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Although actual experiences of upward social mobility are historically low, many adolescents and adults express a "belief" in social mobility (e.g., that social status can change). Although a belief in upward mobility (e.g., that status can improve) can be helpful for economically disadvantaged adolescents and adults, a belief in upward social mobility in adults is also associated with greater acceptance of societal inequality. While this belief might have similar benefits or consequences in children, no previous work has examined whether children are even capable of reasoning about social mobility. This is surprising, given that elementary-aged children exhibit sophisticated reasoning about both social status, as well as about the fixedness or malleability of properties and group membership. Across an economically advantaged group of 5- to 12-year-old American children (N = 151, M[subscript age] = 8.91, 63% racial majority, 25% racially marginalized; M[subscript household income] = $133,064), we found evidence that children can reason about social mobility for their own families and for others. Similar to research in adults, children believe that others are more likely to experience upward than downward mobility. However, in contrast to adult's typical beliefs--but in line with economic realities--between 7- and 9-years-old, children become less likely to expect upward mobility for economically disadvantaged, versus advantaged, families. In sum, children are capable of reasoning about social mobility in nuanced ways; future work should explore the implications of these beliefs.

Prior experimental, vignette-based research has illustrated an "escalation effect," whereby classroom teachers in the United States respond more harshly to Black students than White students for the same recurring misbehavior (Okonofua & Eberhardt, 2015). This research aims to examine escalation effects while also (1) considering misbehavior varying in severity, and (2) expanding beyond the male-only, Black-White student dichotomy that dominates this area of research by adopting an intersectional approach that includes male and female target students from Black, White, Asian, and Latino/a backgrounds. Participants included 1,013 kindergarten through 12th grade teachers from a large public school district who responded to vignettes describing classroom misbehavior. Results supported the Black escalation effect for male and female students, with some evidence of heightened escalation for Black males. No similar effects were found for Asian or Latino/a students. The escalation effect appears to be uniquely associated with Black students, carrying important implications for teacher training and school discipline policies.

Much has been written on tenure status among librarians due to the unique work responsibilities they have in comparison to other faculty across campus. This study explores one facet of work often unique to tenure-track librarians--long-term or permanent management responsibilities. In addition to gathering descriptive data about what type of managing work is being done on the tenure track, by whom and where, this study also analyzes how these roles and responsibilities impact one's success on the tenure track and vice versa, and how tenure-track work influences one's ability to manage. Eighty-seven librarians completed an online survey and the results show that, while there are some positives to being a manager while on the tenure track, including demonstrable leadership opportunities, most noted a lack of time to perform all required responsibilities in both areas. Other findings that emerged included a belief that managing did not count towards earning tenure and that other faculty colleagues, both in and out of the library, did not understand the full scope of managers' work. Recommendations include that library leaders consider if job roles with a heavy management focus should be tenure-track and if so, how tenure-track managers can be better supported and include their management responsibilities in promotion and tenure documentation.

Abstract Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals and a major structural component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Changes to ECM composition occur as a result of numerous physiological and pathophysiological causes, and a common means to evaluate these changes is the collagen 3 (Col3) to collagen 1 (Col1) ratio. Current methods to measure the Col3/1 ratio suffer from a lack of specificity and often under- or over-estimate collagen composition and quantity. This manuscript presents a targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for quantification of Col3 and Col1 in FFPE tissues. Using surrogate peptides to generate calibration curves, Col3 and Col1 are readily quantified in FFPE tissue sections with high accuracy and precision. The method is applied to several tissue types from both human and reindeer sources, demonstrating its generalizability. In addition, the targeted LC–MS/MS method permits quantitation of the hydroxyprolinated form of Col3, which has significant implications for understanding not only the quantity of Col3 in tissue, but also understanding of the pathophysiology underlying many causes of ECM changes. This manuscript presents a straightforward, accurate, precise, and generalizable method for quantifying the Col3/1 ratio in a variety of tissue types and organisms.

