoča na tri glasbene incidente, ki so se v času Avstro-Ogrske zapisali v tržaško glasbeno zgodovino. Na podlagi poročil v tržaških časopisih skuša orisati napeto politično ozračje na prehodu iz 19. v 20. stoletje in analizirati možne razloge, ki so privedli do bojkota ali celo prepovedi nekaterih glasbenih del. Predvsem pa si prizadeva, da bi zbrala nove informacije o tržaški glasbeni preteklosti.

Copyright of Comparative Literature / Primerjalna Književnost is the property of Slovenian Comparative Literature Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the reign of Maria Theresia and her son Emperor Joseph II, Trieste was completely rebuilt and became an att ractive free tax port of the Habsburg Empire. From the beginning of the eighteenth century to the first decade of the twentieth century, the population of Trieste increased from 5,000 to 230,000 inhabitants with an incredible number of migrants coming from Central Europe and the Mediterranean coastal areas. The multiethnic middle class obtained a series of privileges never granted before to the nobility, and its status is recognisable through the passion for chamber music and symphonies of Wiener Klassik, played both in private and public concerts. With the help of Czech intellectuals and musicians, during the 1860s the native Slovenes established a group of societies in which Romantic music and national anthems or Lieder were played. This trend culminated in the foundation of the Narodni dom (National House) and the Glasbena matica ([Slovene] Music Society). At the same time, the Italian nationalists maintained partial control of the Opera house, and the German minority reacted with the Schillerverein, in which Julius Heller spent his energies in spreading the music of Romantic and late-Romantic authors. Despite the political clash, the three groups gave significant impulse to instrumental music, which has marked the culture of Trieste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U radu se analiziraju djela kipara Luigija Contija (1839. – 1904.) i njegovog nećaka kipara Giovannija Marina (1875. – 1926.) iz Trsta na starome Gradskom groblju u Zadru. Njihova djela potvrđuju dobre umjetničke veze između Trsta i Zadra na prijelazu stoljeća, kao i upućenost lokalnih naručitelja u suvremene trendove na području arhitekture i skulpture sepulkralnog karaktera. Donoseći nova saznanja o pojedinim grobnicama, njihovim autorima, naručiteljima i vlasnicima, rad dodatno potkrepljuje već ranije prepoznatu iznimnu spomeničku vrijednost staroga zadarskoga groblja i upućuje na daljnja istraživanja nadgrobne arhitekture i skulpture ovog kompleksa.

The governments of the newly formed and expanded states of Habsburg Central Europe began remaking society in formerly imperial spaces following Austria-Hungary's defeat in 1918. Austria-Hungary's demise as a geopolitical unit did not mean the disappearance of its administrative and juridical apparatus, some of which functioned well into the interwar era. Because bureaucratic transition did not necessarily parallel political transition, there was often no immediate, dramatic change in the regulation of prostitution--or the treatment of prostitutes and women assumed to be prostitutes--in these states. Some officials/police maintained that prostitution was a "necessary evil," and sought its continued regulation, while others sought its abolition. This article analyzes continuity and change in the treatment of prostitutes in prewar/wartime Cisleithanian Austria and postwar Venezia Giulia and Slovenia. Neighboring provinces under the Habsburg Monarchy, Italy occupied the former in late 1918, while the latter became part of Yugoslavia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pričujoči prispevek se fokusira na področje intime, na relacijo med očetom in sinom v pesniškem opusu in korespondenci Alojza Gradnika. Ugotovili smo, da je pesniški svet Alojza Gradnika deloval predvsem v funkciji imaginarnega povezovanja s predniki po očetovi strani, dograjevanja tistega dela pesnikove intime, ki mu je bila v resničnem življenju odvzeta, manj je bila poezija prostor, v katerem se je zrcalila njegova vez s sinom in njegovimi dediči, saj je slednjo v izživel v resničnem življenju. V pesniškem svetu je tako Gradnik izgradil podobo očeta - kmeta, ki je tudi sicer zrcalila pesnikovo občudovanje očeta, njegove moralne trdnosti, delavnosti in skrbnosti. Obenem je Gradnik v poeziji izgradil podobo dedka, preko Ivana Gradnika, enega od voditeljev tolminskega punta.

