Search

International audience; We study the impact of airlines network design on excess travel times for the main US carriers between 2008 and 2017 and find that network configuration affects excess travel time. Based on graph theory and a principal component analysis we build four continuous indicators to measure the airlines networks. We observe that airlines serving more destinations, organizing flights landings and take offs around banks or moving towards a point to point configuration present higher levels of excess travel time. However, there does not seem to exist a preferred network configuration between hub and spoke or point-to-point configuration to reduce excess travel time. We also find a nonlinear impact of competition measured at the city-pair level over excess travel time. These results are robust when analyzing observed delays rather than excess travel time.

International audience

International audience

International audience; The literature on airlines presents few studies analyzing the airlines network evolution and its impact on prices, costs or profitability. We believe that this gap is due to the difficulty of capturing the network complexity in a simple manner. This paper proposes new simple and continuous indicators to measure the airlines network structure. The methodology to build them is based on graph theory and principal component analysis. We apply this approach to the US domestic market for 2005-2015, and obtain three network indicators. The first one measures how close the network is to a hub-and-spoke structure. The second indicator measures the airline's ability to provide alternative routes. The third indicator captures the network size. We analyze how the carriers' network evolution can be described by those indicators. We show that low-cost carriers (LCCs) and legacy carriers' network choices differ for the second indicator, while our results exhibit no difference in strategies for the other two indicators. We also show that economic conditions affect differently the three indicators and the magnitude of the impact depends on the airline type. Highlights: ● Combine graph theory and principal component analysis ● Obtain three indicators to characterize airline network structure for US domestic market ● Compare these indicators for low-cost and legacy carriers ● Estimate evolution in the indicators over time ● Analyze the impact of the main US mergers on the network structure

International audience; Scale adaptation refers to the process of changing something about a scale, such as: alter item wording, modify the target referent, revisit the type and number of anchor points, or modify the size of a scale. Scale adaptation has been a widespread practice in Management Information Systems (MIS) research since its very early days and is especially prevalent in MIS research due to the need to maintain a close alignment between a construct’s definition, its measurement, and the rapidly evolving contemporary Information Technology or behavioural contexts. In this paper, we challenge the established methodological assumption that scale adaptation is a harmless practice that ultimately leads to the betterment of existing scales. We explore the practices of scale adaptation in the MIS discipline, looking a the Trust scales, we contribute to the conceptualization of these practices and we provide some recommendations regarding the identified ones.; L'adaptation d'échelles fait référence au processus de changement d'un élément d'une échelle, tel que : modifier la formulation des phrases, revoir le type et le nombre de points d'ancrage, ou modifier la taille d'une échelle. L'adaptation des échelles est une pratique répandue en Systèmes d'Information (SI) depuis ses débuts et est particulièrement curant dans la recherche en SI en raison de la nécessité de maintenir un alignement étroit entre les concepts et leurs mesures, d'une part, et les contextes d'usage des SI qui évoluent rapidement. Dans cet article, nous remettons en question le présupposé méthodologique établi dans notre communauté SI, selon lequel l'adaptation d'échelles est une pratique inoffensive qui conduit finalement à l'amélioration des échelles existantes. Nous explorons les pratiques d'adaptation d'échelles dans la discipline SI, en examinant les échelles de mesure de la confiance, et nous contribuons à la conceptualisation de ces pratiques et nous avançons quelques recommandations concernant les pratiques identifiées.

International audience; Brands grow older and continuously need to adjust their positioning, with consequences on the way they look. Brand managers collaborate with designers and often expects them to show both the longevity and the modernity of the brand. While this paradoxical request is well-known of practitioners, there is little research about the way this redesign process happens. The present research is exploratory and focuses on the way designers and marketers practice the redesign of existing FMGC brands. Mixing experts interviews, content analysis, and a large survey of professionals, the research suggests the existence of 5 prototypical situations of redesign with their corresponding design practices. Suggestions for further extension of this on-going research are formulated for discussion.; Les marques vieillissent et ont continuellement besoin de retravailler leur positionnement, ce qui a des conséquences sur leur design visuel. Les managers de marque collaborent avec des designers et attendent souvent d’eux qu’ils puissent visuellement concilier la longévité et la modernité de la marque. Alors que cette demande paradoxale est bien connue des praticiens, il y a peu de recherche sur la manière dont le processus de redesign se passe. Notre recherche est exploratoire et s’intéresse à la manière dont les designers et les marketeurs pratiquent le redesign des marques de grande consommation. Mobilisant des entretiens d’experts, de l’analyse de contenu et une enquête par questionnaire de professionnels, la recherche suggère qu’il existe 5 situations de redesign prototypiques avec des pratiques de design correspondantes. Des suggestions sont formulées pour l’extension de cette recherche en cours.

International audience; Scale adaptation, where authors alter the wording of an already published scale, is a deeply rooted social practice in IS research. This paper argues that the time is ripe to question this activity as well as the beliefs that have progressively formed around it. We identify and challenge five fallacious scale adaptation beliefs that hinder the development of more robust measure development norms. Contributing to this area of research, this paper offers a conceptual definition of the cognitive validity concept, defined as the extent to which a scale is free of problematic item characteristics (PICs) that bias the survey response process and subsequent empirical results. Building on this conceptualization effort, a new methodological process for assessing the cognitive validity of adapted IS measures is introduced. Through a series of three programmatic studies, we find converging evidence that the method can benefit the IS field by making the scale adaptation process more robust, transparent, and consistent. Along with the method, we introduce a new index that IS scholars can use to benchmark the cognitive quality of their scales against venerable IS measures. We discuss the implications of our work for IS research (including detailed implementation guidelines) and provide directions for future research on measurement in IS.

