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The aim of this study was to investigate the tRNA[sup Leu(UUR)] gene and the first part of the ND1 gene in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A total of 158 cases of SIDS and 97 controls were included in the study, and the base pairs in the range 3230-3330 were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis (TTGE). If a band shift was detected by TTGE, the area investigated and the D-loop was sequenced. Three different point mutations (T3290C, T3308C and T3308G) were detected in four of the SIDS cases, while none of the controls were mutated. We also found a high D-loop substitution rate in these four cases. The findings indicate that mtDNA mutations may play a role in some cases of SIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent ruling by the European Court of Justice on gene edited plants highlighted regulatory inadequacy as well as a decades-old political problem, namely how to reconcile diverging expectations regarding agricultural biotechnology in Europe. Over time, regulators had tried out various tools to address concerns and overcome implementation obstacles. While initially focussing on risk (with the Precautionary Principle), they later tried to better embed technology in society (e.g., through Responsible Research and Innovation). The PP got criticized early-on; meanwhile, it seems to have lost much of its salience. Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is associated with problems of participation and political impact, often rendering it a public awareness tool only. We discuss problems with both approaches and conclude that also RRI falls short of facilitating technology implementation in the way regulators might have had in mind. Rather than leaving political decisions to technical risk assessment or ethics and public awareness, we argue for re-establishing a broad yet sober process of opinion formation and informed decision-making in agricultural policy.

Objectives: Executive problems in children and youth with epilepsy influence their ability to handle important aspects of daily life activities. The present study sought to explore factors associated with executive problems for patients with epilepsy in this age group., Methods: The cohort consisted of 97 consecutive patients at the National Centre for Epilepsy in Norway, aged 10-19 years, with focal or genetic generalized epilepsy. All underwent tests of executive functions (D-KEFS), the Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function (BRIEF), and screening for psychiatric symptoms, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)., Results: Parent-reported cognitive executive dysfunction (BRIEF, Metacognitive Index) was the strongest independent predictor for tested executive dysfunction and vice versa. Furthermore, male gender correlated strongest with parent-reported behavioral regulation problems (BRIEF, Behavioral Regulation Index) along with borderline/pathological score on the SDQ and parent-reported cognitive executive dysfunction., Conclusions: A strong association between parent-reported cognitive executive dysfunction and tested executive dysfunction was found. Male gender correlated strongest with parent-reported behavioral regulation problems. The latter was probably related to a higher frequency of symptoms associated with psychopathology among the boys than the girls. The frequency of executive deficits according to the different modes of measurement varied from 16% to 43%, suggesting that they capture different aspects of behavior under the executive umbrella.

Neuroenhancement involves the use of neurotechnologies to improve cognitive, affective or behavioural functioning, where these are not judged to be clinically impaired. Questions about enhancement have become one of the key topics of neuroethics over the past decade. The current study draws on in-depth public engagement activities in ten European countries giving a bottom-up perspective on the ethics and desirability of enhancement. This informed the design of an online contrastive vignette experiment that was administered to representative samples of 1000 respondents in the ten countries and the United States. The experiment investigated how the gender of the protagonist, his or her level of performance, the efficacy of the enhancer and the mode of enhancement affected support for neuroenhancement in both educational and employment contexts. Of these, higher efficacy and lower performance were found to increase willingness to support enhancement. A series of commonly articulated claims about the individual and societal dimensions of neuroenhancement were derived from the public engagement activities. Underlying these claims, multivariate analysis identified two social values. The Societal/Protective highlights counter normative consequences and opposes the use enhancers. The Individual/Proactionary highlights opportunities and supports use. For most respondents these values are not mutually exclusive. This suggests that for many neuroenhancement is viewed simultaneously as a source of both promise and concern.

Objectives: Psychopathology in children and youth with epilepsy has previously been related to executive dysfunction, but the nature of the association is uncertain. We sought to explore risk factors for psychiatric disorders in children and youth with epilepsy, with emphasis on executive dysfunction, along with seizure-related and psychosocial factors., Methods: The cohort consisted of one hundred and one consecutive patients aged 10-19 years with focal (n=52) or genetic generalized (n=49) epilepsy. All were screened for psychiatric symptoms, using part of an extensive questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for both patients and their parents. Participants scoring in the borderline or abnormal range on the SDQ received a psychiatric interview (Kiddie-SADS-PL). All participants underwent a neuropsychological examination, and those with general cognitive abilities (IQ)<70 were excluded., Results: Forty-seven of 101 participants (46.5%) had a SDQ score in the borderline or abnormal range and underwent a psychiatric evaluation. Of these, 44 (93.6%) met the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis, the most common being ADHD and anxiety. An executive deficit was identified in 26.8% of the participants with a psychiatric diagnosis, but in only 5.4% of those without such a diagnosis (p=0.003). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that executive dysfunction was an independent risk factor for having a psychiatric disorder (OR 8.2, CI 1.8-37.2, p=0.006), along with male gender (OR 2.9, CI 1.2-7.3, p=0.02), and early seizure onset (0.86-that is one year older equals risk of psychiatric disorder reduced by 14%-CI 0.77-0.96, p=0.01). Other epilepsy-related or psychosocial factors were not significantly associated with psychiatric disorders., Conclusions: Multiple factors are associated with psychiatric problems in children and youth with epilepsy. In this study, executive dysfunction, male gender, and early epilepsy onset were independent risk factors for having a psychiatric disorder. An evaluation of psychiatric and cognitive problems is important to enable a positive long-term outcome in childhood epilepsy., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