Članek je podrobna analiza nagrobnih stel Decima Fulvija Doroteja v Kopru in Pole Orcivije v Mestnem muzeju starožitnosti »J. J. Winckelmann« v Trstu. Analizirani so motivi stel in z epigrafskega vidika je obrazložen pomen grškega napisa na reliefih. Izpostavljene so konkretne teorije izvora stel in upodobljencev,ter krajše obnovitve preteklih raziskav. Po Marie-Thérèse Le Dinahet-Couilloud nagrobna stela v Kopru izvira z grškega otoka Reneja, deloške nekropole, kar je razvidno že iz primerjave s številnimi stelami z Reneje, ki imajo enake značilnosti, tako slogovne kot epigrafske. Zato članek zagovarja tudi domnevo o steli Pole Orcivije v Trstu, ki bi tudi lahko izvirala z Reneje, in na podlagi primerjav izpostavlja teorijo njenega izvora kot precej verjetno.

Methodologically, the article comes from geocriticism, the field of comparative literature. The research focus is on poetry about Trieste in the 20th century, on the analysis of the poetic discourse about Trieste which reflects different historical interpretations of the Trieste region through the poetic representation of Trieste. Thus, the article analyzes the literarization of Trieste by poets from the Slovenian Trieste community, poets from the Italian community, and authors from the Istrian Trieste community, taking into account the multifocalization of views on a specific reference space. Based on the corresponding corpus of poems, we have captured the intersection of the poems in the representations and feelings of the decaying and disintegrating Trieste after the Second World War. At the same time, we identified different representations of the city over time: Trieste as a Roman city; Trieste as an Italian city; Trieste as a symbol of pain; Trieste as a symbol of alienation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By taking into account census data, contemporary periodicals, archival material and oral sources, the article addresses the question of how the status and work possibilities of (Slovene) female servants in Trieste changed after the WWI with the newly established border between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It examines the persistence and permutations of their migratory routes and analyses how servants who continued to work in Trieste after the war had to deal with the Italianisation process and which organisational networks supported them. It also analyses how Slovene servants, born in places that after the war remained outside Italy, negotiated their citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the ways in which the town of Trieste and its surrounding area are portrayed in literary works in the period following World War II. To this end, we have adopted a comparative approach in analysing three novels about the town of Trieste written by Irena Žerjal, Marisa Madieri and Jan Morris, belonging to different cultural and language traditions. Our analysis applied an interdisciplinary approach; geocriticism and literary imagology as well as the concepts of traumatic collective memory and postmemory. From a geocritical perspective, we have interpreted the literarisation of the town of Trieste from three different perspectives: the perspective of a Slovene author (Irena Žerjal); the Western-European perspective (Jan Morris); and the exile's perspective (Marisa Madieri). All three authors adopt a similar approach in their literary representations of the town of Trieste, namely going back in time, which allows them to shift the action from the present to the past, i.e. to Trieste as they knew it in their youth. In doing so, each author focuses on a different part of town. In those rare occurrences where action is set in the same places, each author ascribes a different meaning to the location. While the authors acknowledge the presence of the Other in Trieste, this has a negligible impact on the no vel's course of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zgodovinski Casopis is the property of Zveza Zgodovinskih Drustev Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Treaties & Documents / Razprave in Gradivo is the property of Institut za Narodnostna Vprasanja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Frailty in older people associates with poor outcomes. Screening by ED physicians would greatly facilitate detection of frail older patients but our previous attempt to introduce routine ED-physician screening with Short Emergency Geriatric Assessment (SEGA), a 13-item frailty tool that French geriatricians use to identify frail patients, failed due to its length and complexity. A national committee recently generated a new version of the fast and simple 5-item Triage Risk Screening Tool (TRST) in which a subjective item ('nurse concern') was replaced by an item assessing basic activities of daily living. The ability of ED physicians using this French-TRST to accurately detect frail patients who require comprehensive geriatric assessment was assessed. Design: Prospective cross-sectional study on diagnostic accuracy relative to the gold standard, namely, geriatrician-administered SEGA. Setting: Tertiary-care hospital, France. Subjects and measurements: The participants were 498 ≥75-year-old patients who visited the ED in 2018–2019 and were administered French-TRSTs by first ED physicians and then geriatricians, followed by SEGA, all within 24 hours. Diagnostic accuracy variables were calculated. Geriatrician-TRST was used to identify TRST items that associated with ED physician misclassification of frail patients. Results: Emergency-TRST was significantly less sensitive than Geriatrician-TRST (88% vs. 93%; p=0.04) and tended to have lower negative predictive value (66% vs. 77%; p=0.09). Emergency-TRSTs rated four French-TRST items less well than Geriatrician-TRSTs. Conclusions: As a substitute for SEGA in the ED, the French-TRST performed quite well overall but the ED physicians detected frail patients less well than the geriatricians. Modifications of the French-TRST that may improve the diagnostic performance of ED physicians are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Construction of flowable interior mesh faces on a blade in tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray (TRST). • The effects of centrifugal force, projected area of the sieve holes, and rotational fluid accumulation were clarified. • The formulas were established to calculate the proportions along the flow direction. The distribution law of the rotational and perforated fluid in tridimensional rotational flow sieve trays (TRST) is the key point for revealing its working mechanism and engineering application. Due to complex issues such as overlapping blades, rotational fluid accumulation, and centrifugal force within TRST, it is very difficult to accurately calculate the flow ratio. In this paper, the flowable interior mesh faces were constructed at all sieve holes on a blade, and the velocity distribution on the interior faces was simulated as the fluid perforated through the different sieves, thus calculating the volume flow rate and