Objective: The study objective was to determine if intraoperative peritoneal catheter placement is associated with improved outcomes in neonates undergoing high-risk cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: This propensity score–matched retrospective study used data from 22 academic pediatric cardiac intensive care units. Consecutive neonates undergoing Society of Thoracic Surgeons–European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery category 3 to 5 cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass at centers participating in the NEonatal and Pediatric Heart Renal Outcomes Network collaborative were studied to determine the association of the use of an intraoperative placed peritoneal catheter for dialysis or passive drainage with clinical outcomes, including the duration of mechanical ventilation. Results: Among 1490 eligible neonates in the NEonatal and Pediatric Heart Renal Outcomes Network dataset, a propensity-matched analysis was used to compare 395 patients with peritoneal catheter placement with 628 patients without peritoneal catheter placement. Time to extubation and most clinical outcomes were similar. Postoperative length of stay was 5 days longer in the peritoneal catheter placement cohort (17 vs 22 days, P = .001). There was a 50% higher incidence of moderate to severe acute kidney injury in the no-peritoneal catheter cohort (12% vs 18%, P = .02). Subgroup analyses between specific treatments and in highest risk patients yielded similar associations. Conclusions: This study does not demonstrate improved outcomes among neonates with placement of a peritoneal catheter during cardiac surgery. Outcomes were similar apart from longer hospital stay in the peritoneal catheter cohort. The no-peritoneal catheter cohort had a 50% higher incidence of moderate to severe acute kidney injury (12% vs 18%). This analysis does not support indiscriminate peritoneal catheter use, although it may support the utility for postoperative fluid removal among neonates at risk for acute kidney injury. A multicenter controlled trial may better elucidate peritoneal catheter effects.

Adherence to COVID-19 social distancing restrictions may be challenging for adolescents, especially those concerned about social status. This study examined self-perceived popularity and reputation concerns as predictors of adherence to health guidelines and the effects of self-perceived popularity on adjustment. Adolescents (n = 1,068, 14-18 years at Time 1, M[subscript age] = 16.86 years) completed three self-report surveys across 10 months during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consistent with hypotheses, greater self-perceived popularity and concerns about peer reputation predicted less adherence, controlling for COVID-19 threat. Further, greater self-perceived popularity predicted less internalizing symptoms at Time 3. Adolescents' perceptions of their popularity may simultaneously act as a public health risk and provide social protection. Results emphasize the importance of acknowledging adolescents' social pressures and concerns regarding reputations and popularity during COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES:. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and shock are both associated with high morbidity and mortality in the ICU. Adult data suggest renoprotective effects of vasopressin vs. catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine). We aimed to determine whether vasopressin use during CRRT was associated with improved kidney outcomes in children and young adults. DESIGN:. Secondary analysis of Worldwide Exploration of Renal Replacement Outcomes Collaborative in Kidney Disease (WE-ROCK), a multicenter, retrospective cohort study. SETTING:. Neonatal, cardiac, PICUs at 34 centers internationally from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2021. PATIENTS/SUBJECTS:. Patients younger than 25 years receiving CRRT for acute kidney injury and/or fluid overload and requiring vasopressors. Patients receiving vasopressin were compared with patients receiving only norepinephrine/epinephrine. The impact of timing of vasopressin relative to CRRT start was assessed by categorizing patients as: early (on or before day 0), intermediate (days 1–2), and late (days 3–7). INTERVENTIONS:. None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:. Of 1016 patients, 665 (65%) required vasopressors in the first week of CRRT. Of 665, 248 (37%) received vasopressin, 473 (71%) experienced Major Adverse Kidney Events at 90 days (MAKE-90) (death, renal replacement therapy dependence, and/or > 125% increase in serum creatinine from baseline 90 days from CRRT initiation), and 195 (29%) liberated from CRRT on the first attempt within 28 days. Receipt of vasopressin was associated with higher odds of MAKE-90 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.80; 95% CI, 1.20–2.71; p = 0.005) but not liberation success. In the vasopressin group, intermediate/late initiation was associated with higher odds of MAKE-90 (aOR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.17–6.11; p = 0.02) compared with early initiation. CONCLUSIONS:. Nearly two-thirds of children and young adults receiving CRRT required vasopressors, including over one-third who received vasopressin. Receipt of vasopressin was associated with more MAKE-90, although earlier initiation in those who received it appears beneficial. Prospective studies are needed to understand the appropriate timing, dose, and subpopulation for use of vasopressin.

The HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study, a multi-site prospective longitudinal cohort study, will examine human brain, cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional development beginning prenatally and planned through early childhood. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of two brain imaging modalities central to the HBCD Study. EEG records electrical signals from the scalp that reflect electrical brain activity. In addition, the EEG signal can be synchronized to the presentation of discrete stimuli (auditory or visual) to measure specific cognitive processes with excellent temporal precision (e.g., event-related potentials; ERPs). EEG is particularly helpful for the HBCD Study as it can be used with awake, alert infants, and can be acquired continuously across development. The current paper reviews the HBCD Study’s EEG/ERP protocol: (a) the selection and development of the tasks (Video Resting State, Visual Evoked Potential, Auditory Oddball, Face Processing); (b) the implementation of common cross-site acquisition parameters and hardware, site setup, training, and initial piloting; (c) the development of the preprocessing pipelines and creation of derivatives; and (d) the incorporation of equity and inclusion considerations. The paper also provides an overview of the functioning of the EEG Workgroup and the input from members across all steps of protocol development and piloting.

PURPOSEThe growing cancer burden in Botswana has been linked to aging, lifestyle factors, and high HIV infection prevalence. The government has designated four geographically distributed hospitals as public oncology centers (POCs). A needs assessment was undertaken to ascertain the characteristics of cancer care at these centers.METHODSA multisite cross-sectional survey study of cancer care was conducted with oncology staff at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH), Nyangabgwe Referral Hospital (NRH), Sekgoma Memorial Hospital (SMH), and Letsholathebe II Memorial Hospital (LMH) from February to April 2021. At each POC, a focal person (experienced nurse working in oncology) identified relevant oncology staff and confirmed service availability.RESULTSOnly PMH and NRH had a broad array of diagnostic, surgical, and treatment services. In addition, PMH was the only center with a a dedicated inpatient oncology service, a multidisciplinary committee to review patients, and a palliative care team. To support the only national cancer screening program, for cervical cancer, all POCs offered Pap tests. Mammography, available at PMH and NRH, was used solely for diagnosis. Patients from POCs requiring radiation therapy were referred to Gaborone Private Hospital at government expense. For perceived service availability, 51 staff, mainly oncologists, physicians, and nurses, were surveyed (66% based at PMH). Perceptions of services revealed a few concerns, for example, numerous staff considered hysterectomies for cervical cancer available when they were only performed at PMH.CONCLUSIONDespite Botswana's efforts to increase the proximity of cancer services to patients, there are marked gaps, particularly at the two district-level POCs, SMH and LMH. In the future, SMH and LMH could provide selected services for specific prevalent cancers on-site, as well as follow-up and palliative care.

Cryptic species present challenges across many subdisciplines of biology. Not all “cryptic” species, however, are truly cryptic; many are simply underexplored morphologically. We examined this idea for the Antistrophus rufus species complex, which previously contained three species thought to be morphologically cryptic. To determine whether the A. rufus complex are truly cryptic species, we assessed species boundaries of members of the A. rufus species complex using morphological, ecological, and DNA barcode data, and tested whether a set of 50 morphological characters could adequately diagnose these species. We revealed that this complex includes five species, and that there are useful phenotypic diagnostic characters for all members of this species complex. This enabled redescription of four species and the description of Antistrophus laurenae Nastasi, sp. nov., which induces externally inconspicuous galls in stems of Silphium integrifolium Michx., a host not associated with other members of the complex. We use these new diagnostic characters to construct a key to the five species of the rufus complex. We conclude that the A. rufus complex was not a true case of cryptic species. Our Bayesian analysis of DNA barcode data suggests possible cospeciation of members of the rufus complex and their Silphium host plants, but further study is necessary to better understand the evolution of host use in the lineage.

