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Aim: The phase III REFLECT study utilized bodyweight‐based lenvatinib dosing in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, based on results of the phase II Study 202. This post hoc analysis compared efficacy and safety in patients with lower and higher bodyweights. Methods: This comparison included patients from Study 202 (Japanese, n = 43; Korean, n = 3) and Japanese patients from REFLECT (n = 81) who received lenvatinib. In Study 202, all patients received a starting dose of lenvatinib 12 mg/day; in REFLECT, patients received starting doses based on bodyweight (patients <60 kg, 8 mg/day; ≥60 kg, 12 mg/day). Safety and efficacy were assessed in both studies according to bodyweight. Results: In Study 202, treatment‐related, treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) led to dose reductions in 80.8% and 55.0% of patients in the lower and higher bodyweight groups, respectively. In REFLECT, treatment‐related TEAEs led to dose reductions in 52.5% and 70.7% of patients in the 8 and 12 mg groups, respectively. In Study 202, median overall survival (OS) was 16.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8–25.1) and 21.3 months (95% CI, 10.1–not estimable) in the lower and higher bodyweight groups, respectively. In REFLECT, median OS was 15.8 months (95% CI, 10.4–27.6) and 18.2 months (95% CI, 11.3–26.9) in the 8 and 12 mg groups, respectively. Conclusions: Comparison between patients in Study 202 and REFLECT demonstrates efficacy was maintained with improved safety in patients with lower bodyweights who received lenvatinib 8 mg/day in REFLECT versus patients who received lenvatinib 12 mg/day in Study 202. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report basic diode characteristics and uniformity of Schottky contacts between printed Ni electrode and n-GaN on GaN epitaxial wafers annealed at 400, 500, and 600 °C. The Schottky barrier height of the samples annealed at 400 °C and 500 °C were as high as 1.21 eV, which is comparable to a conventional evaporated Ni contact. When the annealing temperature was 600 °C, rectifying the characteristics that were lost. Scanning internal photoemission microscopy (SIPM) showed that contacts annealed at 500 °C exhibited better uniformity than those at 400 °C. In contrast, the photo yield signal in SIPM of the contact annealed at 600 °C became weak and noisy due to the interfacial reaction between Ni and GaN. SIPM revealed that the contacts printed Ni electrode on GaN was more uniform than those of the printed Ag electrode. These results also show that SIPM is useful to estimate the uniformity of electrode contacts on semiconductors by non-destructive visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lenvatinib is an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has shown efficacy and manageable safety across multiple cancer types. The recommended starting doses for lenvatinib differ across cancer types and indications based on whether it is used as monotherapy or as combination therapy. This review covers clinical trials that established the dosing paradigm and efficacy of lenvatinib and defined its adverse-event profile as a monotherapy; or in combination with the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus; or the anti-PD-1 antibody, pembrolizumab; and/or chemotherapy. Lenvatinib has been established as standard-of-care either as a monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer agents for the treatment of radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma, and is being investigated further across several other tumor types. The dosing and adverse-event management strategies for lenvatinib have been developed through extensive clinical trial experience. Collectively, the data provide the rationale to start lenvatinib at the recommended doses and then interrupt or dose reduce as necessary to achieve required dose intensity for maximized patient benefit. The adverse-event profile of lenvatinib is consistent with that of other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and clinicians are encouraged to review and adopt relevant symptom-management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Baseline liver function among patients starting treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) impacts survival and could impact efficacy outcomes and safety profiles of treatments. This post hoc analysis of the phase 3 REFLECT study examined the efficacy and safety outcomes for lenvatinib and for sorafenib in patients with uHCC, assessed by Child-Pugh score (CPS) and albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade. Methods: Efficacy and safety were assessed in patient cohorts from REFLECT according to study entry baseline ALBI grade and CPS. Results: Lenvatinib treatment generally provided survival benefits in all groups. Median overall survival (OS) among patients with an ALBI grade of 1 was consistently higher than among patients with an ALBI grade of 2 for both the lenvatinib and sorafenib arms (lenvatinib: 17.4 vs. 8.6 months; sorafenib: 14.6 vs. 7.7 months, respectively). Median OS among patients with a CPS of 5 was consistently higher than among patients with a CPS of 6 (lenvatinib: 15.3 vs. 9.4 months; sorafenib: 14.2 vs. 7.9 months, respectively). Progression-free survival and objective response rates for these ALBI grades and CPS demonstrated similar patterns. Among patients who received lenvatinib and experienced a treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse event leading to withdrawal, 6.6% had an ALBI grade of 1, while 13.3% had an ALBI grade of 2, and 7.9% had a CPS of 5, while 12.1% had a CPS of 6. Conclusions: Better liver function at baseline, as measured by ALBI grade or CPS, may be prognostic for better survival outcomes in patients with uHCC undergoing treatment with lenvatinib or sorafenib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We present in-situ formation of metal nanoparticle/acrylic polymer hybrid and its application to prepare hybrid latex particles by miniemulsion polymerization. On the surface of a silver nanoparticle/silica nanoparticle/acrylic polymer hybrid layer formed in-situ on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, a copper film is deposited using electroless copper deposition. Silver nanoparticles, which are formed in-situ via the reduction of silver ion by radical species and subsequent annealing, work as a catalyst for the electroless deposition. Miniemulsion polymerization via the in-situ formation of nanoparticles affords nanoparticle/acrylic polymer hybrid latex particles and polymer particles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42675. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which was conducted to determine the turnover values for the photochemical chain reactions of 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropane (CP) radical cation. Experimental procedures used to conduct the study; Cosensitization effects of polyphenylene compounds in photoinduced electron-transfer reactions; Results and discussion on the study.