ratio of the flow through perforations. And the three-blade unit experiment was designed to calculate the perforated ratio of the entire blade. Compared with the simulated values, the relative differences of the gas and liquid phases were within 25% and 10%, respectively, which were in good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history many Germanophone authors have lived in Trieste. One was Hilaria von Eckhel (1873- 1948). Her collection of short prose Zwischen Wellen und Steinen, the works Il mio Carso by Italian Triestine author Scipio Slataper (1888-1915), and Na obali by Slovene Triestine author Marica Nadlišek (1867-1940) portray Trieste and its surroundings from three different perspectives. The article is a comparative analysis of the literary representations of Trieste and the region. The analysis uses the method of geocriticism to focus mainly on the categories of space and identit y in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Treaties & Documents / Razprave in Gradivo is the property of Institut za Narodnostna Vprasanja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contributions to Contemporary History / Prispevki za Novejšo Zgodovino is the property of Prispevki za Novejso Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Graphical abstract Highlights • The tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray (TRST) is a novel column internal. • There are two kinds of gas flow pattern coupled with each other in the TRST. • The effect of varied structural parameters on the flow field were investigated. • A correlation to evaluate the tray performance was established. Abstract Using CFD simulation, we first investigated the flow field distribution of the tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray (TRST) under different structural parameters (i.e. number of the blades, twist angle of the blades, tray height and sieve hole diameter) and installation methods (forward and backward) when gas flows downward through the TRST. Secondly, we carried out a comparative study of three modified structures of the tray, i.e. no supporting ring, a closed internal cylinder and no sieve holes present. Finally, we studied the transformed situations of the rotational flow and propose a dimensionless correlation to evaluate the performance of the tray. The results show that, apart from the tray with a smaller twist angle of the blade, the gas flow field distributions for all the other types of trays are similar. When two trays are installed, the gas flow field of the second tray in a forward installation is obviously different to that of a backward installation. The transformed position of the rotational flow for most types of trays is about half the depth of the tray. After comprehensive evaluation, the optimized tray structures are identified as a configuration with 8 blades, a 90° twist angle of the blades, a tray height of 40 mm, and sieve holes of 5 mm diameter. In addition, the tray should have open internal cylinder without a supporting ring. When a multi-tray is installed, the backward installation method should be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various frailty screening tools have been developed. However, there is currently no single ideal model; some scores are better for population-level, whereas others are best suited for clinical screening and preoperative assessment. Therefore, the choice of the score might relay on specific clinical condition, the aim of the tool and department resources. The G8 and the aCGA seem to be the the most suitable in the case of preoperative frailty assessments of older patients with solid abdominal cancer who are undergoing high-risk surgery. They also may be used to identify patients at risk for adverse postoperative outcomes. They may support the decision process particularly in situations of lack of experience in full Geriatric Assessment (easy to master and implement), in acute admitted patients (time pressure or some of the domains cannot be assessed) and in case of low-/moderate-risk surgery (where extensive frailty evaluation may not influence the postoperative outcome). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author, on the basis of the sources of the 'two powers', the State and the Catholic Church, analyses various levels and forms of violence exercised by the Fascist regime against religious minorities in Italy in the 1920s and the 1930s. The 'intimidations' were in most cases incited by the Catholic Church, which disapproved especially Protestant proselytic activities and requested intervention of civil authorities. The interference increased after the signing of the Lateran Treaty and the introduction of the Law of Allowed Religions in 1929. Particular attention is dedicated to Seventh-day Adventists, which among all non-Catholic Christians in Venezia Giulia experienced the most oppressive measures. Moreover, many Adventists were Slovenians, which made them more suspicious in the eyes of the regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There are rotational flow, flow through one perforation and flow through two perforations in a tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray (TRST). • The main characteristic of the flow through one perforation is the conversion between rotational liquid film and perforated liquid column. • The flow through two perforations has a more prominent shear effect on the fluid. • The flow through one perforation in the liquid phase was dominant, and the rotational flow in the gas phase was dominant. • The proportions of rotational flow and flow through perforations in coupled state in the TRST are determined. Tridimensional rotational flow sieve trays (TRST) have a variety of gas–liquid flow structures, such as rotational flow, flow through one perforation and flow through two perforations, it is important to have a deep understanding of the coupling and distribution laws of rotational flow and flow through perforations for the selection and regulation of actual working conditions. In this study, the flow structures and proportions for the rotational–perforated coupling flow in a TRST were analyzed and predicted using the measured distribution ratio for the three-blade unit. The results showed that the gas phase mainly flowed in a rotational pattern, and its proportion was approximately 62%–83%. The proportion of flow through perforations in the liquid phase was relatively large, and the proportion of flow through one perforation was approximately 51%–57%. The proportion of flow through two perforations was approximately 27%–29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the practice of choral singing of the three major ethnolinguistic groups - Italians, Slovenians, Germans - in pre-war Trieste, while the city was still part of the Habsburg Monarchy. Through widespread reviews in the media, choral singing in different social and linguistic contexts became politicised, with the goal of establishing political and national alliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