BtoC brands have already reached a maturity stage while BtoB brands remain in a fast-growing stage, both in terms of marketing & brand manager positions and in terms of allocated budgets for brand promotion. Consequently, one of the main goals of this book is to provide companies, schools and universities support to better promote their brands. Without a brand strategy, companies stay invisible in the value chain: no name, no gain! From then on, they have to create value through a fitted professional branding policy. There are two ways to create value: the first one comes directly from the selling of products/services made under the brand promoted; the second one comes from the new value of brand funds. By integrating the latest practices and research results, this academic-rooted book meant for functional purposes defines new strategic paths aiming at managing the BtoB brand policy depending on the final target. For the first time, a synthetic and clearly BtoB oriented approach offers useful and practical perspectives meant for brand management: * BtoB: the target is the client organization and it is impossible to precisely identify the individual beneficiaries * BtoBtoC: the brand addresses the end-consumers of the final products (manufactured by the client organization). This approach is characterized by the strong prescription role of the client company's marketing department and can lead to a vertical co-branding (or in-branding). * BtoBtoE: the final customers of the brand are the employees of the public or private client organization. The goods and services are sold to the latter but are meant for the company's employees use. In this approach the Human Resources department can have a prescription role. * BtoAtoU: The brand does not target a consumer but a user (sometimes called road-user in public transportations). Lobbying techniques are particularly effective in this case. Aside from functional recommendations, this book contains many examples illustrating these diverse BtoB approaches. It provides useful practical tools to teachers and university/business and management school/engineering school students who wish to master brand policy in the BtoB context.

International audience

This paper studies how predation strategies can affect the sustainability of collusion. We demonstrate that in the presence of few competitors collusion may be sustained at equilibrium for intermediate discount factors. In such instances predation implies that punishment strategies will yield low subgame perfect payoffs, thereby making collusion easier to sustain. For low discount factors collusion is not sustainable because of the high incentives to deviate to Cournot-Nash strategies. Moreover, for high discount factors it is always optimal to predate colluding firms, thus contrasting with much of the earlier literature showing that collusion is only achievable by sufficiently patient firms.

This book presents an overall picture of both B2B and B2C marketing strategies, concepts and tools, in the aeronautics sector. This is a significant update to an earlier book successfully published in the nineties which was released in Europe, China and the USA. It addresses the most recent trends such as social marketing and the Internet, customer orientation, project marketing, and concurrent engineering, coopetition, and extended entreprise. Aerospace Marketing Management is the first marketing handbook richly illustrated with executive and expert inputs as well as examples from parts suppliers, aircraft builders, airlines, helicopter manufacturers, aeronautics service providers, airports, defence and military companies, and industrial integrators (tier-1, tier-2). This book is designed as a ready reference for professionals and graduates from both Engineering and Business Schools.

Forthcoming in Journal of Economic Psychology; Single people are more likely to die from COVID-19. Here, we study whether this higher death rate could be partly explained by differences in compliance with protective health measures against COVID-19 between single and married people, and the drivers of this marital compliance gap. Data collected from 46,450 respondents in 67 countries reveal that married people are more likely to comply with protective measures than single people. This marital gap in compliance is higher for men (approximately 5%) than for women (approximately 2%). These results are robust across a large range of countries and independent of country level differences with respect to culture, values or infection rates. Prosocial characteristics linked to morality and social belonging explain more than 38% of the marital gap, while individual risk perceptions play a minor role. These findings help explain single people's and particularly single men's greater vulnerability to COVID-19, which in turn can be leveraged to improve the effectiveness of international public policy campaigns aimed at promoting protective health measures.

International audience; This article investigates the theoretical and empirical relationships between organisational punishment and productivity. We do so by highlighting the contributions of two academic fields to this topic: management and economics. We underscore the many common theoretical and empirical grounds across management and economics. We heighten, in particular, how motivation and learning theories have contributed to the development of both theoretical and empirical research on this topic. This article also argues that this debate could be significantly advanced if insights stemming from industrial relations and labour process theory were also considered, as these disciplines have traditionally focused on macro-issues such as how changes in the economic/institutional contexts may affect the likelihood that organisations will resort to punishment. In order to foster future research on this topic, three research themes were developed: (a) freedom of choice and the role of contract completeness; (b) perception of punishment, monitoring and productivity; and (c) punishment, productivity and exogenous variables.

Funder: Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence Scheme, FAIR project No 262675, Funder: J. William Fulbright Program, Funder: Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, Funder: Economic Social Research Council Impact Acceleration Award, University of Oxford, Funder: Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Funder: Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002341, Funder: Universität Wien (University of Vienna); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003065, Funder: Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004663, Funder: NOMIS Stiftung (NOMIS Foundation); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100008483, Funder: Princeton Graduate Student Research Funding (Program in Cognitive Science), Funder: Corruption Laboratory on Ethics, Accountability, and the Rule of Law (CLEAR), University of Virginia, Funder: Project Pro.Co.P.E., IMT School (PAI2019), Funder: Italian Ministry of University and Research - PRIN 2017 (20178293XT), Funder: Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Naturelles et en Génie du Canada); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000038, Funder: Australian Research Council (DP180102384), Funder: Ernst and Young (EY); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003064, Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = −0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics.

