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Importance: Monitoring for and reporting potential cases of intraocular inflammation (IOI) in clinical practice despite limited occurrences in clinical trials, including experiences with relatively new intravitreal agents, such as brolucizumab, pegcetacoplan, or faricimab, helps balance potential benefits and risks of these agents., Objective: To provide descriptions of 3 initially culture-negative cases of acute, severe, posterior-segment IOI events occurring within the same month following intravitreal faricimab injections at a single institution., Design, Setting, and Participants: In this case series, 3 patients manifesting acute, severe IOI following intravitreal injection of faricimab were identified between September 20, 2023, and October 20, 2023., Exposure: Faricimab, 6 mg (0.05 mL of 120 mg/mL solution), for neovascular age-related macular degeneration among patients previously treated with aflibercept; 1 patient also had prior exposure to bevacizumab., Main Outcomes and Measures: Visual acuity, vitreous taps for bacterial or fungal cultures, and retinal imaging., Results: All 3 patients received intravitreal faricimab injections between September 20 and October 20, 2023, from 2 different lot numbers (expiration dates, July 2025) at 3 locations of 1 institution among 3 of 19 retina physicians. Visual acuities with correction were 20/63 OS for patient 1, 20/40 OD for patient 2, and 20/20 OS for patient 3 prior to injection. All 3 patients developed acute, severe inflammation involving the anterior and posterior segment within 3 to 4 days after injection, with visual acuities of hand motion OS, counting fingers OD, and hand motion OS, respectively. Two patients were continuing faricimab treatment while 1 patient was initiating faricimab treatment. All received intravitreal ceftazidime, 2.2 mg/0.1 mL, and vancomycin, 1 mg/0.1 mL, immediately following vitreous taps. All vitreous tap culture results were negative. One patient underwent vitrectomy 1 day following presentation. Intraoperative vitreous culture grew 1 colony of Staphylococcus epidermidis, judged a likely contaminant by infectious disease specialists. All symptoms resolved within 1 month; visual acuities with correction were 20/100 OS for patient 1, 20/50 OD for patient 2, and 20/30 OS for patient 3., Conclusions and Relevance: In this case series, 3 patients with acute, severe IOI within 1 month at 3 different locations among 3 ophthalmologists of 1 institution following intravitreal faricimab could represent some unknown storage or handling problem. However, this cluster suggests such inflammatory events may be more common than anticipated from faricimab trial reports, emphasizing the continued need for vigilance to detect and report such cases following regulatory approval.

