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This mixed-methods study explores the incidence, manifestations, and drivers of secondary traumatic stress among service providers who work with Syrian refugees in Istanbul, Turkey. A survey of 104 social workers and other providers working in 17 public and civil society agencies in Istanbul in 2018 demonstrates that 54.81% had Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale scores indicating mild to severe secondary traumatic stress. In total, 28 qualitative interviews showed manifestations and possible drivers of secondary traumatic stress including weak supervision, heavy caseloads, and insecure working conditions. The findings suggest supervision and peer-support should be strengthened to address secondary traumatic stress among providers serving refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Pharmacological treatment is the first option in the treatment of ADHD. Long-term treatment is required, as the course of the disease often continues throughout life. Long-term adherence to treatment in ADHD is important in terms of reducing the risk of substance use, accidents, and risk-taking behaviours. Medication adherence is very important for the successful outcome of the treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the factors that may affect treatment adherence in the Turkish sample. We found that 39.6% of children with ADHD had high medication adherence accordingly Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Medication adherence of boys and girls were similar. When the education level of mothers was compared, the education level of mothers with high medication adherence group was higher than those with poor medication adherence group, and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.013). We can say that highly educated families who learn that ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder and can realize the risks that may arise as a result of being untreated are more careful about drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the relationship between screen time and school readiness. A total of 80 ppreschool children were included. Parents were interviewed about their children's daily screen time. The Metropolitan Readiness Test was utilized. Results showed that the school readiness of those with a total screen time of 3 hours or less was significantly higher. TV time was inversely associated with reading readiness (B=− 2.30,p <.001), whereas mobile device time was inversely associated with both reading (B = −0.96,p =.04) and numbers readiness (B = −0.98,p =.02). This study point to the importance of supervising children's screen use, and of awareness of parents and professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study examined the problems of internet addiction (IA) and cyberbullying in the use of digital technology, which has become the most important part of adolescents' lives during the pandemic period. These cyber problems are discussed in the context of their relationship with anxiety/depression. Methods: Adolescents (n=111, female 67%, male 33%) aged 11-18 years (mean: 13.7±2.05) were included in the study. Internet Addiction scale (IAS), Cyberbullying scale (CBS), Cyberbullying Sensibility scale (CBSS), Cyber Victimization scale (CVS), and Revised child anxiety/depression scale-child version (RCADS-CV) scales were used. The scales were filled out online twice according to the participants' situations before and during the pandemic. Results: The IAS, CBS, and CBSS scores were significantly higher during the pandemic period (respectively: z=-7,227, p<0.001, z=-2,623, p=0.009, z=-2,382, p=0.017). There was no significant difference in the CVS scores (p=0.326). The IAS, CVS, and CBSS scores were associated with RCADS-CV scores. The CBS scores showed a correlation with panic and social anxiety scores. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the pandemic has negatively affected the behaviors of adolescents in cyberspace in terms of IAS and CBS. Moreover, anxiety and depression symptoms were associated with risky cyber behaviors such as addiction and bullying in cyberspace. Considering that adolescents are among the most important actors in the cyber world, they should be supervised and psychosocially supported in terms of increased cyber risks and anxiety and depression in a global stress period such as a pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the changes in psychosocial symptoms in adolescents in Turkey during the pandemic and their relationship with the quality of life (QoL). Methods: A total of 118 adolescents reached via Google e-forms, participated in the study. The affective reactivity index-parent-report, hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention sub-scale of Turgay-DSM-IV-S, revised child anxiety and depression scales-parent version, and the pediatric QoL inventory were utilized for psychosocial symptoms' evaluation. Results: Compared to the pre-pandemic period, a significant increase in adolescents' attention problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and irritability, and a decrease in general, psychosocial, and physical QoL were found. The psychosocial and total QoL scores showed moderate/ high levels of negative correlations with irritability, attention problems, depression, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic, social anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder scores. Conclusion: The pandemic process in Turkey has adversely affected the mental health of adolescents. In increased psychosocial symptoms in this process are associated with lower QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, anxiety levels, emotional and behavioral problems, self-esteem and quality of life (QoL) in adolescents with iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) were investigated. Methods: The sample of this cross-sectional case-control study consisted of 115 adolescents (34 ID, 44 IDA and 37 healthy controls) aged 12-17 years. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, The Pediatric QoL Inventory, Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders were used for psychosocial assessment. Results: The anxiety levels of patients with IDA were higher compared with healthy controls. The total, physical and psychosocial QoL scores of the adolescents with IDA was found to be lower than those with ID or healthy controls. The total iron binding capacity was correlated with total and psychosocial QoL, self-esteem, and anxiety scores. Conclusion: Findings suggest that adolescents with IDA are affected in terms of anxiety and QoL. A psychosocial evaluation of adolescents with IDA would be appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Karakaya Complex widely exposed in the north of Turkey can be differentiated into two units as the Lower Karakaya Complex and Upper Karakaya Complex. A tectonic slice composed of medium to thick-bedded limestone belonging to the Upper Karakaya Nappe is located to the south of Ankara near Gökçehüyük village. A very diverse fusulinid fauna from this slice has two new taxa of Middle Permian (Capitanian) age.As a result of the study of the fusulinids from the strata of the Upper KarakayaNappe, two new genera Postkwantoella and Kahlerinella are proposed as well as two subfamilies: Kwantoellinae subfam. nov. (Postkwantoella) and Kahlerininae (Kahlerinella). The new genus Postkwantoella differs from the similar genus Kwantoella by well-developed axial fillings and fewer volutions. Wall structure and completely straight coiling of these latter two genera indicates that they should be classified under the Kwantoellinae subfam. nov. The other new genus, Kahlerinella, is differentiated from the closely related genus Kahlerina by having lenticular early whorls, globular test shape and by the absence of chomata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Research has suggested that patients with depression have deficits in social cognition, however they provide limited data regarding adolescent depression. Moreover, the relationship of social cognition with clinical features and quality of life is less studied. This study investigated social cognition in depressive adolescents and the correlations of social cognition with clinical features and quality of life. Thirty-five depressed adolescents and 37 healthy controls were assessed. Emotion perception and decoding ToM, quality of life and clinical variables were evaluated. No significant differences were found between depression and control groups regarding social cognitive tests. The results indicated that examined clinical features were not correlated significantly with social cognitive tests. Results suggest that social cognitive abilities are not disturbed in adolescents with first depressive episode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate self- and parent-reported irritability in adolescents with migraine and to evaluate the relationship between self- and parent-reported irritability and psychological symptoms in adolescents with migraine.Methods: The sample of this single-center cross-sectional case-control study consisted of 71 adolescents with migraine (who were followed in a pediatric neurology clinic) and their parents. The control group consisted of 41 age- and sex-matched healthy adolescents and their parents.Results: It was observed that there were significant differences in both self- (p < 0.001) and parent-reported (p < 0.001) irritability scores between the migraine and control groups. When the two groups were compared in terms of psychological symptoms, adolescents with migraine had significantly higher levels of anxiety (p < 0.001) and emotional problems (p < 0.001) than their healthy peers. This significant difference persisted even after controlling for confounding factors such as age, gender, family income, and maternal and paternal educational level. Our results revealed a moderate positive correlation between irritability scores and anxiety scores (r = 0.522, p < 0.001) and between irritability scores and emotional/behavioral problem scores (r = 0.487, p < 0.001) in the migraine group. In addition to these results, the odds ratios of self-reported irritability scores and emotional problem scores for migraine were 1.31 and 1.41, respectively.Conclusion: The levels of anxiety, emotional/behavioral, and attention deficit/hyperactivity problems increased as the levels of irritability increased in the migraine group, suggesting that the psychosocial functionality of these adolescents may be impaired. Therefore, all adolescents with migraine (especially those with irritability) may have need of psychosocial support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Psychosocial and behavioral problems have been reported in children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). Distinctive features of typical BECTS associated with cognitive and behavioral problems have not clearly been defined. Purpose We aimed to identify psychosocial and behavioral functioning and their relationship to seizure timing in BECTS. Methods Consecutive patients with BECTS were recruited from the pediatric neurology outpatient clinic between May 2015 and May 2016. The patients were divided into two subgroups in according to seizure timing; group 1 consisted of patients with seizures only in the morning short before awakening, and group 2 consisted of patients with seizure shortly after falling asleep or in both time periods. Neuropsychological and behavioral evaluation in patients and healthy controls were examined using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised test and the Turkish version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results The participants comprised 46 children with BECTS and 49 healthy controls aged 7–16 years. There was no significant difference between group 1, group 2, and control group regarding intelligence quantity in full-scale or verbal and performance subscales. Behavioral scores for overall stress significantly differed between group 2 and controls on the SDQ test, while group 1 and control group had no difference on the SDQ scores. Conclusion Patients with BECTS who have seizure shortly after falling asleep may have a tendency towards behavior difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developmental abnormality