Variant annotation is an important step in deciphering the functional impact of genomic variants and their association with diseases. In this study, we analyzed 80 pan-cancer cases that underwent comprehensive genomic testing and compared the auto-classified variant tiers among four globally-available software solutions for variant interpretation from Roche, SOPHiA GENETICS, QIAGEN, and Genoox. The results revealed striking differences in tier classifications, which are believed to be a result of several factors, including subjectivity in the AMP/ASCO/CAP guidelines, threshold settings for variant allele frequencies and population allele frequencies, as well as variation in disease ontologies. Although the software tools described here provide a time-saving and repeatable process for interpretation of genomic data, it is crucial to understand the nuances and various settings for these solutions, as they can strongly influence variant tier classifications and downstream management.

Background: Lifestyle interventions (LIs) are the cornerstone for obesity management. The Mayo Clinic Diet (MCD) offers two approaches for LIs: the In-Person LI (IPLI) and the Digital Enhanced LI (DELI). The IPLI includes a 2-day in-person program with monthly follow-ups, whereas the DELI provides on-demand digital tools. The comparative efficacy of these approaches is currently unknown. Methods: This retrospective study included two cohorts of adults with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m2 and weight metrics at least 3 months after starting either the IPLI or DELI program. The primary endpoint was the total body weight loss percentage (TBWL%) at 6 months. Results: The study included 133 participants in the IPLI cohort (mean age 46.3 years, 65.4 % female, BMI 36.4) and 9603 in the DELI cohort (mean age 60.1 years, 85.0 % female, BMI 33.1). The DELI group achieved superior TBWL% at 1, 3, and 6 months compared to the IPLI group (3.4 % vs. 1.5 %, 4.7 % vs. 2.4 %, 5.3 % vs. 2.9 %, respectively; p 5 % TBWL at 6 months (OR 1.66; 95 % CI [1.08, 2.55], p

Gender and age are salient social categories from early in development. However, whether children's beliefs about gender and age intersect, such that gender stereotypes might be expressed differently when asked about children (compared to adults) has not been investigated. Here, in a preregistered study (N = 297), we examined if young children (3.0-6.9-year-olds, M[subscript age] = 5.03 years, n = 145) and adults (n = 152) across Massachusetts were more likely to express gender stereotypes when presented with child or adult stimuli. Participants were presented with 20 questions about gender stereotyped behavioral and psychological properties and selected their response (male or female) for each question by selecting between four child faces (two White boys, two White girls) or four adult faces (two White men, two White women) across two separate blocks. Overall, both children and adults expressed gender stereotypes above chance, and, in children, expression of stereotypes increased across the age range. Although neither children nor adults applied gender stereotypes differently to child versus adult visual stimuli, all participants were more likely to apply gender stereotypes when that stereotype was child-centric (e.g., about doing childish activities). Our results suggest that children could be vulnerable to stereotype content from an early age; however, future research should explore whether children show this same age-invariant pattern when both gender and age are made salient and directly contrasted (e.g., by presenting men, women, boys, and girls simultaneously).