Purpose: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) represents a leading cause of childhood blindness. The purpose of our study was to evaluate incidence, trends in cost and length of hospital stay, and risk factors for ROP using a publicly available population-based dataset, the National Inpatient Sample., Design: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 2009 to 2018 using the National Inpatient Sample., Participants: Premature neonates (n = 717 277) who met the screening criteria for ROP with gestational age of ≤ 30 weeks or birthweight (BW) of ≤ 1500 g were identified., Methods: Database analysis., Main Outcome Measures: Incidence, demographics, risk factors for ROP development, trends in cost, and length of stay were evaluated., Results: In total, incidence of ROP increased from 11% in 2009 to 15% in 2018 (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression model of ROP development showed its associations with female sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.17), Hispanic (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.18), and Black (OR, 0.91; 95% CI 0.86-0.96) ethnicity. Neonates with lower BWs, particularly those in the 500- to 999-g subgroup (OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 2.44-2.85) and younger gestational ages, particularly those born between 25 and 28 weeks gestational age (OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 2.25-2.58), had increased risk of developing ROP. Comorbidities associated with the development of ROP were perinatal jaundice (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.74-1.94), patent ducts arteriosus (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.60-1.75), intraventricular hemorrhage (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.35-1.48), perinatal infection (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.74-1.94), and respiratory distress syndrome (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.10)., Conclusions: Retinopathy of prematurity develops in about 1 of 10 premature infants and incidence has been shown to be increasing. Significant risk factors were female sex, Hispanic ethnicity, lower BW, younger gestational age, and systemic comorbidities, including perinatal jaundice, patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular hemorrhage, perinatal sepsis, and respiratory distress syndrome., Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references., (Copyright © 2022 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background/objective: To characterize incidence rates and identify risk factors for admission and mortality in patients with endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) in the United States (US)., Subjects/methods: Patients with EE were identified using the Nationwide Emergency Department (NEDS) Database from 2006 to 2017 in this cross-sectional study. Subjects were required to have diagnoses of both endophthalmitis and septicaemia using contemporary International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes. Incidence rates, mortality rates and demographics were evaluated. Risk factors for admission and mortality were identified using weighted logistic regression analysis., Results: A total of 6400 patients with EE were identified. Incidence increased from 0.10 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-0.12) per 100,000 in the US population in 2006 to 0.25 (95% CI: 0.21-0.30) in 2017 (p < 0.05). Most were female (55.4%), insured with Medicare (53.5%), were in the first income quartile earnings (29.3%) [bottom 25% income bracket], lived in the South (40.5%), and presented to metropolitan teaching hospitals (66.6%). Mortality increased from 8.6% (95% CI: 3.8-18.3%) in 2006 to 13.8% (95% CI: 9.7-19.2%) in 2017 (p = 0.94). Factors predicting admission included older age (odds ratio [OR] 32.59; [95% CI 2.95-359.78]) and intravenous drug use (OR 14.90 [95% CI: 1.67-133.16]). Factors associated with increased mortality included: human immunodeficiency virus infection/immune deficiencies (OR 2.58 [95% CI: 1.26-5.28]), heart failure (OR 2.12 [95% CI: 1.47-3.05]), and hepatic infections/cirrhosis (OR 1.89 [95% CI: 1.28-2.79]). Pneumonia and renal/urinary tract infections (UTI) were associated with both increased hospital admission [(pneumonia OR 9.64 (95% CI: 1.25-74.35, p = 0.030), renal/UTI OR 4.09 (95% CI: 1.77-9.48)] and mortality [(pneumonia OR 1.64 (95% CI: 1.17-2.29, p = 0.030), renal/UTI OR 1.87 (95% CI: 1.18-2.97)]. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) had decreased odds ratio for mortality (OR 0.49 [95% CI: 0.33-0.73])., Conclusion: EE has increased in incidence throughout US. The two systemic factors that conferred both an increase in mortality and admission were pneumonia, and renal/UTI. Additional exploration of the potential protective association of DM with decreased mortality in this context is needed., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.)

Purpose: To determine the relationship between macular microvascular abnormalities on optical coherence tomography angiography and silent cerebral infarctions (SCIs) on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in sickle cell disease., Methods: Patients (age <18 years old) from our previous pediatric sickle cell disease study cohort who had prior optical coherence tomography angiography and brain magnetic resonance imaging were identified. Brain magnetic resonance imaging images were compared with macular optical coherence tomography angiography scans to identify macular vascular density differences between patients with SCI and without SCI., Results: Sixty-eight eyes from 34 patients who underwent optical coherence tomography angiography were evaluated, of whom 28 eyes from 14 patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. Eight patients (57%) with SCI and 6 patients (43%) without SCI were identified. The mean age (17 years in SCI and 16.3 years in non-SCI) was comparable between groups. There was no statistically significant difference in systemic complications. Deep capillary plexus vessel density was lower in the temporal quadrant in patients with SCI (49.3% vs. 53.7%, P = 0.014)., Conclusion: Patients with SCI were found to have lower vessel density in the deep capillary plexus compared with those without SCI. This finding suggests that deep capillary plexus vessel density may have utility as an imaging biomarker to predict the presence of SCI.

Purpose: To evaluate demographic trends of open globe injuries (OGIs) using a large dataset representative of United States population., Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional observational study using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2002 to 2013. Only patients with a primary admitting diagnosis of OGI were included. Data included age (in years), gender, race, type of OGI, death rate and length and cost of stay., Results: During the 12-year period, 27,467 adults (age > 20) with acute OGIs were admitted to the US hospitals. The incidence of OGIs in the adult US population was 10.6 cases per 1,000,000 persons. The mean age was 50.4 years (SD 21.52); the average ages of men and women were 44.34 (SD 17.63) and 65.69 (SD 22.77), respectively. Men accounted for 71% of all cases, with 84% of patients under 60. A decrease in the number of OGIs was seen with advancing age in men, whereas the opposite was true for women. Men, elderly over 80 and Blacks were at the highest risk of sustaining an OGI. The most and least common types of injuries were penetrating injuries (73%) and IOFBs (11%), respectively. Over half of young adults in the 21-40 cohort and 43% of men were uninsured (p < 0.001). The average length of hospital stay increased with age and was significantly much higher in women than men (3.4 vs 2.5 days)., Conclusions: Racial, gender and age disparities are prevalent in patients with OGIs. Although the majority of cases were seen in Whites and young men age 21-40 years, the incidence of OGIs per 1,000,000 persons per year was the highest in Blacks and Hispanics, elderly over 80, and men. One-third of all cases were uninsured. These disparities should be the basis of future public health safety measures., (© 2020. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.)