FNEGE 3, HCERES A, ABS 2; International audience; The metaverse has the potential to extend the physical world using augmented and virtual reality technologies allowing users to seamlessly interact within real and simulated environments using avatars and holograms. Virtual environments and immersive games (such as, Second Life, Fortnite, Roblox and VRChat) have been described as antecedents of the metaverse and offer some insight to the potential socio-economic impact of a fully functional persistent cross platform metaverse. Separating the hype and “meta…” rebranding from current reality is difficult, as “big tech” paints a picture of the transformative nature of the metaverse and how it will positively impact people in their work, leisure, and social interaction. The potential impact on the way we conduct business, interact with brands and others, and develop shared experiences is likely to be transformational as the distinct lines between physical and digital are likely to be somewhat blurred from current perceptions. However, although the technology and infrastructure does not yet exist to allow the development of new immersive virtual worlds at scale - one that our avatars could transcend across platforms, researchers are increasingly examining the transformative impact of the metaverse. Impacted sectors include marketing, education, healthcare as well as societal effects relating to social interaction factors from widespread adoption, and issues relating to trust, privacy, bias, disinformation, application of law as well as psychological aspects linked to addiction and impact on vulnerable people. This study examines these topics in detail by combining the informed narrative and multi-perspective approach from experts with varied disciplinary backgrounds on many aspects of the metaverse and its transformational impact. The paper concludes by proposing a future research agenda that is valuable for researchers, professionals and policy makers alike.

International audience; We address a novel truck scheduling problem arising in crossdocking logistics, in which inbound trucks carry items (pallets) which must be sorted and loaded onto outbound trucks. We minimize the utilisation of the warehouse by focusing on the synchronisation between the different related trucks. The problem is to assign the trucks to the doors of the warehouse and sequence them, in order to minimize the total time spent in the system by the pallets. We discuss the complexity of the problem, showing that even with a single door the problem is NP-hard in general, and discuss some special cases.

International audience; The purpose of this study is to determine the moderating effects of team cohesion and knowledge sharing on the performance of teams that utilise empowering leadership using a multiple regression analysis on a sample from three departments within 114 family firms in Lebanon. The results suggest that there is a significant relationship between empowering leadership and team cohesion and that knowledge sharing and team cohesion have an indirect influence on team performance. Our study provides important insights regarding team cohesion and knowledge sharing in empowering leadership practices in the Middle East. More importantly, our paper underlines how critical team performance is by highlighting the fact that a willingness to share skills, expertise and know-how benefits all team members and groups of a department or managerial structure. Group cohesiveness is crucial for a leader and for a firms management team and team performance.

International audience

International audience; This study aims at determining the effect of perceived risk, privacy concerns, and smart speaker learning capabilities on the adoption of smart speakers for voice shopping. To this end, we used the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the interpersonal theory of personality to propose a conceptual model that we tested using a mixed methods research design. Our results show that indeed, perceived risks, privacy concerns, and perceived learnability of smart speakers influence consumer intention to use smart speakers for voice shopping, which then influences actual use. Theoretically, this paper contributes to new theoretical perspectives regarding the learning capabilities of AI systems and their importance in AI adoption. Specifically, we use an insightful interpersonal theory and develop a scale that can be used to measure the learnability of AI systems as perceived by users. Practically, we show information systems (IS) and marketing managers key factors that need to be considered when providing voice shopping services through smart speakers.

International audience; At the end of the 19th, Georges d'Avenel produced a highly original work in various fields. Unsatisfied with the usual way to write history, he turned his attention to quantitative data to understand the past. In particular, he built series of prices of multiples goods and services from 1200 onwards. He proposed a documented analysis of long-term changes in prices as a result of the technical progress, in income and wealth inequalities as captured by the top 1%, as well as in the evolution of mentalities. His approaches were criticized both by both new professional "Republican" historians than by Conservative analysts. However, his data used by Pareto, Fisher, Frisch or Marshall are still used in current economic history and his analysis fertilized various fields in particular the Ecole des Annales.