To understand controversies over technologies better, we propose the concept of 'problematisation'. Drawing on Foucault's idea of problematisation and on the concept of frames in media research, we identify characteristic forms of problematising biotechnology in pertaining controversies, typically emphasising ethical, risk or economic aspects. They provide a common basis for disputes and allow participants to argue effectively. The different forms are important for how controversies are negotiated, which experts get involved, what role public engagement plays and how political decisions are legitimized--in short, for technology governance. We develop a heuristic for analysing the link between forms of problematisation and different options for technology governance. Applied to synthetic biology, we discuss different problematisations of this technology and the implications for governance., (© The Author(s) 2014.)

How do scientists perceive the media coverage of synthetic biology (SB)? In this paper, we approach this question by studying a set of cartoons devoted to SB. Based on a categorization of the cartoons into five large thematic groups an international survey was carried out to assess the opinion of SB research groups on science communication with regard to the public image of their discipline. The 101 responses obtained indicate that in general, their perception of the communication is not negative, although many respondents raised concerns on the media's inclination to sensationalism and over-simplification. However, the results also suggest that (in the light of the unfortunate experiences with GMO communication) scientists should think twice before proposing metaphorical interpretations of their research.

A stimulated early public debate is frequently advocated when introducing an emerging technology like synthetic biology (SB). To debate a still quite abstract technology, participants functionally need a frame that determines which arguments are legitimate and which issues are relevant. Often, such frames are based on previous debates over other novel technologies. Three technologies currently provide frames for discussing SB: (green) biotechnology, nanotechnology and information technology. In the biotechnology debate, risk has long been emphasised over economic benefits. More recently, nanotechnology has been referred to mostly in terms of benefits, while risks tended to be an issue for scientific discourses. This has frequently been related to the many outreach activities around nanotechnology. Information technology, finally, has retained the image of being 'cool' and useful on a personal level. The technology itself is taken for granted and only the consequences of particular applications have been up for discussion. Upstream engagement exercises in SB will have to consider the comparator chosen more diligently, because it might influence the debate on SB 'out there' in the long run.

Will synthetic biology elicit controversies similar to those of genetically modified crops before? Maybe, but where exactly are the analogies, and how can we gain substantial insights rather than mere guesses? We argue that as well as the intrinsic properties of the technologies at stake, the context of their implementation is decisive. To assess mechanisms of past and potential controversies, an investigative tool is presented. The Gate Resonance model, derived from older models of societal conflict, allows the identification of key elements of conflict generating processes. In monitoring the developing debate on synthetic biology using this model, analogies to the case of genetically modified crops appear less convincing. So far, there are only few indications that a controversy is imminent.

Drawing an analogy to past debates over biotechnology, some stakeholders fear that synthetic biology (SB) could raise public concerns. Accordingly, 'lessons from the past' should be applied to avoid controversies. However, biotechnology in the 1990s is not the only possible comparator. The potential to become contested has been attributed to a number of other novel technologies. Looking at nanotechnology for example, controversies have not materialised to the extent predicted. The article discusses factors relevant for controversies over technologies as well as differences to the situation when modern biotechnology began to proliferate. Certain properties attributed to SB in the discussion so far indeed suggest a potential for controversies of its own, but perceptions may follow those on other aspects of biotechnology subject to local contingencies. Finally, it is questioned whether ELSI research should see its task in applying lessons from the past to ease technology introduction. Today, rather than seeing themselves being embedded in a linear model of technology development, social scientists take an interest in developments 'upstream' where technologies take shape.

As synthetic biology develops into a promising science and engineering field, we need to have clear ideas and priorities regarding its safety, security, ethical and public dialogue implications. Based on an extensive literature search, interviews with scientists, social scientists, a 4 week long public e-forum, and consultation with several stakeholders from science, industry and civil society organisations, we compiled a list of priority topics regarding societal issues of synthetic biology for the years ahead. The points presented here are intended to encourage all stakeholders to engage in the prioritisation of these issues and to participate in a continuous dialogue, with the ultimate goal of providing a basis for a multi-stakeholder governance in synthetic biology. Here we show possible ways to solve the challenges to synthetic biology in the field of safety, security, ethics and the science-public interface.

As part of the SYNBIOSAFE project, we carried out an open electronic conference (e-conference), with the aim to stimulate an open debate on the societal issues of synthetic biology in a proactive way. The e-conference attracted 124 registered participants from 23 different countries and different professional backgrounds, who wrote 182 contributions in six different categories: (I) Ethics; (II) Safety; (III) Security; (IV) IPR; (V) Governance and regulation; (VI) and Public perception. In this paper we discuss the main arguments brought up during the e-conference and provide our conclusions about how the community thinks, and thinks differently on the societal impact of synthetic biology. Finally we conclude that there is a chance for an open discourse on the societal issues of synthetic biology happening, and that the rules to govern such a discourse might be set up much easier and be respected more readily than many would suggest.