Introduction: Medical students often have limited exposure to providing care to physically and cognitively disabled patients. To address this gap, Involvement with Disability Education and Advancement (IDEA) was started in 2015 at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (NJMS). The organization provides NJMS students the opportunity to visit a school dedicated to disabled students and lead educational sessions on health topics., Materials and Methods: We conducted a survey study in 2018 to compare comfort levels between IDEA members and non-members in eliciting information from and providing medical attention to nonverbal, cognitively impaired, and physically disabled patients. The survey-based study utilized yes/no questions, and a Likert scale questionnaire to determine IDEA member and non-member comfort levels in working with various disabilities. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1; p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results and Discussion: A total of 56 responses (19 members, 37 non-members) were analyzed. Regardless of IDEA membership, medical students of all years perceived themselves to have more comfort caring for physically disabled than cognitively impaired or nonverbal patients. IDEA members also recorded higher comfort levels with eliciting information from cognitively impaired patients and lower comfort levels with providing medical attention to physically disabled patients., Implications: IDEA members may have increased comfort interacting with cognitively impaired individuals due to their regular experience and lower levels of comfort providing medical attention to physically disabled patients due to awareness of complex problems specific to the population. The current results warrant continued data collection and further evaluation., (Copyright © 2020 National Medical Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Trauma is the leading cause of enucleations in the USA. Current information regarding open globe injuries (OGI) is based mainly on data from individual tertiary care centers across the country which might skew the findings towards the population served by these level-one trauma centers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the demographics, characteristics, and risk factors of traumatic enucleations in a large data sample., Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional observational study using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database from 2002 to 2013. Inpatients with traumatic enucleations were identified using ICD-9 codes. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to identify differences between the enucleated and non-enucleated cohorts and to evaluate the predictive factors of enucleation in OGIs., Results: Enucleations were performed in 3020 (6.2%) of 48,563 OGIs identified. The average age in the enucleated cohort for males vs. females was 44.7 vs. 62.2 years. In the USA, the highest number of traumatic enucleations occurred in the 21-40 group (41.8%) and the fewest in the 80+ age group (11.8%). The risk of enucleation decreased across the age groups significantly. Compared with the 21-40 age group, the risk of undergoing enucleation was 15% lower in patients 41 to 60 years of age, 35% in patients 61 to 80, and 40% lower in patients over 80. In total, 5.1% OGIs in women and 6.7% of OGIs in men were enucleated. The risk of enucleation was 29% higher in men than in women. The highest absolute number of enucleations was seen in Whites. Compared with Whites, Blacks had a 63% higher risk of enucleation following an OGI. OGIs with rupture-type injury, endophthalmitis, or phthisis were significantly higher odds to be enucleated., Conclusions: The risk of enucleation following traumatic OGI significantly increased for patients who were in the 21-40 age group, of Black race, or of male gender; the risk also increased if the injury was a rupture-type or associated with endophthalmitis or phthisis. The risk of depression was 75% higher in enucleated patients versus non-enucleated patients.

