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Mycosis Fungoides (MF) makes up the most of the cutaneous lymphomas. As a malignant disease, the greatest diagnostical challenge is to timely differentiate MF from inflammatory diseases. Contemporary computational methods successfully identify cell nuclei in histological specimens. Deep learning methods are especially favored for such tasks. A deep learning model was used to detect nuclei Hematoxylin-Eosin(H-E) stained micrographs. Nuclear properties are extracted after detection. A multi-layer perceptron classifier is used to detect lymphocytes specifically among the detected nuclei. The comparisons for each property between MF and non-MF were carried out using statistical tests the results are compared with the findings in the literature to provide a descriptive analysis as well. Random forest classifier method is used to build a model to classify MF and non-MF lymphocytes. 10 nuclear properties were statistically significantly different between MF and non-MF specimens. MF nuclei were smaller, darker and more heterogenous. Lymphocyte detection algorithm had an average 90.5% prediction power and MF detection algorithm had an average 94.2% prediction power. This project aims to fill the gap between computational advancement and medical practice. The models could make MF diagnoses easier, more accurate and earlier. The results also challenge the manually examined and defined nuclear properties of MF with the help of data abundance and computer objectivity., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: Hyaluronic acid (HA) injection is a popular nonsurgical, rejuvenating procedure to treat glabellar frown lines, which has devastating complications such as blindness and skin necrosis due to the arterial occlusion of supratrochlear artery (STA). Therefore, when injecting into the frown lines, knowledge of the STA's depth and plane is necessary to prevent possible adverse events. The aim of this study was to identify the depths of STA in the area of the frown lines in order to maximize safety during filler injections., Methods: Supratrochlear artery depth measurements were performed at the level of eyebrow and at the level of 1.5 cm above the eyebrow. Superficial duplex Doppler ultrasonography was performed of 71 cases., Results: In the eyebrow level, the epidermis-artery distance (EAD) is between 1,8 and 5.9 mm, and the artery-periost distance (APD) is between 0.7 and 3.7 mm. In the 1.5 cm superior level of the eyebrow, the EAD is between 1.8 and 5.1 mm and the APD is between 0.6 and 3.8 mm. There was no significant difference between the depth measurements of the right and left STA. At the eyebrow level, APD is greater in men than in women. As the body mass index increases, the EAD and APD depth increases. EAD depth increases with increasing age., Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, safe filler injections to correct the glabellar frown lines can be possible with intradermal injections just below the ryhtide. In the glabellar region, subcutaneous and supraperiosteal injections seems to be risky., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Food and Drug Administration approved indications of hyaluronic acid fillers include some facial wrinkles or skin folds like naso-labial folds, perioral wrinkles, volumization of lip, cheek, chin, and dorsal region of the hands, also acne scars and lipoatrophy of human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. This article reviews the off-label indications of hyaluronic acid fillers such as connective tissue disorders (lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis), lipoatrophy associated with other diseases, breast volumization, giving volume to buttocks and the feet, implant into bone, tendon, ligament or muscle, injection to glabella, nose, periorbital region, forehead, or neck., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Purpose: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common cause of hair loss in males. Physical examination and history are the most important examinations in diagnosis of the disease. As yet, there is no diagnostic method to be able to determine which individuals will develop AGA. Shear-wave elastography (SWE) is a novel diagnostic tool, which can evaluate tissue stiffness. Superb microvascular imaging (SMI) can determine low flow in microvessels. The aim of the current study was to determine whether or not AGA would develop in individuals with normal hair and a family history of AGA using B-mode US, SMI, and SWE., Methods: The study included 26 patients clinically diagnosed with AGA and a control group of 26 volunteers., Results: Thickness with the distance from the epidermis to the calvarium (ECD) on the hairline and cranial subcutaneous tissue thickness (CSTD) were determined to be statistically significantly thinner in the AGA group than in the control group (p < 0.0001). For the differentiation of the AGA patients, the cutoff value was determined to be 5.5 mm for ECD and 4.05 mm for CSTD. The cranial epidermis-dermis (CED) stiffness values both as meter/second (m/s) and kilopascals (kPa) were statistically significantly lower in the AGA patients than in the control group (p < 0.0001). The cutoff values were 6.075 as m/s and 104.4 as kPa., Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that