International audience; Managing innovation can be summed up by two famous phrases. The first is attributed to the scientist Archimedes: « Eureka, I have found it ». It applies to the individual, it is a cognitive and emotional phenomenon that leads him to feel a certain wonder and the pleasant sensation of having found a solution to the problem posed (Lubart et al., 2015). In management, this discovery or « revelation » focuses on a management situation (Amabile, 1988; Carrier and Gélinas, 2011) such as, with reference to Olso’s Manual, the design of a new product or service, a new organization or commercialization, a new business model, etc. (Lubart et al., 2015). Coming from the mind or brain of an individual, this creative idea arises a priori spontaneously from the reorganization of information, facts, knowledge, and experiences that he or she has accumulated during formal or informal research, alone or with other individuals in the organization or not, such as consumers. So this idea does not come alone. It is nurtured by an enabling context and interpersonal relationships that enable such discovery. But, this idea may prove to be a failure, hence the second phrase put forward by Winston Churchill: « Shoot for the moon, and if you miss you’ll land among the stars« . Even if the idea is original, new and promising, it is possible that it will never be applied in the organization, for economic, financial, technological or marketing reasons (St-Pierre et al., 2017). Furthermore, if it is implemented, studies indicate that the failure rate of innovations that are brought to market is around 85%. Indeed, innovation is only effective from the moment the novelty is introduced, as the etymology of the term indicates. No matter how enthusiastic he or she may be, the bearer of the idea will struggle to convince and interest enough people around him or her, hence the risk of a lack of ownership of the idea within the organization (Royer, 2002). Kotter (2016:12) explains, « The deeper you get into it, the more obvious it becomes that convincing others to ‘buy’ your ideas is both a human issue and a vital skill.« In fact, innovation implies an exploratory approach where the individual interacts both to enhance the value of his idea and to revise it according to the feedback from his interlocutors. Beyond technical knowledge or know-how, social skills, such as empathy, listening, persuasive communication and networking, are just as important. If we agree that innovation is experimenting and testing, we must admit that trial, error and failure will be part of the experiment as well. The Wright brothers spent three years trying different glider prototypes with multiple failures before they achieved their first successful motor-powered and controlled flight in an aircraft. The failures were a source of learning, allowing the two brothers to improve their idea into an innovation. In the corporate world, innovation also goes through many failures in the form of unfinished, unvalidated, or overly expensive ideas, etc. Even if it does not led to innovations, this knowledge is very useful and feeds the organization’s creative slack, i.e. a pool of ideas from which the organization can draw to innovate again (Cohendet and Simon, 2015; Gay and Szostak, 2019). This consolidates its capacity to innovate or propensity to realize innovations (Hadjimanolis, 2000; Wang and Ahmed, 2004; Kmieciak et al., 2012). It took Nestlé more than 15 years to find the right commercial and strategic formula to sell espresso to a mass market. Several times, the project was almost abandoned after several failures in the market. A brief discussion of these famous formulas applied to the world of organizations leads us to underline how difficult it is to manage innovation: it involves individuals, the organization, their capacities and resources; it requires a variably long time frame due, among other things, to potential failures; it meshes the internal space of the organization, but also the external space. However, innovation is essential to resist in a competitive market, to differentiate oneself from one’s competitors, or to create a new activity or even a new market in a disruptive manner (Porter, 1996; Kim and Mauborgne, 2005; Christensen et al., 2015). The question that many managers then ask themselves is: how to manage innovation? In other words, how do we find the ideas that give rise to innovations, select them and share them within the organization and then with other stakeholders? The purpose of this essay is to propose elements of response according to three complementary dimensions summarized in a symbolic way under the three notions: « space, time and matter ». The first is particularly concerned with space as seen from the perspective of organizational boundaries. The objective is to understand their roles in innovation, the actors involved, and the challenges posed for organizations in terms of innovation management. The second dimension focuses on presenting the emblematic processes of innovation, in particular the stage-gate from the idea to the implementation of the innovation. The third dimension refers to the material, sensitive version of innovation, i.e. the product, the service, a new organization, etc., and returns to its appropriation by individuals and the challenges faced by managers.

Background Telerehabilitation (TR) interventions are receiving increasing attention. They have been evaluated in various scientific areas through systematic reviews. However, there is a lack of data on how to standardize assessment and report on their domains to guide researchers across studies and bring together the best evidence to assess TR for chronic diseases.Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to identify domains of assessment in TR and to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze how they are examined to gain an overview of assessment in chronic disease and understand the complexity of TR interventions.Methods A scoping meta-review was carried out on 9 databases and gray literature from 2009 to 2019. The keyword search strategy was based on "telerehabilitation", “evaluation", “chronic disease" and their synonyms. All articles were subjected to qualitative analysis using the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Core Model prior to further analysis and narrative synthesis.Results Among the 7412 identified articles, 80 studies met the inclusion criteria. Regarding the domains of assessment, the most frequently occurring were “social aspect” (n = 63, 79%) (e.g., effects on behavioral changes) and “clinical efficacy” (n = 53, 66%), and the least frequently occurring was “safety aspects” (n= 2, 3%). We also identified the phases of TR in which the assessment was conducted and found that it most commonly occurred in the pilot study and randomized trial phases and least commonly occurred in the design, pretest, and postintervention phases.Conclusions Through the HTA model, this scoping meta-review highlighted the multidisciplinarity and comprehensiveness of TR assessment in the recent literature. Future studies will benefit from approaches that leverage the best evidence regarding the assessment of TR interventions, and it will be interesting to extend this assessment framework to other chronic diseases.

International audience; This study, which focuses on the commercial use of personal data by U.S. airlines, uses actual cases to help analyze the application of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to the airline industry. It is one of the first studies to do so, and as such contributes to the literature. It begins by highlighting the British Airways GDPR penalty case, in which the UK regulator publicized its notice of intention to issue the highest administrative fine to-date under the GDPR. When the GDPR applies to them, airlines should become fully aware of key provisions of the GDPR, starting with those related to its scope and its underlying data protection principles, discussed in this study. In addition, airlines must have a legal basis to process personal data under the GDPR and, as this study shows, must have adequately prepared for data subject requests to exercise rights and potential data breaches.Several examples of the first GDPR sanctions in the airline industry are detailed, and lessons drawn. In this context, security of data is a key element. Finally, the recent Schrems II decision invalidating the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Decision is examined, and its potential impact on the transfer of personal data from the European Union to the United States by airlines is studied, following an analysis of their privacy policies available on the Internet in the European Union.

International audience; This paper discusses the use of robust schedules for facing uncertainty arising in crossdock truck scheduling problems. Groups of permutable operations bring sequential flexibility in the schedule, allowing to deal with late or early truck arrivals as the total order and the starting times can be determined in a reactive manner. We focus on the evaluation of a robust schedule considering both the worst maximal lateness of the trucks and the worst total sojourn time of the pallets. We also show how a robust schedule can be evaluated online, taking into account the actual arrival times of the trucks.

International audience; The development of computer technology raised concerns for the privacy of the individuals to whom data being processed relates. Soon European nations began adopting data protection laws to protect the privacy of individuals, eventually regulating what had become known as “cyberspace.” To allow for the free flow of personal data within the European Union, while protecting the privacy of individuals, the regional block adopted EU-wide data protection legislation in 1995, which was then implemented in Member State law.The lack of harmonization of Member State implementing legislation and the development of new technologies led to the adoption of a uniform EU law in the form of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which has had international impact. The GDPR develops further individual rights and continues cross-border transfer restrictions, while including clearer extraterritorial application when the personal data of individuals in the European Union are collected, thus recognizing that cyberspace does not end at borders.