Introduction: Glaucoma, the second most common cause of blindness, is normally detected in clinic. With technological improvements, tele-glaucoma exams can identify these changes off-site. The quality of tele-glaucoma exams needs to be compared with that of traditional exams. This study's purpose was to validate the tele-glaucoma programme, which allows a physician comprehensive access to patients' data, by comparing results to clinical examinations., Methods: A prospective study of 107 subjects evaluated in clinic and then tele-glaucoma stations, which consisted of non-mydriatic fundus photography, puff-tonometry, auto-refraction and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). The OCT captured central corneal thickness, angle anatomy, cup-to-disc ratio (CDR), retinal nerve fibre layer distribution and posterior-pole ganglion cell complex data., Results: Intraocular pressure (IOP) comparisons between clinical and tele-glaucoma exams had strong positive Pearson correlation coefficients (0.8248 OD, 0.8672 OS). Strong positive correlations were seen for CDR (0.7835 OD, 0.8082 OS) as well as diagnosis (glaucoma, no glaucoma or glaucoma suspect). A moderate positive correlation was seen for return to clinic time (RTC). Tele-glaucoma had an average lower RTC (2.7 vs 3.9 months). Tele-glaucoma was more likely to elicit a non-glaucomatous diagnosis not found in clinic vs a diagnosis found only in clinic (18% vs 5% of subjects)., Discussion: Tele-glaucoma allows for detecting glaucoma remotely. These advancements alleviate patient difficulties with obtaining adequate glaucoma screenings and helps ophthalmologists triage patients with more severe pathology. Our study indicates that our tele-glaucoma protocol is comparable to a clinical exam in its ability to detect glaucoma. Further studies will be needed for off-site testing and transferring data separately for analysis.

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

A 58-year-old man presented with a 9-month history of a chronically draining surgical wound and low-grade periorbital inflammation following a right lateral orbitotomy. Imaging of the right orbit revealed a peculiar lesion in the right lateral orbit that was hypointense on both T1- and T2-weighted MRI with peripheral enhancement. Exploratory orbitotomy and biopsy established the diagnosis of a chronic foreign body inflammatory reaction to bone wax; symptoms resolved following evacuation of the retained foreign material.A 58-year-old man developed a chronic, symptomatic, inflammatory reaction to bone wax following a lateral orbitotomy; only once previously has symptomatic orbital inflammation following orbital surgery as a result of bone wax been reported.

Purpose: Population-based reports regarding bacterial endogenous endophthalmitis (BEE) are scarce in the literature. Our study sought to investigate the incidence of BEE, relative risk of comorbid conditions, and treatment patterns using a nationally representative database, the National Inpatient Sample (NIS)., Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study., Participants: Inpatients with bacteremia with and without BEE in the NIS database between 2002 and 2013., Methods: Demographic and comorbid medical conditions were evaluated in bacteremic patients who demonstrated BEE and in those who did not; furthermore, logistic regression was performed to predict the relative risk of comorbid conditions in BEE developing. Chi-square analysis was used to determine if certain organisms were more likely to cause BEE and their role in treatment method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22 (IBM, Armonk, NY)., Main Outcome Measures: Comorbidities, associated microorganisms, and surgical management., Results: Among 3 907 204 bacteremic inpatients, 1793 (0.05%) were found to have BEE. Patients were more likely to demonstrate BEE in the presence of endocarditis (P < 0.001), bacterial meningitis (P < 0.001), pyogenic arthritis (P < 0.001), internal organ abscess (P < 0.001), osteomyelitis (P < 0.001), prostatitis (P < 0.001), diabetic retinopathy (P < 0.001), and vascular catheter placement or infection (P < 0.001). Diabetes mellitus without complications was not associated with an increased risk of BEE. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcal, and pneumococcal bacteremia were found to significantly increase the risk of BEE (P < 0.001 for all), and the incidences of BEE associated with these organisms were 0.19%, 0.09%, and 0.07%, respectively. Fewer than 10% of patients with BEE underwent vitrectomy, and 1.6% of BEE patients underwent enucleation., Conclusions: Bacterial endogenous endophthalmitis was observed in approximately 1 in 2000 inpatients with bacteremia in this large cohort of NIS inpatients. It was seen more commonly with MRSA, streptococcal, and pneumococcal species. Endocarditis, meningitis, prostatitis, osteomyelitis, infected vascular catheter, internal organ abscess, and diabetic retinopathy showed a significant risk (P < 0.001) of being associated with BEE., (Copyright © 2019 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective/hypothesis: Research has long been acknowledged as important to successfully matriculate into an otolaryngology residency position. The objective of this study is to perform a bibliometric analysis to quantify the importance of scholarly productivity in the otolaryngology match process., Study Design: Retrospective database review., Methods: A list of all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited otolaryngology residency programs were identified. Websites of programs were reviewed to identify first-year otolaryngology residents for the 2016 to 2017 academic year and compared to two previous academic years. Research output measures were collected. Residencies were tiered 1 to 5 by departmental research output., Results: Two hundred twenty-two records of first-year otolaryngology residents starting residency in 2016 were identified. After adjusting for number of total publications, number of original research articles, number of review articles, number of case reports, number of first author publications, number of otolaryngology-related publications, highest journal impact factor, average journal impact factor, and years since publication, h-index and number of total publications were associated with increasing tier of matriculation based on research output (P < .0001). Only number of publications correlated with increasing h-index (B = 1.11). With regard to applicant trends, there has been an increase in scholarly productivity as measured across all research parameters in the past 3 years., Conclusions: Research is an important component of successfully matriculating into an otolaryngology residency program. The h-index is a reliable tool to quantify research output and predict the tier of matriculation with regard to institutional research output. There has been a steadily increasing level of scholarly output among applicants in the past 3 years., Level of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 129:1561-1566, 2019., (© 2018 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Background: To analyze changes over a 3-year period in ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Optovue, Fremont, CA, USA)., Methods: Thirty-seven individuals from "Friends for Life Conference" with T1DM and a 3-year history of GCC thickness measurements were included in the study. Data analysis using SPSS 22 and Excel StatPlus was completed to note the subgroups that had a significant change., Results: Significant decreases were noted in the following subgroups with slope in parenthesis. Overall: GCC superior thickness OD (-0.48)Male: GCC thickness OD (-0.86), GCC superior thickness OD (-0.735)Body mass index (BMI) 25.0-29.9: GCC thickness OD (-0.48), GCC superior thickness OS (-0.915), GCC inferior thickness OD (-0.43)Ages 10-20 years: GCC superior thickness OD (-0.635)Duration of diabetes 10-20 years: GCC thickness OD (-1.055), GCC superior thickness OD (-0.99)., Conclusion: GCC loss was noted in individuals who were males, those with BMIs of 25.0-29.9, and those who had diabetes for 10-20 years. Ganglion cell loss was also noted before the presence of any diabetic retinopathy, suggesting onset of neuronal loss before any vasculature changes., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