V prispevku avtor analizira spremenljivost sezonskih temperatur in padavin v Ljubljani in Trstu v obdobju 1851-2002, s posebnim ozirom na zadnjih 15 let. Ugotavlja srednjeročne variacije in splošno tendenco. Večjo variabilnost in izrazitejše temperaturne trende ima Ljubljana. Naraščajo zimske in spomladanske temperature, zmanjšuje se jesenska namočenost in zaradi nje tudi letna, vendar se jesenske padavine v zadnjih 15 letih ponovno krepijo. To z višjimi temperaturami napoveduje submediteranizacijo podnebja v Ljubljani in izrazitejše mediteranske poteze v Trstu.

Prispevek govori o selitvenih procesih skozi Trst in prometni vlogi glavnega avstrijskega pristanišča v mednarodnem prekomorskem izseljevanju med letoma 1890 in 1914. V središču obravnave so propadla prizadevanja za vzpostavitev ladijskih prog za izseljence skozi Trst v letih 1888/89; zapoznel vstop Trsta v mednarodni posel prevažanja izseljencev in vloga, ki jo je odigral v prekomorskem izseljenskem prometu iz vzhodne in jugovzhodne Evrope, predvsem iz avstro-ogrske monarhije; organizacijski vidiki izseljenskega prevoza, od prihoda izseljencev po železnici in njihovega bivanja v mestu pred vkrcanjem, do problemov, s katerimi so se zaradi nezadostnih in neustreznih nastanitvenih struktur spoprijemali izseljenci, ladjarske družbe in mestne oblasti; posledice, ki jih je imela vse večja množica potnikov za javni red in vsakdanje življenje v mestu. Prispevek se posveča tudi izseljenskemu prometu mimo Trsta oziroma skozenj proti Genovi in severnoevropskim pristaniščem ter prometu skozi Ljubljano.

V prispevku so obravnavane tekmovalne prednosti osrednjih mest regije Alpe-Jadran, ki sta jih avtorja opredelila na osnovi ankete izvedene med strokovnjaki in vodilnimi delavci različnih področij. Najprej so prikazana mnenja o mednarodni podobi mest, mednarodnih funkcijah, marketinških lastnostih in tekmecih. Naslednja tema je kakovost življenja v mestih, in sicer raziskana prek stanovanj, urbanih storitev, naravnega in poslovnega okolje. Sledi poglavje o razvojnih projektih in medmestnem sodelovanju. Prispevek zaključujejo tri poglavja z razmišljanji o usmeritvah za izboljšanje nadnacionalne prizoriščnosti in kakovosti življenja v mestih obravnavane regije, novih strategijah razvoja mest ter usmeritvah za izboljšanje nadnacionalnega položaja Ljubljane.