Public opposition to genetically modified (GM) food and crops is widely interpreted as the result of the public's misperception of the risks. With scientific assessment pointing to no unique risks from GM crops and foods, a strategy of accurate risk communication from trusted sources has been advocated. This is based on the assumption that the benefits of GM crops and foods are self-evident. Informed by the interpretation of some qualitative interviews with lay people, we use data from the Eurobarometer survey on biotechnology to explore the hypothesis that it is not so much the perception of risks as the absence of benefits that is the basis of the widespread rejection of GM foods and crops by the European public. Some respondents perceive both risks and benefits, and may be trading off these attributes along the lines of a rational choice model. However, for others, one attribute-benefit-appears to dominate their judgments: the lexicographic heuristic. For these respondents, their perception of risk is of limited importance in the formation of attitudes toward GM food and crops. The implication is that the absence of perceived benefits from GM foods and crops calls into question the relevance of risk communication strategies for bringing about change in public opinion.

The risk assessment of genetically-modified plants pursuant to Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC assumes that it is possible to infer the environmental impacts of a crop plant from its characteristics, so most of Annex II should also be applicable to conventional plants. To test this, we surveyed reports on the ecological impacts of the cultivation of non-transgenic crop plants with novel or improved traits and, in three cases, investigated whether Annex II B would have been adequate to indicate the effects. Such an assessment appears to be feasible only if the time frame on which it is based is short, so that long-term effects cannot be assessed. Secondly, the plant must be genetically homogenous which is not always granted, e.g. with forest-trees. Thirdly, the cultivation area must be defined. Differences in the behaviour of foreign plants between their original and cultivation habitats may be ecologically relevant and should be assessed. In the (few) cases where direct inference of the observed effects was possible from inherent traits, these effects often correlated with poor adaptation to local environmental conditions. The ecological impacts of traits that had been introduced in order to overcome poor adaptation may differ widely according to the way in which the traits are exploited. In practice, the effects of agricultural measures are more important than the effects of gene transfer and invasiveness, although the latter currently play a major role in risk assessment. In the light of these deliberations, a modification of Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC is suggested.

Molecular detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid and accurate method. In this study we present PCR for the detection of FMDV RNA in infected BHK cells. Using PCR and two primers selected from the RNA polymerase gene, a conserved sequence in all types and subtypes of FMDV, we were able to detect FMDV RNA present in RNA extracted from the FMDV-infected cells. RNA from uninfected BHK cells gave negative results. Another set of primers selected from the nucleotide sequence of the variable VP1 gene permitted the demonstration of variations among different FMDV Israeli isolates by PCR. Two 01 type FMDV isolates out of a total of 6 FMDV field isolates (including 01 Geshur) gave a positive PCR while two other 01 isolates and two ASIA isolates were detected with the RNA polymerase gene primers but not with the VP1 primers. Serial dilutions of the RNA used in each reaction showed that a very small amount of RNA may be detected by PCR. The PCR products from the RNA polymerase and the VP1 genes were sequenced and the nucleotide sequences obtained were compared with a known nucleotide sequence of the FMDV 01 genome.

Mutants of human rhinovirus serotype 14 (HRV14) with increased resistance to treatment at low pH were obtained by repeated cycles of exposure to pH 4.5 and propagation in HeLa cells. Whereas wild-type virus lost more than 5 logs of infectivity upon incubation at pH 4.3, the three isolates examined were essentially unaffected. Conformational change of the viral capsid upon exposure to low pH was assessed as an increase of hydrophobicity by partition between an aqueous phase and a Triton X-114 phase; the mutants required exposure to a much lower pH to accumulate in the Triton phase than wild-type HRV14. The sequence of the capsid region was determined for three isolates; two isolates were found to have the changes Thr17 to lie in VP2 and Asn 100 to lie in VP1. The third isolate also had the change Thr17 to Ile in VP2; however, in VP1, Asp101 was replaced by Glu. Separate introduction of the mutations into full length cDNA clones of the wild-type sequence of HRV14 showed that only the changes in VP1 were necessary for the increased stability at pH 4.5. The implications of the mutations for the three-dimensional structure of the viral capsid are discussed.

An apparatus is described which permits the incubation of samples at three different temperatures in a cyclic fashion. The parts for the incubator are either present in every biochemical laboratory (water baths) or can be easily obtained at a low price (timers and magnetic valves). Thus the new DNA amplification procedure employing Thermus aquaticus-DNA polymerase can be carried out automatically without major investments.

Unambiguous assignment of restriction enzyme patterns to six individual serotypes of human rhinovirus was accomplished after amplification of a 380 bp DNA fragment derived from the 5' non-coding region. This was possible even though serotypes 1A and 1B and serotypes 2 and 49 differed only at 10 and 15 positions respectively. The method utilizes the conserved and variable components of this part of the genome and provides the basis for a simple and rapid method for typing of human rhinoviruses.