differentiation could be made of individuals before the development of AGA from normal healthy individuals with CSTD measurement on B-mode US and CED stiffness measurement on SWE., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that has been reported to be associated with many systemic disorders including respiratory diseases., Aims: This study aims to investigate respiratory function in patients with rosacea., Patients/methods: Patients with rosacea and age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were included in this cross-sectional study. Spirometric pulmonary function tests including the percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC%), percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1%), forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of FVC (FEF 25-75%), and FEV 1/FVC ratio was assessed in both patient and controls. The potential relationship between rosacea severity and pulmonary functions was assessed., Results: A total of 120 patients with rosacea and 120 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Compared to the controls, FEV 1%, FEV 1/FVC%, and FEF 25-75% values were significantly lower in patients with rosacea. Lower FEV 1/FVC% values were found to be associated with disease severity. FEV 1%, FEV 1/FVC%, and FEF 25-75% values were found to be more useful in differentiating the patients from healthy subjects., Conclusions: This study showed that patients with rosacea may have abnormal respiratory function compared to healthy subjects. Besides, disease severity was associated with worse respiratory functions. We believe that patients with rosacea, particularly those with additional risk factors, should be screened for respiratory disorders., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder in which one experiences abdominal pain, tension, cramping, bloating, and changes in the form and frequency of defecation, without an underlying organic disease. Many skin diseases have been reported to be more common in people with functional bowel disease. To our knowledge, however, no previous study investigated the potential relationship between hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and IBS. In this study, we aimed to examine the potential association between IBS and HS., Methods: Patients with HS and healthy subjects were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All participants were assessed for the presence of IBS. ROME IV criteria were used to identify IBS cases. Hurley staging, modified Sartorius score, and physician's global assessment score were applied to define clinical severity and staging of HS., Results: According to the Rome IV diagnostic criteria, 54 (67.50%) of 80 HS patients and 23 (28.75%) of 80 control group were diagnosed with IBS. The frequency of IBS was statistically significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (P < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of abnormal stool frequency and family history of IBS (P = 0.28, P = 0.862, respectively). Abnormal stool form, mucus in stool, abdominal distension, feeling of incomplete evacuation were statistically significantly higher in HS patients compared to the controls (P = 0.01, P = 0.02, P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively).

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare disease with a prevalence ranging from 7 to 700 cases per million. Like with most autoimmune diseases, both environmental and genetic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the SSc. Though the incidence of SSc in the family members of those affected and the concordance rate in twins is very low, inheritance is still the strongest risk factor of SSc. Thus, multiple studies have been conducted to identify the genes responsible for this inheritance including candidate gene association studies and genome-wide analyses. Variations and mutations in the genes encoding cytokines, adhesion molecules, and signaling proteins involved in the interaction between endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells have been found to be associated with SSc susceptibility. In this chapter, these genes and their contribution to the pathogenesis of the SSc are discussed in detail. These genes are categorized into five major groups of HLA genes, genes involved in the innate immune responses, genes affecting adaptive immune responses, genes with a role in the fibrogenesis pathways, and apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis-related genes., (© 2022. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Behcet's disease (BD) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the blood vessels and thus could entangle virtually every organ of the body. Oral ulceration, genital aphthous lesions, and ocular inflammation are the main manifestations of the disease that tend to have a chronic, relapsing-remitting course. The disease comes from an association between environmental and genetic backgrounds. The clustering of cases in families and the high rate of co-occurrence of the disease in siblings were the initial findings that proposed a genetic basis for BD. Later on, multiple case-control studies and genome-wide association studies were able to clarify particular genes included in the etiopathogenesis of BD. The major gene polymorphisms include HLA and HLA-related genes, interleukins, and other genes involved in inflammation and transcription activation. Herein we have summarized the susceptibility genes that are associated with BD. Investigations on the genetics of BD could potentially clarify the disease pathogenesis and provide insights for the development of better treatments., (© 2022. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a heterogeneous disease with a wide range of manifestations ranging from localized lesions in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) to severe disseminated disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Lupus results from a complex interaction between genetic and epigenetic backgrounds and environmental triggers that cause loss of tolerance to self-antigens and the formation of autoantibodies. Genetic susceptibility plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus. In most cases, multiple common alleles with modest effect sizes are combined to result in the polygenic inheritance of the disease but monogenic variants of lupus have also been described. Genes from the innate and adaptive immune system along with genes involved in apoptosis and immunoglobulin clearance have been linked to SLE. This chapter aims to explore the functions of these genes and their contribution to the pathogenesis of the disease., (© 2022. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Non-infectious granulomatous skin diseases are a wide category of well-defined reactive inflammatory conditions that share main similarities. While cutaneous sarcoidosis is the prototype of non-infectious (sterile) granulomatous dermatitides, there are several other entities in this group including granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica. Non-infectious granulomatous diseases are caused by complex associations between genetic situations and environmental triggers resulting in a variety of cutaneous and systemic manifestations. The genetic backgrounds of these diseases are the main topic of this manuscript., (© 2022. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Background/aim: Chitotriosidase (ChT) is an enzyme secreted by activated macrophages and neutrophils in response to proinflammatory signals. There is growing evidence indicating that ChT activity reflects the systemic inflammatory status. This study aimed to investigate whether serum ChT activity increased in patients with psoriasis and related comorbidities., Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 53 (28 with associated comorbidities and 25 without comorbidities) patients with psoriasis and 52 healthy volunteers. All participants underwent laboratory investigations for serum ChT levels, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and serum lipid levels., Results: The patients with psoriasis showed significantly higher levels of ChT activity as compared to the healthy controls (23.5 ± 11.4 vs. 17.5 ± 10.4 μmol/mL/hour; p = 0.015). Additionally, the ChT activity was significantly higher in patients with comorbidities than in those without (p = 0.042)., Conclusion: Our data support the pathogenetic role of inflammatory processes induced by macrophage activation in patients with psoriasis and related comorbidities. We believe that high ChT activity in patients with psoriasis may serve as an early prediction of the possible related comorbidities., Competing Interests: None of the authors have any conflict of interest, all authors are in agreement with the content of the manuscript., (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)

Introduction: Behçet disease (BD) is an auto-inflammatory condition characterized by multisystemic vasculitis. Oral mucosal capillaroscopy is an easy-to-use, repeatable, non-invasive method for evaluating mucosal microvasculature, contributing to the differential diagnosis and prognosis of various acute and chronic inflammatory diseases., Objectives: This study aims to characterize and describe the oral labial mucosal capillary findings in patients with BD using handheld dermatoscopy and to investigate the relationship between the capillary findings and the severity of the disease., Methods: This cross-sectional study included patients with BD and healthy subjects. Capillaroscopic examination of the oral labial mucosa in each subject was performed by a handheld dermatoscope using polarized light. The clinical severity of BD was evaluated using Krause's Clinical Severity Scoring for BD., Results: Sixty patients with BD and 60 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. The frequencies of irregular capillaries, microhemorrhages, glomerular vessels, megacapillaries, and tortuous vessels were statistically significantly higher in the patient group when compared to the healthy individuals. In addition, a correlation was detected between the oral mucosal capillaroscopic findings and disease duration, severity, and vascular complications., Conclusions: Our study is the first to explore the potential role of oral mucosal capillaroscopic examination in patients with BD. Data obtained from this study indicated that oral mucosal capillaroscopy may be a useful tool to demonstrate microvascular damage in patients with BD., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None., (©2021 Demirbaş et al.)