Humanitarian supply chains (HSCs) contribute significantly to achieving effective and rapid responses to natural and man-made disasters. Though humanitarian organizations have during the last decades made considerable efforts to improve the response to crises in terms of effectiveness and efficiency, HSCs are still faced with so many challenges, one of which is the incorporation of sustainability dimensions (economic, social and environmental) in the management of their supply chains. In the literature, some authors have highlighted that the planning and achievement of sustainability performance objectives in humanitarian operations is hindered by the lack of decision support systems (DSS). Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-objective Master Planning DSS for managing sustainable HSCs. This Master Planning DSS includes: (1) the definition of a set of metrics for measuring the performance of a sustainable HSC; (2) an algorithm to solve the multi-objective problem; and (3) a Master Planning mathematical model to support the tactical planning of the sustainable HSC. Using the information gathered from field research and the literature, an illustrative numerical example is presented to demonstrate the implementation and utility of the proposed DSS. The results show that the order in which the three sustainability dimensions (economic, social and environmental) are prioritized has some impact on the performance measures. Therefore, it is important to fix a tolerance that would enable to obtain an acceptable balance (trade-off) between the three sustainability objectives, in line with the prioritization choice of the decision maker. The paper can be accessed via the following link: https://rdcu.be/NUkB as a part of Springer’s SharedIt Initiative.

International audience; This study explicates why consumers allow the unconditional collection and processing of personal data while doubting data privacy. A process model addressing this privacy paradox is consequently designed through multidisciplinary research. Altogether, two online studies concur that certain factors may mitigate the negative effect of risk perception concerning data privacy during the personal data disclosure process. Hence, we examine the impact of the privacy paradox based on the literature on mental accounting, which describes interactions between present and future costs and benefits. In this context, consumer behavior is deciphered via analysis of four key variables, namely, the mental accounting of privacy-related risks, consumer involvement, type of perceived benefit regarding the specific purchase/transaction, and consumer familiarity.

International audience; Smart contracts offer promise for facilitating and streamlining transactions in many areas of business and government. However, they also may be subject to the provisions of relevant data protection laws, if personal data is processed. This Chapter focuses on the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), as the most significant and influential data protection legislation at this time, given in part to its omnibus nature and extraterritorial scope.By their very nature, smart contracts raise difficulties for the classification of the various actors involved, which will have an impact on their responsibilities under the law and their potential liability for violations. Our analysis focuses primarily on the role of data controller in the context of blockchain technology, used in smart contracts. In doing so, the signification of the classification is highlighted in the context of the GDPR.Furthermore, certain rights granted to data subjects under the GDPR may be difficult to provide in the context of smart contracts, such as the right to rectification and the right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’). This Chapter addresses such issues, together with relevant advisory guidance and recommendations, such as the use of encryption in order to make data nearly inaccessible in order to approach as nearly as possible the same result as erasure, and the storage of certain data off-chain. On the way, the important distinction between anonymised data and personal data is explained, together with its practical implications.Finally, the GDPR requirements of data minimisation, of data security (‘integrity and confidentiality’), and of privacy by design and by default must be respected, if that legislation applies. This means that data protection and privacy must be considered when smart contracts are designed. The book is available at https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/smart-contracts-9781509937028/.

International audience

International audience; The European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA), is one of the “third generation” of EU agencies, active in the area of cybersecurity. Over a period of years this expert agency’s fundamental regulation has been amended and replaced, and its governing bodies modified. However, a sea change occurred when ENISA received significant additional responsibilities and resources as a result of the EU Cybersecurity Act. In such context, the Chapter’s essential focus is on whether or not accountability is a concern for ENISA today, given its development. In the light of this evolution both in terms of ENISA’s fundamental regulation and its role, this chapter first provides an overview of theoretical perspectives regarding the accountability of EU agencies, as they are relevant to assess ENISA’s accountability, and describes ENISA as an expert body. Next, ENISA’s role in connection with certain aspects of EU legislation in data protection, eprivacy, and cybersecurity is detailed, and most notably its creation of ‘soft law’ in these domains. An early challenge to ENISA’s legal basis is also discussed. The evolution of ENISA’s mandate, evidencing its growing importance, is detailed, and changes to its governance structures, as one solution to accountability challenges, are studied. Finally, additional discussion of accountability of ENISA in connection with its increased law ensues, with particular attention paid to its ‘soft law’ role, and potential need for a higher level of ex ante control in the form of greater ‘proceduralisation’ of law-making, prior to a making a forward-looking conclusion.

International audience; The aim of this paper is to examine whether willingness to change, generational involvement, perceived technological opportunities, and competitive aggressiveness, in addition to strategic planning, affect the corporate entrepreneurship of family firms in Lebanon. Using a sample of 85 Lebanese family firms, our results suggest that family-business-related characteristics and strategic planning have a positive relationship with corporate entrepreneurship. Our study provides important insights to regulators and practitioners interested in enhancing governance practices in family firms in Lebanon based on the impact of family-business-related characteristics and strategic planning on corporate entrepreneurship. More importantly, our paper helps understand how corporate entrepreneurship in a Middle Eastern country can be affected by willingness to change, generational involvement, perceived technological opportunities, and competitive aggressiveness.

International audience; This article gives a comparative view of two main pieces of data privacy legislation from, respectively, California and the EU: the CCPA and the GDPR. While there are similarities between the two, there are differences, as well, providing challenges for compliance. For example, both instruments have extraterritorial effect, however only the GDPR is truly omnibus legislation given the CCPA carveouts for areas of federal legislation and its thresholds for application. Thus, this article aims to provide certain elements to be taken into consideration in evaluating legislation on both sides of the Atlantic.