The purpose of our analysis was to assess the effects of pulmonary hypertension (PH) on clinical outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures. Pulmonary hypertension alters physiologic patterns that has the potential to complicate laparoscopic procedures, however, an in-depth analysis evaluating survival outcomes, complications, and associated comorbidities has not been done before. Data from the National Inpatient Survey were used to identify 179,663 patients without PH and 1453 patients with PH undergoing laparoscopic procedures from the years 2003-2013. In patients with pulmonary hypertension, the presence of the following comorbidities, congestive heart failure (OR 3.56) diabetes with chronic complications (OR 3.74) fluid and electrolyte disorders (OR 7.34) metastatic cancer (OR 14.42) and peripheral vascular disease (OR 3.12) increased in-patient mortality. In regards to post-operative complications, patients with PH were more likely to have cardiac complications defined as cardiac arrest, cardiac insufficiency, cardiorespiratory failure, or heart failure (OR 3.74). Patients with PH were also more likely to develop iatrogenic pneumothorax (OR 4.13) iatrogenic pulmonary embolism (OR 7.65) and post-operative urinary complications (OR 1.92). Overall, the comorbidity with the highest association with in-patient mortality was metastatic cancer and of all complications, patients with PH were most likely to develop iatrogenic pulmonary embolism. Preparing for these adversities, notably in patients with certain associated conditions has the potential to improve patient outcome.

Introduction  High-fidelity team-based simulation has been identified as an effective way of teaching and evaluating both technical and nontechnical skills. Several studies have described the benefits of this modality in a variety of acute care settings, but a lack of standardized methodologies has resulted in heterogeneous findings. Few studies have characterized high fidelity simulation across a broad range of acute care settings and integrated the latest evidence on its educational and patient impact. Methods  The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO databases were searched for empirical studies from the last 10 years, investigating high fidelity team-based simulation in surgical, trauma, and critical care training curricula. Results  Seventeen studies were included. Interventions and evaluations were comprehensively characterized for each study and were discussed in the context of four overarching acute care settings: the emergency department/trauma bay, the operating room, the intensive care unit, and inpatient ad hoc resuscitation teams. Conclusions  The use of high-fidelity team-based simulation has expanded in acute care and is feasible and effective in a wide variety of specialized acute settings, including the emergency department/trauma bay, the operating room, the intensive care unit, and inpatient ad hoc resuscitation teams. Training programs have evolved to emphasize team-based, multidisciplinary education models and are often conducted in situ to maximize authenticity. In situ simulations have also provided the opportunity for system-level improvement and discussions of complex topics such as social hierarchy. There is limited evidence supporting the impact of simulation on patient outcomes, sustainability of simulation efforts, or cost-effectiveness of training programs. These areas warrant further research now that the scope of utilization across acute care settings has been characterized.