Human papillomavirus infection is relatively common in communities. Thus, determining an effective and painless treatment method, especially in pediatric patients is of utmost importance. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of three different methods of treating plantar warts in pediatric patients. Children with verruca plantaris treated with a salicylic acid-lactic acid combination once daily (SA/LA 1), a salicylic acid-lactic acid combination applied in three to seven layers under occlusion every 3 days (SA/LA 2), or a combination of 5-fluorouracil (0.5%) and salicylic acid (10%) (SA/5-FU) were evaluated retrospectively. Treatment responses and recurrence rates were also evaluated after a minimum of 4 months. Among the 98 children with verruca plantaris, 19 were treated with SA/LA 1, 53 were treated with SA/LA 2, and 18 were treated with SA/5-FU; the eight patients who received cryotherapy were excluded. The mean treatment duration was significantly shorter in the SA/LA 2 group than in the SA/LA 1 group and the SA/5-FU group. (p = 0.000 for both) Application of a salicylic acid-lactic acid combination in multiple layers under occlusion is a safe, painless, and effective treatment method for plantar warts in children., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Both systemic inflammation and oxidative stress play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. In recent studies, monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV) and plateletcrit (PCT) have been shown to reflect inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the hematological and inflammatory parameters in patients with vitiligo and to evaluate their possible relationship with disease severity. The parameters including MHR, MLR, NLR, PLR, MPV, and PCT were retrospectively investigated in patients with vitiligo and healthy controls. Disease severity was evaluated using the vitiligo extent tensity index (VETI) score. A total of 180 patients with vitiligo, and age-gender-matched 180 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. MHR, MLR, PLR, PCT values were found to be significantly higher in patients with vitiligo (p < 0.05). MPV and NLR values showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. A positive correlation was also detected between MHR and MLR values, disease duration, and VETI score (p < 0.05). We suggest that MHR and MLR can be used as markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with vitiligo. Both markers may also reflect disease severity.

Objectives: Onychomycosis is the general term to define fungal nail infections that arise from dermatophytes, non-dermatophytic moulds and yeasts. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis is a new indicator of oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of thiol/disulphide balance in the pathogenesis of onychomycosis., Methods: This cross-sectional study included adult patients with onychomycosis who were admitted to the dermatology department and healthy adult volunteers without any dermatologic or systemic condition. The patients and controls were evaluated in terms of native thiol, total thiol, and disulphide levels, and disulphide/native thiol, disulphide/total thiol and native thiol/total thiol ratios. The possible association between these parameters and clinical subtypes of onychomycosis and demographic characteristics was also investigated., Results: A total of 52 patients with onychomycosis and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. The patient group showed lower levels of total thiol, native thiol and native thiol/total thiol ratio, and higher ratios of disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol. No statistically significant relationship was found between the parameters, clinical subtypes of onychomycosis and demographic characteristics (p > .05)., Conclusion: Patients with onychomycosis showed a shifted thiol/disulphide homeostasis towards oxidative stress with a reduction in thiols and an increase in disulphide/native thiol, and disulphide/total thiol ratios. These findings may indicate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of onychomycosis., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by a flagellated protozoan transmitted by the bite of a female sandfly. The clinical and demographic details of this disease, predominantly affecting immunocompetent individuals, are recognized by the WHO as a Neglected Tropical Disease. We sought to determine the usability of CD1a immunohistochemical staining to detect amastigotes especially in cases where leishmaniasis is suspected but evident amastigotes could not observed. We also evaluated the relationship between CD1a expression and leishmania subtypes. A total of 84 cases diagnosed with leishmaniasis or suspected leishmania on histo-morphological evaluation of skin biopsies were included in the study. Amastigotes were easily detected in hematoxylin eosin in 18 of 84 cases. In 23 cases, amastigotes could not detect in hematoxylin eosin sections. The immunostains for CD1a are demonstrated amastigotes in 60 of 84 cases. However, a small number of amastigotes became visible by positive staining with CD1a in 43.4% of the cases in that amastigotes could not detected in hematoxylin eosin. A statistically significant correlation was found between amastigote amount in hematoxylin eosin and CD1a expression. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between CD1a expression, age and clinical pre-diagnosis of the cases. It was observed that amastigotes were easily detected in hematoxylin eosin in Leishmania Infantum / donovani positive cases in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and at the same time, it was found that CD1a expression was significantly higher. Using histopathology examination with CD1a staining and/or PCR methods, a diagnosis of leishmaniasis can be established and early treatment initiated. This contributes to reduce transmission and prevalence., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: As deep nasolabial folds (NLF) are associated with facial aging, there is an increasing demand for esthetic correction with filler injections. Understanding the anatomy of the angular artery (AA) and facial artery (FA) around the NLF region is essential for ensuring the safety of dermal filler injections into the NLF. The purpose of this study was to provide detailed vascular anatomical information on the course and depth of AA and FA around NLF using Doppler ultrasound on live cases., Methods: FA was observed from the origin level adjacent to the mandible corpus to the end of its terminal branch AA in 168 hemifaces of 84 cases with Doppler ultrasonography., Results: We made a classification of the FA course based on the NLF. The minimum and maximum depths of the FA along its course were measured in 84 cases. The results showed that its course may be highly superficial (2.5 mm at the mandibular origin, 3.7 mm at the cheilion, 3.7 mm at the nasal ala) or it may follow a very deep course near the periosteum (15.0 mm at the mandibular origin, 18.7 mm at the cheilion, 23.5 mm at the nasal ala). FA depth was varied between 5.98 mm and 6.62 mm at the mandibular origin, between 8.36 mm and 9.20 mm at the cheilion, between 9.52 mm and 10.51 mm at the nasal ala at a 95% confidence interval., Conclusions: This study suggests that there is no absolutely safe depth or region for nasolabial fold filler injections., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystemic disease that can cause progressive lung failure, organ dysfunction, and coagulation disorder associated with high mortality and morbidity. COVID-19 is known to either primarily cause skin symptoms or increase existing skin diseases. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus that can cause benign and malignant neoplasms. Mucocutaneous verruca vulgaris are common benign lesions of HPV. Here, we report a case of verruca vulgaris regressed after COVID-19., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

COVID-19 is a multisystem disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020 and the outbreak still keeps its impacts worldwide. Behçet disease (BD) is a multi-systemic vasculitis involving the skin, mucosa, eyes, joints, nervous system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system. The precise etiopathogenesis of the disorder is unknown but autoimmunity is believed to play a key role. A considerable part of patients with BD are susceptible to immunosuppression and are more predisposed to infections than healthy individuals. Hence, the protection and control measures for patients with BD against the COVID-19 are of the utmost significance. Given the requirement to balance proper treatment of BD with the smallest risk of COVID-19 associated mortality and morbidity, we aimed to review the management of BD in the era of the pandemic with a special focus on treatment considerations. According to current expert recommendations, there is no reason to discontinue topical treatments, colchicine, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Systemic steroids can be used at the lowest possible dose if needed. Ongoing treatments can be continued unchanged in patients with no suspected or confirmed COVID-19. In cases with COVID-19 symptoms, immunosuppressive and biological agents can be temporarily stopped but the decision should be made on a case by case basis. Considering their potential beneficial effects on the course of COVID-19, colchicine, pentoxifylline, and dapsone can be considered as safe treatment options in BD., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 outbreak has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 2020. The pandemic has affected the management of psoriasis not only for those who are under treatment but also for those who are about to begin a new therapy to control their disease. An increasing number of studies in the current literature have focused on the relationship between psoriasis and COVID-19 from different perspectives. This narrative review includes searching the PubMed and Web of Science databases using the keywords "psoriasis," "psoriatic arthritis," "coronavirus," "COVID-19," and "SARS-CoV-2." The search was supplemented by manual searching of reference lists of included articles. A total of 11 relevant original investigations and 6 case studies was identified. The search was updated in May 2019. Due to the absence of randomized controlled trials, it is not likely to have a robust evidence-based approach to psoriasis management in the era of COVID-19. However, the current literature may provide some clues for safety considerations. Conventional immunosuppressive therapies such as methotrexate and cyclosporine, and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents should not be preferred due to increased risk of infection, especially in high-risk areas. The use of cyclosporine may pose additional risk due to the side effect of hypertension, which has been reported to be associated with susceptibility to severe COVID-19. Considering that the current literature has provided no conclusive evidence that biologics increase the risk of COVID-19, withdrawal of these agents should be reserved for patients with COVID-19 symptoms. The treatment approach should be personalized, considering the advantages and disadvantages for each case separately., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

COVID-19 is a serious multisystem disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Due to the COVID-19 crisis, that still keeps its impacts worldwide, numerous scheduled medical activities have been postponed and this interruption has a potential to modify the management of many cutaneous conditions including pemphigus. This narrative review aims to discuss the management of pemphigus in the era of COVID-19, considering the necessity to balance suitable pemphigus treatment with minimal risk of COVID-19-related mortality and morbidity. The data on the effect of treatments used for pemphigus on COVID-19 are limited. However, the evidence to manage patients properly is evolving and our knowledge is updated. Current expert recommendations include that patients with pemphigus should be informed clearly to avoid mismanagement and they should be monitored regularly for symptoms of COVID-19. Patients with mild disease can