International audience

International audience

Country-of-origin (COO) research cites the influence of country-level actions on consumers’ attitudes but does not specify how such actions might influence the COO image, particularly in a climate change context. However, various countries adopt different climate change actions, with notable potential implications for products associated with the nations’ images; therefore, it is vital to understand the relationship between climate change actions and consumers’ attitudes toward their country. This study, which solicits responses from 1,389 consumers in France, Morocco, and the United States, investigates whether and how climate change actions influence each COO image and consumers’ attitudes toward it, which vary with consumers’ level of climate change concern. Such climate change actions also exert distinct effects that are moderated by the cultural context. Therefore, this study extends the COO literature to a climate change context and provides relevant implications for policy makers and marketing managers aiming to improve their COO image.

Purpose Going beyond odd and even prices, this paper aims to explore the rationale behind the widespread practice of setting prices ending in “50” or “80” in the luxury industry. The authors argue that when they set such prices, managers agree to reduce their profit margin to limit the anticipated guilt luxury consumers associate with luxury shopping while also protecting their brand luxury. The authors label these prices compromise prices and formally define compromise pricing as the practice of choosing a price’s ending so that the price falls below (but not just below) a round number to boost sales without damaging brand luxury. Design/methodology/approach Following the observation of the overrepresentation of prices ending in “50” and “80” in the luxury clothing category, an experiment explores the impact of compromise prices on anticipated guilt and brand luxury in the luxury watch category. Then, to identify when luxury pricing managers typically favor compromise prices, multinomial regressions investigate prices collected on two online luxury fashion retailers for the luxury clothing and handbag categories. Findings Compromise prices reduce the anticipated guilt luxury consumers associate with luxury shopping compared with even prices while enhancing brand luxury compared with odd prices and interestingly, with even prices also. This finding gives rationale to luxury managers’ preference for compromise prices in the ninth hundred (i.e. €X950, €X980), especially for higher-priced products, i.e. when the potential for price underestimation and/or the risk of damaging brand luxury are more important. Originality/value This research contributes to the field of luxury pricing by providing evidence to an original price-ending practice, coined compromise pricing, which consists in agreeing to a slight reduction in prices and unit margin to protect brand luxury.

International audience; During the last decades, resource-constrained project scheduling problems have been abundantly presented in extant literature. However, there are still some real-world challenges that have not been adequately considered. These challenges include environmental commitments and constraints related to the procurement of resources (as regards procurement commitment). This calls for the integration of the project planning and forward-reverse supply chain planning systems. To achieve this goal, this paper contributes to the existing literature by presenting a model that incorporates the two issues in the integrated planning system: (1) the procurement commitment objective is met through the just-in-time delivery of non-renewable resources to the project sites while considering the limited supply capacity of suppliers, and (2) the environmental commitment is satisfied by collecting and recycling the waste generated at project sites. A mixed-integer linear formulation of the problem is proposed. Since the model is NP-hard (non-deterministic polynomial time-hard), the paper develops a new heuristic-based genetic algorithm to solve the problem instances. The main parameters of the algorithm are tuned using the Taguchi method. The results show the efficiency of the algorithm in obtaining appropriate solutions in reasonable computational times. The integrated planning model that is proposed in this paper and its novel resolution method would help managers to make more responsive and efficient decisions.

This chapter describes how micro-locational factors affect international alliance formation. The authors focus specifically on the role of global cities, which are studied from a distance perspective. The authors argue that distances must be apprehended not at the country level but at the city level. The chapter is an attempt to provide a better understanding of the complex, multilevel factors that interact when firms select an alliance partner in a particular location. The authors take an explorative methodological approach through a configurational analysis of international alliances made by American companies in 2015. The main contribution is the proposition of a typology of micro-locational characteristics to help understand international alliance formation at a city level.

International audience; Two large samples of prices indicate that odd prices (i.e., prices just below a round number, for example €1,495 vs. €1,500) are used in the pricing of luxury products. An analysis of price endings suggests that luxury brand managers rely less on the drop-off mechanism than on the meaning mechanism, both of which have been used to show that odd prices influence consumers in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry. Building on the odd-ending price justification effect, a conjoint analysis, indicating that a large proportion of luxury consumers prefer odd prices, supports the likely role of a guilt-relief mechanism in the pricing of luxury products.

International audience; Prior to the application of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), one result of the low maximum corporate fines for violations under the preceding data protection legislation was, arguably, a lack of compliance by U.S. Tech Giants and other companies. At least on paper, this changed under the GDPR. This study approaches the issue of GDPR sanctions, not through the lens of a catastrophe waiting to happen, but instead though a development first of the theoretical grounds for sanctions, prior to a view of the practical side of them. In doing so, it is somewhat unique and adds to the GDPR literature. Furthermore, it engages the legal strategy and compliance literature to bring its results home to inform companies as to the risks involved and to provide strategic recommendations both for companies and for regulators.Among the several sub-goals of sanctions, this study determines that the most relevant for an analysis of GDPR sanctions—which are administrative, regulatory and financial sanctions, in large part—is the deterrence function, beyond the symbolic functions. This demands effective and substantial administrative fines. While these are not the only sanctions available under the GDPR—this study also sets out a range of possible sanctions, such as judicial compensation and orders to halt data processing—they are perhaps the most characteristic of data protection enforcement. However, through what is referred to as the one-stop-shop mechanism, the Irish DPA is the lead authority for most of the U.S. Tech Giants, and it has failed to act against them up to now, resulting in a potential lack of deterrence. This study argues that, on the one hand, companies should embrace compliance, and on the other hand, truly dissuasive administrative fines must be issued by supervisory authorities when they are justified, in order for the sanctions to have their necessary deterrence effect.