A 64-year-old woman presented with a 1 year history of progressive left proptosis and "blurry vision." Imaging studies revealed a left superior orbital mass distorting the optic nerve and superior rectus muscle. Excisional biopsy established the diagnosis of hobnail hemangioma. This report describes the first case of an orbital hobnail hemangioma, a lesion that more commonly presents in the dermis.

Introduction: Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy with increasing global prevalence, necessitating trainees in ophthalmology to be well-trained in the surgical modalities used to manage glaucoma. It is also important to not compromise patient safety and treatment efficacy for training and education. The purpose of our analysis is to compare postoperative outcomes of resident versus (vs.) attending performed tube shunt surgeries (TS)., Materials and Methods: A retrospective, chart review was performed of patients who had undergone TS between 2009 and 2015 at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, USA. Inclusion criteria was patients with a confirmed diagnosis of glaucoma, who underwent either an Ahmed or Baerveldt TS, and had at least two evaluation visits before the surgery to establish baseline characteristics. Exclusion criteria were patients with follow up for less than 1 year. The main outcome measure was the surgical success at 1 year follow up after TS. Surgical success was defined according to recommendations from the Glaucoma Surgical Trials guidelines published by the World Glaucoma Association (WGA):• 20% reduction in IOP and absolute IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg (criteria 1)• 30% reduction in IOP and absolute IOP ≤ 18 mm Hg (criteria 2)., Results: A total of 120 cases: 60 attending and 60 resident cases that met all the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria were included. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) one year post surgery were 15.06 ± 3.55 and 15.21 ± 5.17 mm Hg for attendings and residents respectively (p = 0.422). At the 1 year time point, 87% of resident cases and 95% of attending cases met the qualifications of criteria 1 for success. Kaplan Meier analysis was performed and did not show a significant difference in the outcome (p = 0.325). At the 1 year time point, 80% of attending and resident cases met the qualifications of criteria 2 for success. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed and did not show a significant difference in the outcome (p = 0.401). There were no differences in complication and failure rates between resident and attending performed cases. Resident-performed cases had a longer intraoperative time in comparison to attending performed cases (p = 0.02)., Conclusion: Resident-performed surgeries are as effective as attending performed surgeries. Resident-performed TS does not compromise safety and better prepares future physicians to deliver optimal care., Clinical Significance: Attendings may consider incorporating more resident performed, attending supervised TS procedures into their clinical practice as surgical training to manage common ophthalmological conditions like glaucoma is essential to residency training. How to cite this article: Thangamathesvaran L, Crane E, Modi K, Khouri AS. Outcomes of Resident-versus attending-performed Tube Shunt Surgeries in a United States Residency Program. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2018;12(2):53-58., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None

Traditional chemotherapeutic agents non-selectively eliminate cancer cells at the expense of normal tissue; in an attempt to minimize such effects, a new class of targeted agents, immunotherapy, was introduced in the late 1950s with the discovery of interferons and the development of the first cancer vaccine. Ever since, immunotherapy evolved, exploiting different cellular mechanisms including dendritic cell therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and cytokines. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) are the most recent subclass of this family and we herein review the basis of exploiting this new subclass of immunotherapy with radiotherapy in the context of studies evaluating their effects on human subjects and focusing on the synergism between the molecular pathways operating in the background. PubMed was searched for studies evaluating the combined use of ICPI and radiotherapy among human subjects. The majority of studies noted an increased response rate in patients receiving combined therapy with no significant increase in toxicity. Outcomes varied among the different ICPI, and treatment with combined anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 had a higher response rate compared to either modality alone. Synergistic use of ICPI and radiotherapy has the potential to improve survival, however the specifics regarding treatment plan is dependent on a myriad of factors including the genetic and molecular makeup of the tumor as well as the patient., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.