be managed with topical or intralesional corticosteroids, dapsone, or doxycycline. Systemic corticosteroids should be tapered to the lowest effective dose during the pandemic. Prednis(ol)one ≤10 mg/d can be continued in patients with COVID-19 while prednis(ol)one >10 mg/d may be reduced considering the activity of the disease. Conventional immunosuppressive therapies should only be discontinued in confirmed cases of COVID-19. Postponing rituximab treatment should be considered on a case by case basis. Intravenous immunoglobulin is not likely to increase the risk of infection and may be considered a safe option in patients with COVID-19. Given the psychological burden brought by COVID 19, online or face-to-face psychological support programs should be considered., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Melanoma is the most severe form of skin cancer and its incidence has increased over the past few decades. COVID-19 pandemic affected the diagnosis and management of many diseases including melanoma. In this study, we aimed to provide a review focused on the diagnosis and management of melanoma in the era of COVID-19. A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "melanoma," "coronavirus," "COVID 19," and "SARS-CoV-2." The relevant guidelines published by the European Society for Medical Oncology and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network were also included. The current guidelines recommend that surgical interventions for new diagnosis of invasive primary melanoma, patients with postoperative complications, wide resection and sentinel lymph node biopsy for newly diagnosed T3-T4 melanoma, and planned surgical procedures for patients in neo-adjuvant trials should be prioritized. Surgical treatment of T3/T4 melanomas should be prioritized over T1/T2 melanomas except for any melanoma in which large clinical residual lesion is visible. Adjuvant therapies can be postponed for up to 12 weeks depending on the local center circumstances. PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy is recommended for patients starting immunologic therapy. Combination immunotherapy is still considered suitable for patients with higher-risk disease. Encorafenib and binimetinib should be prioritized for patients requiring BRAF-targeted therapy due to the lower chance of symptoms mimicking COVID-19 infection., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Nowadays, medical doctors are fighting with new coronavirus, COVID-19 problem in all countries. Corona means a circular crown, from the Latin word for "crown or garland." We summarized some corona-associated skin problems and also skin involvement like-crown in dermatology., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: COVID-19 virus causes coronavirus disease., Aims: It is a highly contagious viral infection., Patients/methods/results/conclusion: In this article, we will discuss the potential phototherapy problems and also alternative options for dermatologists, ultraviolet treatment against COVID-19 virus, and vitamin D-associated problems in these coronavirus days., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, LLC.)

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19), which causes coronavirus disease 2019, is highly contagious and a particularly popular problem in all around the world and also in all departments of every hospital., Aims: Protecting the well-being of the aesthetic dermatologists while providing a sufficient workforce is vital for pandemic planning., Results and Conclusions: In this article, we will discuss this problem from an aesthetic dermatology aspect and we will review whether these procedures are safe or not., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly contagious and a particularly popular problem in all around the World and also in all departments of every hospital. In order to protect the well-being of health care providers while providing a sufficient workforce to respond to the COVID-19 are vital for pandemic planning. In this article, we will discuss this problem from a dermatological aspect., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. COVID-19 outbreak, which caused thousands of deaths, has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The infection has been reported to demonstrate different types of cutaneous manifestations including urticarial, maculopapular, papulovesicular, purpuric, livedoid, and thrombotic-ischemic lesions. Given the high mortality rate of the infection, timely and accurate identification of relevant cutaneous manifestations may play a key role in the early diagnosis and management. In this study, we provide a review with a focus on the reported cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

COVID-19 disease is a highly contagious and particularly popular problem in all countries. A variety of repurposed drugs and investigational drugs such as remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ritonavir, lopinavir, interferon-beta, and other potential drugs have been studied for COVID19 treatment. We reviewed the potential dermatological side-effects of these drugs., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Transdermal patches are effective treatment modalities which have variety of advantages. Active ingredient in these systems are absorbed from skin and reach to blood circulation via capillaries. Bypassing hepatic metabolism, providing constant plasma levels of drug for long time, and fewer drug interactions are the main advantages of this method. It is also practical to use. Nowadays transdermal patches are used by dermatologist for variety of indications., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a congenital kidney malformation consisting of multiple cysts of various sizes without a normal kidney morphology. Incontinentia pigmenti is a rare X-linked dominant genodermatosis, which is usually lethal in males, that presents clinically in 4 stages. Here, we report a case of multicystic dysplastic kidney with ureterovesical junction obstruction and incontinentia pigmenti. Coexistence of these two rare diseases may be a coincidental phenomenon or an association between the two may exist.