Reports that the 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA)-sensitized photooxygenation of some 1, omega-bis(diarylethenyl) alkanes affords bicyclic peroxides via 1,4- radical cations. Description of the physical and chemical properties of the 1,4 radical cations; Initiation of the photooxygenation by electron transfer from the alkadienes.

Describes the characteristics of the photooxygenation of aryldisilanes via photoinduced electron transfer. Formation of silyl radicals and silicenium ions from the radical cations of aryldisilanes; Formation of disiloxanes; Irradiation of an acetonitrile solution with a high-pressure mercury lamp; Effect of solvent on photooxygenation; Proposed mechanism.

A novel method of controlling zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures was developed. The sphere-like ZnO nanostructure was obtained from the electrodeposition on the polymer particle template having anionic surface groups, and under the same electrodeposition condition, microporous ZnO layer was obtained on the polymer particle template having cationic surface groups. These contrasting structures were attributed to the ZnO nucleation site selectivity derived from the specific binding between the polymer particle template surface and Zn2+ ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Polymer Particles Incorporating ZrO2 Nanoparticles Prepared by Miniemulsion Polymerization," by Toshiyuki Tamai and colleagues is presented.

To improve the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) semiconductor and polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ)-based insulator, surface modification of PMSQ insulator has been carried out. The modified PMSQ were synthesized by a sol-gel co-condensation of methyltrimethoxysilane and hydrophobic alkoxysilane. The thin films from these PMSQ had smooth and hydrophobic surface. Resulting OFET fabricated on the modified PMSQ insulator showed enhanced mobility. A clear relation could be seen between the mobility and the surface free energy of insulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen durability of poly(methylphenylsilane) (PMPS) in photoconduction has been improved by the use of copolysilanes with disiloxane-pendant groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows that disiloxane groups of the copolysilanes accumulate on their top-most surface at a much higher concentration than the bulk disiloxane concentration. The preferential coverage of disiloxane groups on the surface evidently leads to formation of a highly oxygen durable surface. The hole drift mobility of the charge carriers in copolysilanes with 5 mol % of disiloxane-pendant groups is over 10[sup -4] cm[sup 2] V[sup -1] s[sup -1] at E>10[sup 5] V cm[sup -1], almost comparable to that of PMPS. It was noted that the practical Xerographic potential decay was stabilized by the copolysilanes, while PMPS deteriorated after oxygen exposure. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In REFLECT, lenvatinib demonstrated an effect on overall survival (OS) by confirmation of noninferiority to sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. This analysis assessed correlations between serum or tissue biomarkers and efficacy outcomes from REFLECT., Experimental Design: Serum biomarkers (VEGF, ANG2, FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23) were measured by ELISA. Gene expression in tumor tissues was measured by the nCounter PanCancer Pathways Panel. Pharmacodynamic changes in serum biomarker levels from baseline, and associations of clinical outcomes with baseline biomarker levels, were evaluated., Results: Four hundred and seven patients were included in the serum analysis set (lenvatinib n = 279, sorafenib n = 128); 58 patients were included in the gene-expression analysis set (lenvatinib n = 34, sorafenib n = 24). Both treatments were associated with increases in VEGF; only lenvatinib was associated with increases in FGF19 and FGF23 at all time points. Lenvatinib-treated responders had greater increases in FGF19 and FGF23 versus nonresponders at cycle 4, day 1 (FGF19: 55.2% vs. 18.3%, P = 0.014; FGF23: 48.4% vs. 16.4%, P = 0.0022, respectively). Higher baseline VEGF, ANG2, and FGF21 correlated with shorter OS in both treatment groups. OS was longer for lenvatinib than sorafenib [median, 10.9 vs. 6.8 months, respectively; HR, 0.53; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.33-0.85; P- interaction = 0.0397] with higher baseline FGF21. In tumor tissue biomarker analysis, VEGF/FGF-enriched groups showed improved OS with lenvatinib versus the intermediate VEGF/FGF group (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16-0.91; P = 0.0253)., Conclusions: Higher baseline levels of VEGF, FGF21, and ANG2 may be prognostic for shorter OS. Higher baseline FGF21 may be predictive for longer OS with lenvatinib compared with sorafenib, but this needs confirmation., (©2021 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.)

In the title compound, C 24 H 15 Cl 2 N 3 O 2 , one quinoline ring system is essentially planar and the other is slightly bent. An intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond involving the hy-droxy group and a pyridine N atom forms an S (5) ring motif. In the crystal, two mol-ecules are associated into an inversion dimer with two R 2 2 (7) ring motifs through inter-molecular O-H⋯N and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The dimers are further linked by an inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond and four C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (001)., (© Kashiwagi et al. 2020.)

The reaction of bis-(3-oxo-1,3-di-phenyl-prop-1-enolato-κ 2 O , O ')zinc(II), [Zn(dbm) 2 ], with tris-[4-(pyridin-3-yl)phen-yl]amine (T3PyA) in tetra-hydro-furan (THF) afforded the title crystalline coordination polymer, {[Zn(C 15 H 11 O 2 ) 2 (C 33 H 24 N 4 )]·C 4 H 8 O} n . The asymmetric unit contains two independent halves of Zn(dbm) 2 , one T3PyA and one THF. Each Zn II atom is located on an inversion centre and adopts an elongated octa-hedral coordination geometry, ligated by four O atoms of two dbm ligands in equatorial positions and by two N atoms of pyridine moieties from two different bridging T3PyA ligands in axial positions. The crystal packing shows a one-dimensional polymer chain in which the two pyridyl groups of the T3PyA ligand bridge two independent Zn atoms of Zn(dbm) 2 . In the crystal, the coordination polymer chains are linked via C-H⋯π inter-actions into a sheet structure parallel to (010). The sheets are cross-linked via further C-H⋯π inter-actions into a three-dimensional network. The solvate THF mol-ecule shows disorder over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies of 0.631 (7) and 0.369 (7)., (© Kashiwagi et al. 2019.)