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This study first employed ultrasonic-assisted fermentation of seaweed foot material with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to produce Porphyra yezoensis sauce. The aim was to examine L. plantarum's growth and metabolism of nutritional components at different growth stages under low- (133.99 W/L) and high-ultrasonic power densities (169.17 W/L). After 24-h fermentation, L. plantarum exhibited a 21.32 % increase in the sonicated P. yezoensis sauce at 133.99 W/L and the logarithmic growth phase compared to that at 169.17 W/L. In addition, compared to the non-sonicated sauce, total phenolic and flavonoid contents increased by around 58 % and 27 % in sonicated sauce at 133.99 W/L, reaching 92.38 mg GEA/g DW and 111.08 mg RE/g DW, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the evaluation criteria for different fermentation stages under 133.99 W/L power ultrasonication revealed that the P. yezoensis sauce generated more phenolic compounds and exhibited stronger antioxidant capabilities in the sonicated sample at the logarithmic phase of L. plantarum. Compared to the traditional treated P. yezoensis sauce, the content of free amino acids was significantly increased in sonicated sauce, especially for logarithmic phase. Finally, GC-IMS analysis demonstrated that the ultrasonication at logarithmic phase released more volatile compounds compared to the non-sonicated sauce. This led to a reduction in the fishy odour of the Porphyra yezoensis sauce and an improved release of favourable flavour compounds.

In this study, a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum Y2 was isolated from the ginkgo peel, and showed adequate adaptation to the ginkgo biloba kernel juice. After 48 h of fermentation, the number of viable cells in the stable growth phase was remained at 10.0 Log CFU/mL, while the content of total organic acid increased by 5.86%. Phenolic substances were significantly enriched, and the content of total phenolic substances increased by 9.72%, and the content of total flavonoids after fermentation exceeded 55.33 mg/L, which was 3.6 times that of the unfermented ginkgo juice. The total relative content of volatile flavor compounds increased by 125.48%, and 24 new volatile flavor substances were produced. The content of total sugar, total protein, and total free amino acid decreased to 44.85, 67.51, and 6.88%, respectively. Meanwhile, more than 82.25% of 4′-O-methylpyridoxine was degraded by lactic acid fermentation, and the final concentration in ginkgo biloba kernel juice was lower than 41.53 mg/L. In addition, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of fermented ginkgo biloba kernel juice were significantly enhanced. These results showed that LAB fermentation could effectively improve the nutritional value and safety of ginkgo biloba kernel juice.

Fruit juices have been widely used as the substrates for probiotic delivery in non-dairy products. In this study, three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum, were selected to ferment apple juice. During 72-h of fermentation, these LAB strains grew well in the apple juice with significant increases in viable cell counts (from 7.5 log CFU/mL to 8.3 log CFU/mL) and lactic acid content (from 0 to 4.2 g/L), and a reduction of pH value (from 5.5 to around 3.8). In addition, the antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of fermented apple juice in vitro were significantly improved through the phenolic and organic acid metabolisms. After storage at 4°C for 30 days, the total amino acid content of fermented apple juice was significantly increased, although the viable cell counts and total phenolic content were decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the stored fermented apple juices still possessed antibacterial and in vitro antioxidant activities. Overall, all the selected LAB strains could be suitable for apple juice fermentation and can effectively improve their biological activities.

The demand for roasted seaweed sandwich (Porphyra yezoensis) product has risen in recent years. The product slicing process has created a huge number of scraps that are not utilized effectively. Three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were used to ferment P. yezoensis sauces in this study, including Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus thermophilus, and the mixed strains (1:1:1, v/v). The fermentation characteristics, antioxidant capacity in vitro, sensory properties, and flavoring substances of fermented P. yezoensis sauces were analyzed. After 21 days of fermentation, all LAB strains grew well in the P. yezoensis sauces, with protease activity increased to 6.6, 9.24, 5.06, and 5.5 U/mL, respectively. Also, the flavors of P. yezoensis sauces fermented with L. casei and L. fermentum were satisfactory. On this premise, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to investigate the changes in gustatory compounds in P. yezoensis sauces fermented with L. casei and L. fermentum. In general, 42 and 41 volatile flavor chemicals were identified after the fermentation of L. casei and L. fermentum. Furthermore, the fermented P. yezoensis sauce possessed greater DPPH scavenging activity and ferric-reducing ability power than the unfermented P. yezoensis. Overall, the flavor and taste of P. yezoensis sauce fermented by L. casei was superior.

The fruit and leaves of mulberry (Morus alba L.) contain a variety of health-beneficial components. At present, although both alcoholic and non-alcoholic mulberry beverages are commercially available, studies on fermented alcoholic beverages mixed with both mulberry fruit and mulberry leaf are rare. In this study, different amounts (1, 2 and 3%, g/mL dry weight) of mulberry leaves were added during the alcoholic fermentation of mulberry juice. After 9 days of fermentation, the 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) content increased from 61.12 ± 3.10 to 153.39 ± 3.98 μg/mL, and the quercetin content increased from 0.45 ± 0.01 to 20.14 ± 0.08 mg/L in the mulberry alcoholic beverages with the addition of mulberry leaves at 2%. Moreover, the ABTS+ scavenging capacity at the end of fermentation for the same sample was enhanced by 40.9%. In addition, the total sugar, total phenols, total anthocyanins, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents of the fermented samples all decreased significantly at the end of fermentation. A total of 33 volatile compounds and 17 free amino acids were detected in the fermented alcoholic beverages with mulberry leaves added. The total free amino acid content increased with the increase in mulberry leaf addition. Principal component analysis showed that the addition of mulberry leaves during fermentation increased the contents of GABA, DNJ, total flavonols and protocatechuic acid in mulberry alcoholic beverages. All these studies revealed the dynamic changes in functional components in the alcoholic fermentation of mulberry juices with the addition of mulberry leaves. Overall, the addition of mulberry leaf powder at 2% was selected as the appropriate addition for producing mulberry alcoholic beverages with enhanced nutritional value.

Lactic acid fermentation is a promising method for developing sandwich seaweed scraps. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MMB-05, Lactiplantibacillus casei FJAT-7928, mixed bacteria (1:1, v/v) and control on the physicochemical indexes, in vitro antioxidant activity, and volatile compounds of Porphyra yezoensis sauce. Sensory evaluation was also performed. The results indicated that all lactic acid bacteria strains grew well in P. yezoensis sauce after 72 h of fermentation, with the viable cell counts of L. plantarum MMB-05 exceeding 10.0 log CFU/mL, the total phenolic content increasing by 16.54%, and the lactic acid content increasing from 0 to 44.38 ± 0.11 mg/mL. Moreover, the metabolism of these strains significantly increased the content of umami, sweet and sour free amino acids in P. yezoensis sauce. The total antioxidant capacity of L. plantarum MMB-05, L. casei FJAT-7928, mix and control groups increased by 594.59%, 386.49%, 410.27%, and 287.62%, respectively. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) analysis suggested that aldehydes and ketones accounted for the largest proportion, and the relative contents of acids and alcohols in P. yezoensis sauce increased significantly after lactic acid bacteria fermentation. In addition, the analysis of dynamic principal component analysis (PCA) and fingerprinting showed that the volatile components of the four treatment methods could be significantly distinguished. Overall, the L. plantarum MMB-05 could be recommended as an appropriate starter for fermentation of sandwich seaweed scraps, which provides a fundamental knowledge for the utilization of sandwiched seaweed scraps.