International audience; This paper presents the design and the users’ perceptions of a Digital Allergy Card for recording, sharing and tracing information on drug allergies.

International audience; Gendered marketing is a pervasive trend, despite the public controversies it generates. Most of research so far has focused on the socialization-based perspectives of gendered marketing to explain this phenomenon. In this research, we ask the following instrumental question: which benefits can men and women derive from owning gender-typical variants of consumer goods? We propose that gender-typical products can act as the extended phenotype of human sexual dimorphism, broadcasting a cultural equivalent to the signals issued by biological, secondary sexual characteristics. Based on evidence showing that secondary sexual characteristics increase at-tractiveness and desirability, we predict that gender-typical products increase the attractiveness and desirability of their owners by acting as supernormal stimuli of sexual dimorphism. An internal meta-analysis across three studies confirms that consumers who own gender-typical products are mentally pictured as more physically attractive. We also find that owners of gender-typical products can be perceived as sexier, and more desirable partners.

CNRS 3, FNEGE 3, HCERES B; International audience; This article aims to identify differences in the impact of Self-connectivity and the variables of the technological acceptance model (TAM) on smartwatch adoption in developed countries. The countries involved in the data collection were the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. A sample of 1,197 respondents was used. The study identifies distinct adoption behaviours of smartwatch users in these countries and the moderating impacts of age and gender. The study's results confirm that perceived ease-of-use has no impact on attitude-toward-using the smartwatch and its findings emphasize the key role of perceived-connectivity and the moderating effect of culture on the adoption of innovative products.

International audience; Supply chain transportation operations often account for a large proportion of product total cost to market. Such operations can be optimized by solving the Logistics Service Network Design Problem (LSNDP), wherein a logistics service provider seeks to cost-effectively source and fulfill customer demands of products within a multi-echelon distribution network. However, many industrial settings yield instances of the LSNDP that are too large to be solved in reasonable run-times by off-the-shelf optimization solvers. We introduce an exact Benders decomposition algorithm based on partial decompositions that strengthen the master problem with information derived from aggregating subproblem data. More specifically, the proposed Meta Partial Benders Decomposition intelligently switches from one master problem to another by changing both the amount of subproblem information to include in the master as well as how it is aggregated. Through an extensive computational study, we show that the approach outperforms existing benchmark methods and we demonstrate the benefits of dynamically refining the master problem in the course of a partial Benders decomposition-based scheme.

International audience

International audience; Today, cross-border data flows are an important component of international trade and an element of digital service models. However, they are impeded by restrictions on cross-border personal data transfers and data localization legislation. This Article focuses primarily on these complexities and on the impact of the new European Union ("EU") legislation on personal data protection-the GDPR. First, this Article introduces its discussion of these flows by placing them in their economic and geopolitical setting, including a discussion of the results of a lack of international harmonization of law in the area. In this framework, rule overlap and rival standards are relevant. Once this situation is established, this Article turns to an analysis of the legal measures that have filled the gap left by the lack of international regulation and the failure to harmonize law: extraterritorial laws in the European Union (regional legislation) and the United States (state legislation);and data localization laws in China and Russia. Specific provisionsrestricting cross-border personal data transfers are detailed under EU legislation, as are the international agreements that have been invaluable in allowing flows between the United States and the European Union to continue—first the Safe Harbor, and now the Privacy Shield. Finally, in this context, the role of data governance is investigated, both in the context of data controllers’ accountability for the actions of other actors in global supplychains under EU law and under the Privacy Shield. Thus, this Article goes beyond the law itself, to place requirements in the context of the globalized business world of data flows, and to suggest ways that companies may improve their compliance position worldwide.; Aujourd’hui, les flux transfrontaliers de données sont un élément important du commerce international et un élément des modèles de services numériques. Toutefois, elles sont entravées par des restrictions sur les transferts transfrontaliers de données à caractère personnel et la législation sur la localisation des données. Le présent article met principalement l’accent sur ces complexités et sur l’impact de la nouvelle législation de l’Union européenne (UE) sur la protection des données à caractère personnel - le RGPD. Tout d’abord, cet article présente sa discussion sur ces flux en les plaçant dans leur contexte économique et géopolitique, y compris une discussion sur les résultats d’un manque d’harmonisation internationale du droit dans le domaine. Dans ce cadre, le chevauchement des règles et les normes rivales sont pertinents. Une fois cette situation établie, cet article se tourne vers une analyse des mesures juridiques qui ont comblé le vide laissé par l’absence de réglementation internationale et l’absence d’harmonisation du droit : lois extraterritoriales dans l’Union européenne (législation régionale) et les États-Unis (législation des États); et lois sur la localisation des données en Chine et en Russie. Des dispositions spécifiques restreignant les transferts transfrontaliers de données à caractère personnel sont détaillées dans la législation de l’UE, de même que les accords internationaux qui ont été précieux pour permettre aux flux entre les États-Unis et l’Union européenne de continuer, d’abord la sphère de sécurité (Safe Harbor), et maintenant le bouclier de protection de la vie privée (Privacy Shield. Enfin, dans ce contexte, le rôle de la gouvernance des données est étudié, tant dans le contexte de la responsabilité des responsables du traitement pour les actions d’autres acteurs de l’offre mondiale en vertu du droit de l’UE et dans le cadre du Bouclier de protection de la vie privée (Privacy Shield). Ainsi, cet article va au-delà de la loi elle-même, pour placer des exigences dans le contexte du monde des affaires mondialisé des flux de données, et pour suggérer des moyens que les entreprises peuvent améliorer leur position de conformité dans le monde entier.