The metabolic syndrome represents an important association of cutaneous maladies with cardiovascular illnesses. Chronic inflammation, shared risk factors (ie, smoking and alcohol consumption), treatment (ie, immunosuppressive agents and drugs that alter the lipid profile), and shared genetic risk loci have been proposed to the cause metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular morbidity of autoimmune diseases. There are many possible inflammatory mediators that are suggested to play a role in insulin resistance pathogenesis, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, leptin, and adiponectin. These mediators are also abnormal in autoimmune skin disorders. We discuss several autoimmune skin diseases, connective tissue diseases, bullous diseases, vitiligo, psoriasis, lichen planus, chronic urticaria, and atopic dermatitis., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aim: Studies of associations between various cancers and the ABO blood groups have shown elevated relative risks for some categories of disease. There has so far been no report of an evaluation of the relationship between the ABO blood groups and acne vulgaris. To investigate this association, we conducted a retrospective study of acne vulgaris diagnosed in Turkey., Material and Methods: All cases were clinically confirmed. Blood information was obtained on 498 individuals with acne vulgaris, and the distribution of ABO and Rh blood type for cases was compared with that of 419 healthy blood donors from the same geographic area., Results: Patients with group A and B blood groups ratios were higher than the control group, but not statistically significant ( P = 0.325 and P = 0.138). The ratio of the patient group with AB blood group was significantly higher than in the control group ( P < 0.01). The ratio of blood group O of patient group was significantly lower than in the control group ( P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the patient and control groups in the distribution of Rh factor., Conclusion: Our study showed a significant association of AB and O blood groups with acne vulgaris. Further studies in a larger series on blood group antigens are needed to shed some light on the relationship between these antigens and skin cancer., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: Autoimmunity is the main etiopathogenetic factor in alopecia areata. Microchimerism is the existence of allogeneic DNA in a living creature. There are variable studies investigating the role of microchimerism on the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. To our knowledge, no report has investigated the relationship between microchimerism and alopecia areata., Objective: We aimed to investigate the possible role of microchimerism on alopecia areata., Methods: We analyzed SRY gene levels as indicators of fetal microchimerism in our patient group. The patients were 29 women with alopecia areata, over 18 years old, who had visited our clinic between 2010 and 2013. Patients were divided into two groups; group 1 consisted of 14 patients having a son and group 2, 15 patients either nulliparous or having a daughter., Results: Seventeen of 29 patients (58.6%) and four of 103 controls (3.9%) showed presence of an SRY gene. The difference between the patient and control groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: As a result of our study, microchimerism may be associated with the etiopathogenesis of alopecia areata. However, we think there is a need for a larger series of studies to support this hypothesis., (© 2015 The International Society of Dermatology.)

Ingrown toenail is an often painful clinical condition that usually affects the big toe. Chemical matricectomy with phenol has a low recurrence rate and good cosmetic results. However, it produces extensive tissue destruction that can result in drainage and delayed healing. Alternatives such as sodium hydroxide and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) have therefore come into vogue. A total of 39 patients with 56 ingrown toenail edges underwent chemical matricectomy with 90% TCA after partial nail avulsion. In most of the patients, adverse effects such as postoperative pain and drainage were minimal. One patient who underwent matricectomy had recurrence in a single nail edge (1.8%) at 12 months follow-up. No recurrence was observed among 38 patients during the mean follow-up period. This was considered to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Partial nail avulsion followed by TCA matricectomy is a safe, simple, and effective method with low rates of postoperative morbidity and high rates of success.