of tooth resulting from the infolding of enamel/dentin into the root is called dens invaginatus. Management of such cases is usually challenging due to the morphological complexity of root canal system. This report presents a rare treatment protocol of a clinical case of Oehler’s type III dens invaginatus combined with an endodontic lesion in a vital maxillary lateral incisor. Access to the endodontic lesion located between the central and lateral incisors was achieved by reflection of a full mucoperiosteal flap. Granulomatous tissue as well as aberrant root was removed and the surface of the root and adjacent coronal region were reshaped. Three years later, the patient was orthodontically treated. Seven years after completion of surgical/orthodontic management, the tooth remained asymptomatic and functional with normal periodontium/vital pulp. Radiographically, the healing of the lesion was observed. Actually, vitality of the invaginated tooth and communication between the invagination and the root canal were the most important factors in determining such minimally invasive treatment protocol. Depending on the anatomy of the root canal system, surgical amputation of an invaginated root can be performed to achieve a successful outcome in Oehler’s type III dens invaginatus cases, even though it is associated with apical periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish university students' opportunities for studying abroad were quite restricted prior to the ERASMUS Student Exchange Programme. The implementation of the programme has rapidly changed this situation and significant numbers of students have had the chance to go overseas to live and to learn in universities outside of Turkey. As a result, Turkish universities have felt it necessary to incorporate the equivalent of the classes that students take abroad into their programmes. This situation, an important step in the internationalization of universities, is very new for Turkish universities and the students enrolled in them. This paper looks at the effects of the programme on 44 Turkish students in Germany via the ERASMUS Student Exchange Programme, the sample data being collected by qualitative methods at three stages. The study establishes what kind of changes have occurred in the students' perspectives, in their assessment of events, and in the long-term outlook of their education and professional future. In this frame, it also establishes their perspectives from before joining the programme and during the time they were abroad, which resources they used to access knowledge, the problems they faced and their solutions, how they assess the ERASMUS Programme as well as living abroad and the university in which they enrolled, as students for a certain time naturally assessed their European study by comparing the university and educational system with that in their home country. The study also investigates to what extent the aims of the ERASMUS Programme have been achieved, which could be summarised as increasing the quality of higher education and strengthening the European dimension in Turkish universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case report of treatment for an incompletely erupted maxillary central incisor with crown dilaceration in a 12-year-old boy is described. The tooth was repositioned with surgical extrusion and endodontically treated through use of calcium hydroxide paste. Clinical and radiographic examination 2 years after completion of combined surgical and endodontic treatment revealed periapical healing and no signs of root resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most European countries have specific legal and institutional regulations in their law system. These regulations called as "youth justice system" acknowledges that young offenders have special needs and deliver services in this direction. Both public agencies and non governmental organizations have effective roles in youth justice and assistance system. Cologne is a historically important city as one of the first cities where non-governmental organizations started to work on youth justice system. This study aims to assess roles of four non-governmental organizations founded to work with young offenders in youth justice and assistance system. In this study qualitative design is used and gathered data about histories, services, problems and future plans of the non-governmental organizations. It is determined in this study that the non-governmental organizations provide significant support to services of public agencies and organizations in youth justice and assistance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate perceived expressed emotion (EE) and self-esteem in adolescents with primary headaches and to assess the psychologic factors, especially perceived EE, that may play a mediating role in the relationship between pain severity and psychosocial quality of life (QoL)., Methods: The sample of this single-center cross-sectional case-control study consisted of 102 adolescents with migraine without aura, 36 adolescents with tension-type headache (TTH), 62 age- and sex-matched healthy adolescents, and their parents. Perceived EE was evaluated with the Shortened Level of Expressed Emotion Scale (SLEES). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS) was used to assess the self-esteem of the participants., Results: There were significant differences in both SLEES (F [2.199] = 7.913, P < .001) and RSS (F [2.199] = 8.138, P < .001) scores between the groups. When the two groups were compared in terms of SLEES score, adolescents with migraine and TTH had significantly higher levels of perceived EE and lower levels of self-esteem than their healthy peers. In mediation analyses, RSS and SLEES scores were found to be partial mediating factors in the relationship between pain severity and psychosocial QoL., Conclusion: Adolescents with migraine and TTH had higher perceived EE and lower self-esteem than their healthy peers. The most important result of this study was the demonstration that self-esteem and perceived EE can be two factors that play a mediating role in the relationship between headache and psychosocial QoL.