International audience; Today, cross-border data flows are an important component of international trade and an element of digital service models. However, they are impeded by restrictions on cross-border personal data transfers and data localization legislation. This Article focuses primarily on these complexities and on the impact of the new European Union ("EU") legislation on personal data protection-the GDPR. First, this Article introduces its discussion of these flows by placing them in their economic and geopolitical setting, including a discussion of the results of a lack of international harmonization of law in the area. In this framework, rule overlap and rival standards are relevant. Once this situation is established, this Article turns to an analysis of the legal measures that have filled the gap left by the lack of international regulation and the failure to harmonize law: extraterritorial laws in the European Union (regional legislation) and the United States (state legislation);and data localization laws in China and Russia. Specific provisionsrestricting cross-border personal data transfers are detailed under EU legislation, as are the international agreements that have been invaluable in allowing flows between the United States and the European Union to continue—first the Safe Harbor, and now the Privacy Shield. Finally, in this context, the role of data governance is investigated, both in the context of data controllers’ accountability for the actions of other actors in global supplychains under EU law and under the Privacy Shield. Thus, this Article goes beyond the law itself, to place requirements in the context of the globalized business world of data flows, and to suggest ways that companies may improve their compliance position worldwide.; Aujourd’hui, les flux transfrontaliers de données sont un élément important du commerce international et un élément des modèles de services numériques. Toutefois, elles sont entravées par des restrictions sur les transferts transfrontaliers de données à caractère personnel et la législation sur la localisation des données. Le présent article met principalement l’accent sur ces complexités et sur l’impact de la nouvelle législation de l’Union européenne (UE) sur la protection des données à caractère personnel - le RGPD. Tout d’abord, cet article présente sa discussion sur ces flux en les plaçant dans leur contexte économique et géopolitique, y compris une discussion sur les résultats d’un manque d’harmonisation internationale du droit dans le domaine. Dans ce cadre, le chevauchement des règles et les normes rivales sont pertinents. Une fois cette situation établie, cet article se tourne vers une analyse des mesures juridiques qui ont comblé le vide laissé par l’absence de réglementation internationale et l’absence d’harmonisation du droit : lois extraterritoriales dans l’Union européenne (législation régionale) et les États-Unis (législation des États); et lois sur la localisation des données en Chine et en Russie. Des dispositions spécifiques restreignant les transferts transfrontaliers de données à caractère personnel sont détaillées dans la législation de l’UE, de même que les accords internationaux qui ont été précieux pour permettre aux flux entre les États-Unis et l’Union européenne de continuer, d’abord la sphère de sécurité (Safe Harbor), et maintenant le bouclier de protection de la vie privée (Privacy Shield. Enfin, dans ce contexte, le rôle de la gouvernance des données est étudié, tant dans le contexte de la responsabilité des responsables du traitement pour les actions d’autres acteurs de l’offre mondiale en vertu du droit de l’UE et dans le cadre du Bouclier de protection de la vie privée (Privacy Shield). Ainsi, cet article va au-delà de la loi elle-même, pour placer des exigences dans le contexte du monde des affaires mondialisé des flux de données, et pour suggérer des moyens que les entreprises peuvent améliorer leur position de conformité dans le monde entier.

International audience; The digital era is characterized by the widespread diffusion of information technologies (IT) offering great degrees of malleability in how their features may be interpreted and used. While there are immediate advantages to leveraging the malleability of IT, this could also prove a source of confusion for lay users who are faced with multiple interpretations of what IT can do. Despite growing evidence of this phenomenon, current research lacks the concepts and tools to adequately capture its impact on IT acceptance, adoption, and use. In this paper, we first deploy the "perceived functional ambiguity" (PFA) construct, describing its dimensionality and relationships with measures. Then, we develop and validate the corresponding multidimensional measurement instrument. Finally, we test the effect of the construct across three studies assessing how users perceive social media (N=419), smartphones (N=411) and smart speakers (N=346). Our results suggest that ambiguity has a double-edged sword effect on users' perception of IT: greater levels of ambiguity are associated with greater utilitarian and hedonic value, but they also entail substantial learning costs. This research contributes to advancing our theoretical understanding of IT use by introducing ambiguity as a factor underpinning contemporary IT use.

International audience; This research project investigates consumers' willingness to adopt online pro-environmental behaviors. First, we conducted an exploratory qualitative study that revealed respondents' low awareness of the environmental impact of Internet usage and reluctance to change their online behaviors. Consumers tend to decline all responsibility and expect companies and public authorities to take the necessary measures. Moreover, they are led by contradictory motives: not harming the environment on the one hand and continuing to use the Internet the way they currently do on the other. Based on these findings, two quantitative studies were conducted to investigate the determinants of consumers' self-attribution of responsibility to reduce the digital footprint of their online activity (e.g., using an eco-friendly search engine). Our conceptual model emphasizes the mechanisms of cognitive dissonance and highlights the crucial role of skepticism toward pro-environmental solutions. Implications for IT companies and public policy makers are discussed.

International audience; The literature on airlines presents few studies analyzing the airlines network evolution. We believe that this gap is due to the difficulty of capturing the network complexity in a simple manner. This paper proposes new simple and continuous indicators to measure the airlines’ network structure. The methodology to build them is based on graph theory and principal component analysis. We apply this approach to the US domestic market for 2005–2018, and obtain three network indicators. The first one measures how close the network is to a single-center structure. The second indicator measures the airline’s ability to provide alternative routes. The third indicator captures the network size. We analyze the indicators evolution across time and show their robustness under different scenarios.