Prispevek obravnava žensko priseljevanje in zaposlovanje v Trstu na podlagi podatkov popisne stati- stike. Začenja s prikazom izvorne geografije migracijskih tokov in dejavnikov, ki so vplivali na njihov obseg, časovno dinamiko in spolno sestavo. Nadaljuje s predstavitvijo ženskega zaposlovanja, ki se je osredotočalo na obrti in služenje po domovih, in demografije ženskega pridobitnega dela, ki je bilo večinoma povezano z mladostjo in s samskim stanom. V tretjem delu predstavlja krajevni izvor gospo- darsko aktivnih žensk, vključevanje na delovni trg in porazdelitev po posameznih segmentih, pri čemer so mestne ženske težile k zaposlovanju v obrtnih dejavnostih, hišno delo pa je bilo večinoma v domeni priseljenk. Ta delitev izhaja iz specifik poklicnih dejavnosti in korelacij med različnim socialnim polo- žajem in življenjskimi aspiracijami mestnih ter priseljenih žensk. Prispevek se dotakne tudi vprašanja verodostojnosti statističnega izkazovanja ženskega udejstvovanja v gospodarstvu in vidikov migracije.

V prispevku so opisane družbenozgodovinske okoliščine, trgovske poti in vsakdanjik preprodajalk s severovzhodnega istrskega podeželja, ki so v prvi polovici 20. stoletja v osrednji Istri zbirale jajca, jih plačevale s potrošnimi artikli – sukancem, z milom, s petrolejem, soljo, z rutami, robci idr. ter prodajale v Trstu. Našteta so žarišča jajčarstva, glavne tedenske trgovske poti in okoliščine, v katerih so se ženske oprijele tovrstne dejavnosti. V zaključku je orisana vloga preprodajalk, ki so jih v osrednji Istri poimenovali Šavrinke, pri ohranjanju izvorno etničnega poimenovanja Šavrini ter v procesih šavrinizacije severnoistrskega zaledja.

Požig Narodnega doma v Trstu (13. julija 1920) so v literaturi značilno oblikovali trije slovenski avtorji: Srečko Kosovel, Boris Pahor in Alojz Rebula. Ta pomembna tema iz zgodovine Trsta je šla skozi tri stilne formacije novejše slovenske književnosti: skozi ekspresionizem, novi realizem in sodobno esejizirano propoved, seveda v vsakem od reh primerov še z drugimi odtenki osebne stilizacije.

Copyright of Zgodovinski Casopis is the property of Zveza Zgodovinskih Drustev Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Treaties & Documents / Razprave in Gradivo is the property of Institut za Narodnostna Vprasanja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the relation between new forms of post-mass tourism and the exploitations of maritime imageries related to the multicultural imperial narratives in contemporary Odessa and Trieste. The main hypothesis of this work is that the relationship between hosts and guests in post-communist seascapes and coastlines is often fraught with ambivalences and frictions, with special reference to the sea as a source of narratives, symbols and customs staged for tourist consumption. In particular, a growing sector of highly mobile and curious tourists who seek unusual, authentic experiences and who embrace a cosmopolitan ethos, are usually perplexed when the cosmopolitan pasts are reframed into national narratives. Accordingly, this paper aims to discuss the above-mentioned issue by focusing on two cases of maritime cities with a cosmopolitan history: Trieste and Odessa. In spite of the different geopolitical locations and economic standards, both cities are implementing their tourism policies by exploiting the material and symbolic importance of the maritime legacies of the cities and by playing upon narratives developed at a time when the cities were cosmopolitan maritime outposts of the Austrian and Russian empires. However, in the age of the empires, the multi-ethnic population of Odessa and Trieste, with special regards to the diaspora as an agent of civic progress, impersonated the gist of the multicultural imperial idea through their cosmopolitan flavor, economic prosperity and religious tolerance. In contrast, contemporary local decision makers try to turn these cosmopolitan imageries into factors of tourism development but often do not frame their actions within the changed economic and geopolitical contexts. Eventually, 'exploring' tourists are often puzzled by the experience of Trieste and Odessa because they are misled by a somewhat mythical interpretation of the social relationships at the time of the empires, and tend to misunderstand the present reality of ethnic and national relations in the cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]