Abstract Background Survivors of childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors can develop motor and sensory impairment from their cancer and treatment history. We estimated the prevalence of motor and sensory impairment in survivors compared with controls through clinical assessment and identified associated treatment exposures and functional, quality of life (QOL), and social outcomes. Methods Survivors of childhood CNS tumors from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (n = 378, median [range] age 24.0 [18.0–53.0] years, 43.4% female) ≥5 years from diagnosis and controls (n = 445, median [range] age 34.0 [18.0–70.0] years, 55.7% female) completed in‐person evaluation for motor and sensory impairment using the modified Total Neuropathy Score. Impairment was graded by modified Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Multivariable models estimated associations between grade ≥2 motor/sensory impairment, individual/treatment characteristics, and secondary outcomes (function by Physical Performance Test, fitness by physiologic cost index, QOL by Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form‐36 physical/mental summary scores, social attainment). Results Grade ≥2 motor or sensory impairment was more prevalent in survivors (24.1%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 19.8%–29.4%) than controls (2.9%, CI 1.4–4.5%). Among survivors, in multivariable models, motor impairment was associated with vinca exposure 2036 mg/m2 versus none (OR 12.61, CI 2.19–72.72). Sensory impairment was associated with older age at diagnosis (OR 1.09, CI 1.01–1.16) and craniospinal irradiation versus none (OR 4.39, CI 1.68–11.50). There were lower odds of motor/sensory impairment in survivors treated in the year 2000 or later versus before 1990 (Motor: OR 0.29, CI 0.10–0.84, Sensory: OR 0.35, CI 0.13–0.96). Motor impairment was associated with impaired physical QOL (OR 2.64, CI 1.22–5.72). Conclusions In survivors of childhood CNS tumors, motor and sensory impairment is prevalent by clinical assessment, especially after exposure to etoposide, vinca, or craniospinal radiation. Treating motor impairment may improve survivors' QOL.

Stigmatization is a significant healthcare barrier among individuals who utilize substances during pregnancy. Of the 3.6 million U.S. births each year, approximately 10% are affected by perinatal substance use, an estimate which is likely underestimated due to fear of stigma and prosecution. Of those experiencing perinatal substance use, less than 11% receive treatment, while maternal deaths due to overdose during the postpartum period have increased by 81% from 2017 to 2020. Societal perception of non-pregnant individuals experiencing substance use disorders recognizes the biological basis of addiction, whereas for pregnant individuals, societal perception slides into moral failing as the basis of addiction. Many recommendations and guidelines for decreasing substance use stigmatization among non-pregnant and pregnant individuals exist. We focus on the use of mindfulness in recognizing and addressing structural and social stigma within healthcare systems. Mindfulness has been extracted from its roots as an essential element of the Eightfold Path in Buddhism, which largely centers on living ethically to reduce suffering of self and others. By acknowledging the roots of mindfulness, providers can engage mindfully in practices that help identify one’s overarching personal values and encourage one to lead healthcare encounters compassion and willingness to support help-seeking community members who are experiencing suffering. A deeper awareness of mindfulness practices within the context of ethical conduct can support healthcare shifts away from criminalization toward more patient- and family-centered approaches.

Abstract Objective To examine associations between neurologic late effects and attainment of independence in adult survivors of childhood cancer treated with central nervous system (CNS)‐directed therapies. Methods A total of 7881 survivors treated with cranial radiation therapy (n = 4051; CRT) and/or intrathecal methotrexate (n = 4193; IT MTX) ([CNS‐treated]; median age [range] = 25.5 years [18–48]; time since diagnosis = 17.7 years [6.8–30.2]) and 8039 without CNS‐directed therapy reported neurologic conditions including stroke, seizure, neurosensory deficits, focal neurologic dysfunction, and migraines/severe headaches. Functional independence was assessed using latent class analysis with multiple indicators (independent living, assistance with routine and personal care needs, ability to work/attend school, attainment of driver's license, marital/partner status). Multivariable regression models, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and chronic health conditions, estimated odds ratios (OR) or relative risks (RR) for associations between neurologic morbidity, functional independence, and emotional distress. Results Among CNS‐treated survivors, three classes of independence were identified: (1) moderately independent, never married, and non‐independent living (78.7%); (2) moderately independent, unable to drive (15.6%); and (3) non‐independent (5.7%). In contrast to 50% of non‐CNS‐treated survivors and 60% of siblings, a fourth fully independent class of CNS‐treated survivors was not identified. History of stroke (OR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.70–3.68), seizure (OR = 9.70, 95% CI: 7.37–12.8), neurosensory deficits (OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 2.16–3.31), and focal neurologic dysfunction (OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 2.40–3.88) were associated with non‐independence among CNS‐treated survivors. Non‐independence was associated with emotional distress symptoms. Interpretation CNS‐treated survivors do not attain full independence comparable to non‐CNS‐treated survivors or siblings. Interventions to promote independence may be beneficial for survivors with treatment‐related neurological sequalae.