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The present study investigated the effects of teaching experience on teachers' self-efficacy in Kenyan secondary schools. The study used a sequential explanatory design and the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale. This scale consisted of a total of 24 items with eight items measuring each of the three domains of teacher self-efficacy: student engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management. The face and content validities of the modified Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale were ascertained by two experts in Educational Psychology from a Kenyan university. The sample size of the study comprised 327 teachers obtained using stratified random sampling technique. The quantitative data was analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) but qualitative data from interviews was analyzed thematically. The MANOVA results demonstrate that the effects of experience on teachers' self-efficacy was significant, Wilk's [lambda] (7, 319 = 0.945, p = 0.019). The article concludes that Kenyan Teachers' Service Commission should utilize experienced teachers as resource persons who are attached to several schools.

The virtual classroom and distance education have created new teaching pedagogy. This study was carried out to investigate Virtual Classroom Instruction on Academic Performance of Educational Technology Students in Distance Education, Enugu State. The population for this study was limited to the Students in National Open University, Enugu study Centre. Simple random sampling technique was used to select forty respondents from the educational technology students. A researcher developed questionnaire was used to gather the needed data. Collected data were analyzed using frequency counts and percentage. The findings from this paper suggested that the students' acknowledged that the availability and use of virtual classroom influenced their academic performance. Although the virtual classroom available was adequate, it was not often utilized for instruction. Thus, the researcher recommended that the virtual classroom should be utilized for maximum learning.

Human blood exposed to irradiation absorbs electromagnetic energy which consequently effect temperature variation. The evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of human blood helps to ascertain the values for optimum laser power, time, and temperature variation for fair therapy to avoid blood-irradiation pollution but to enhance its rheological properties when using lasers. Prior knowledge of blood SAR evaluating its dielectric properties is significant, but this is under investigation. We investigate the appropriate SAR threshold value as affected by temperature variation using fundamental blood dielectric parameters to optimize the effect of low-level laser therapy based on physiological and morphological changes of the stimulated diabetic blood. Studies were carried out with Agilent 4294A impedance analyser at frequencies (40Hz – 30 MHz) and designed cells (cuvettes) comprises of electrodes were used in the pre- and post-irradiations measurements. At different laser power outputs, blood samples were subjected to various irradiation durations using portable laser diode-pumped solid state of wavelength 532 nm. Results showed laser at low energy is capable of moderating morphologically the proportion of abnormal diabetic red blood cells. Hence, there is a significant effect using a laser at low energy, as non-medicinal therapy in controlling diabetic health conditions. The positive biostimulation effects on the irradiated diabetic blood occurred within absorbance threshold SAR values range of 0.140?0.695 W/kg and average temperatures range of 24.2?28.0 0C before blood saturation absorbance peak. There is morphological stimulation at a laser power of 50 mW for an exposure time of 10–15 minutes and 60 mW for 5–10 minutes of laser therapy that demonstrates better blood rejuvenated conditions. This occurred within the threshold SAR of 0.140?0.695 W/kg and average temperatures range of 24.2?28.0 0C. Therefore, the diabetic blood irradiated using laser output powers of 70 and 80 mW during exposure durations of 5,10, 15 and 20 minutes rather bio-inhibits positive blood stimulation which has resulted to crenation due to excessive irradiation.

Despite dramatic advances in genomics, connecting genotypes to phenotypes is still challenging. Sexual genetics combined with linkage analysis is a powerful solution to this problem but generally unavailable in bacteria. We build upon a strong negative selection system to invent mass allelic exchange (MAE), which enables hybridization of arbitrary (including pathogenic) strains of Escherichia coli. MAE reimplements the natural phenomenon of random cross-overs, enabling classical linkage analysis. We demonstrate the utility of MAE with virulence-related gain-of-function screens, discovering that transfer of a single operon from a uropathogenic strain is sufficient for enabling a commensal E. coli to form large intracellular bacterial collections within bladder epithelial cells. MAE thus enables assaying natural allelic variation in E. coli (and potentially other bacteria), complementing existing loss-of-function genomic techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]